USA > Massachusetts > Barnstable County > Eastham > Town of Eastham Annual Report 1913-1922 > Part 11
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The Trustees wish to explain that the apparent balance shown by the Treasurer's report is largely imaginary ; about $85 the Trustees stand already committed to expend on re- pairs to the building and $110 is due on books.
47
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
RECEIPTS
Cash in Treasury January, 1916,
$223 94
Dividend from New England Trust Co., Jan. 1. 262 50
Dividend from New England Trust Co., July 1, 262 50
Town's appropriation, 50 00
$798 94
EXPENDITURES
Paid salary of Librarian and Janitor,
$160 13
Fuel and incidentals,
11 06
Fire insurance,
13 00
Disbursements,
5 18
Expenses of Library stations and transporta- tion of books,
57 88
New books,
64 51
Magazines, .1916-1917,
79 20
Library of Congress cards,
14 37
Work on lawn, supplies,
6 67
Repairs, flagstaff,
4 00
Hurd & Smith, street lamp,
9 00
H. T. Moore, re-shingling roof, renewing porch platform and steps, per contract,
43 00
Labor, repairing basement floor, windows and main door, 7 00
James F. Eldredge, lumber,
68 11
Snow & Son, hardware,
13 21
A. D. Moore, labor and paint, 7 85
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Paid A. H. Nickerson, moving building from pond side to upland, N. E. Clark, moving engine, taking up water pipes, (about 330 feet), cementing around basement windows, Stationery, stamps,
$5 00
4 50
90
$574 57
Cash on hand,
$224 37
A. L. NICKERSON, Chairman, JOHN H. SMART, Secretary FRED F. DILL.
TREASURER'S REPORT
IN TRUST
Robert C. Billings Fund, $14,000 00 Income to be used for the support of the Public Library.
RECEIPTS
Jan. 1 Cash in treasury,
$223 94
Feb. 10 New England Trust Co., dividend, 262 50
Aug: 22 New England Trust Co., dividend, 262 50
Dec. 30 Town appropriation.
50 00
EXPENDITURES
Paid orders of Trustees, $574 57
Jan. 1, 1917, cash in treasury,
224 37
$798 94
GEORGE T. DILL,
Treasurer
$798 94
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LIBRARIAN'S REPORT
Number of books in Library,
4,331
Added during year, adult, by purchase, 135
Added during year, adult, by gift,
1
Added during ycar, juvenile, by purchase, 70
35
Total,
241
Circulation : Adult fiction,
4,359
non-fiction,
104
magazines,
848
Circulation, Magazines Sub Station No. 3,
282
Juvenile fiction,
1,954
non-fiction,
818
66
magazines,
159
Total,
8,524
Largest number at any one time,
150
Average,
85.2
Reading room attendance,
1,575
Cash Jan 1, 1916,
$7 39
Received from fines,
16 78
$24 17
Paid for kerosene,
$10 85
Lamp and mantles,
5 50
Chimneys and shade,
1 80
Pad and blotters,
1 00
Clock,
1 00
Express and carting,
1 84
Postage and key,
48
22 47
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1917,
$1 70
MRS. ROSE B. NICKERSON, Librarian.
E-4
Added during year, juvenile, by gift,
50
ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY
Adult
Alibi
An Amiable Charlatan
Anne of the Blossom Shop
Anne's Wedding
Agony Column
Border Legion
Beasts of Tarzan
Better Man
Blossom Shop
Blow the Man Down
Coast of Adventures
Curved Blades
Cappy Ricks
Captain Gardiner
Cathedral Singer
Crimson Gardenia
Chief Legatee
Contraband
Drink and be Sober
Drusilla with a Million
David Blaise
Daughter Pays
Enoch Crane
Emmy Lou's Road to Grace
Fall of a Nation
From Pillar to Post
Filling his own Shoes
Further Foolishness
Fibble D D
Far Country
Forest of Swords
Five Barred Gate
From the Housetops
Girl Philippa
Great Push
Guns of Europe Grizzly King
English Oppenheim Mullins Mullins Biggers Grey Burroughs Chambers Mullins Day Bindloss C Wells Kyne R Allen J Allen Beach A Green Parrish Thompson E Cooper Benson Reynolds H Smith Martin Dixon Bangs Rowland Leacock Cobb Churchill Altsheler T Thurston Mccutcheon Chambers MacGill Altsheler Curwood
51
Girl of Big Loon Post Heart of Rachael Held to Answer
Heritage of the Sioux
How Janice Day Won
Hosts of the Air Hunted Woman
His Unknown Wife Hillman Head Winds
Ivory Child Intriguers
Just David
Jingo
Johnstone of the Border
Kitchener's Mob
Kingdom of the Blind
Kinsman
King of the Khyber Rifles
Keith of the Border
Life and Gabriella
Little Lady of the Big House
Leopard Woman
Lion's Share
Local Color
A Bennett Cobb Orczy
Leather Face
Living Up to Billy
Long Portage
Last Voyage of the Doma Iasbel
Lady of Doubt
Mr and Mrs Pierce
Mrs Balfame
Mr Marx Secret Mary Gusta
Mystery of the Hated Man
Men Women and Guns
Man of Athens
Master of the Wheatlands
Marion
Maid of the Forest
Vanschaick Norris Macfarlane Bower Long Altsheler Curwood Tracy Oppenheim Connolly R Haggard Bindloss E Porter Chester Bindloss Hall Oppenheim Cooney Mundy
Glasgow London
E Cooper Bindloss Parrish Parrish Mackenzie Atherton Oppenheim Lincoln Flagg Sapper Dragoumis Bindloss Author of Me Parrish
1
52
Mysterious Stranger Michael Cassidy Sargeant Man Who Wrought Mr Britling Sees it Through Nan of Music Mountain
Other People's Business
Our Natupskie Neighbors
Prudence Says So
Prairie Courtship Prescott of Saskatchawan
Partners of the Night
Return of Dr Fu Manchu
Romance of a Christmas Card
Rainbow's End
Ranching for Sylvia
Rod of the Lone Patrol
Range Boss
Seventeen
Story of the Submarine
Six Star Ranch
Secret Trails
Skinner's Dress Suit
Soldiers of the Legion
Sydney Carteret
Somewhere in Red Gap Tish
Torchy Private Secretary
Thurston of Orchard Valley
Twenty Four
Tower House
Triumph of Tim
Turtles of Tasman
Trufflers Uneasy Money
Unspeakable Perk
Unknown Mr Kent
Vane of the Timberland
When a Man's a Man We Three . Ways of Lasting Peace
Mark Twain Sapper Cullom H G Wells Spearman
E Smith Minter Hueston Bindloss Bindloss L Scott Rohmer Wiggin Beach Bindloss Cody Seltzer Tarkington Bishop E Porter Roberts Dodge Morlae Bindloss Wilson Rinehart Ford Bindloss Fitch
Vachell London Merwin Wodehouse Adams Norton Bindloss Wright Morris Jordan
E
53
Worn Doorsteps Water Meads World for Sale Wonderful Year
Sherwood Marshall Parker Locke
Juvenile
Adventures of Chatterer S
Burgess
Adventures of Meadow Mouse S
Burgess
Adventures of Reddy Fox S
Burgess
Adventures of Buster Bear S
Burgess
Adventures of Johnny Chuck S
Burgess
Adventures of Mr Mocker S
Burgess
Adventures of Sammy Jay S
Burgess
Adventures of Old Mr Toad S
Burgess
Adventures of Unc Billy Possum S
Burgess
Adventures of Jerry Muskrat S
Burgess
Adventures of Peter Cotton Tail S
Burgess
Bunny Brown and Sister Sue
Hope
Bunny Brown and his Sister Sue on Grandpa's farm
Hope
Bunny Brown and his Sister Sue at Camp Rest-Awhile Hope
Bunny Brown and his Sister Sue Playing Circus Hope
Bunny Brown and his Sister Sue at Aunt Lou's City Home
Hope
Boy Allies at Liege
Hayes
Boy Allies on Firing Line
Hayes
Boy Allies with the Cossacks
Hayes
Boy Allies in the Trenches
Hayes
Busy Folk S
Laing & Edson
Belgium S
ยท Ormond
Children's book S
Scudder
Camp Castaway
Munn
Corner House Girls Odd Find
Hill
Dick Broadhead
Barnum
Dickens' Dramatic Reader S
Comstock
Emmy Lou's Road to Grace
Martin
Essays Every Child Should Know
Mabie
S State
:
54
Early Cave Men S Farm Book S First Book of Forestry S
Dopp Smith Roth
Famous Men of the Middle Ages S
Haaron Moore
From Colony to Commonwealth S
Games for the Home, School and Playground S Bancroft Georgiana of the rainbows Johnston Heroes Every Child Should Know Mabie Heroines Every Child Should Know Mabie Heart of a Boy S Amices How We Are Fed S Chamberlain How We Are Sheltered S Chamberlain Heart of Oaks Book S Norton Taggart Holly Hock House Indian Child Life S Deming Insect Folk S Morley Jack In the Jungle Barnum King Arthur and His Knights S Radford Keepers of the Trail Altsheler Life of Robert Fulton Sutcliffe Dudley
Life of Benjamin Franklin
Life of Robert E. Lee
Gilman
Life of Captain John Smith
Rossiter
Life of David Crockett
Sprague Mabie Dyer
Myths Every Child Should Know
Mabie
Moving Picture Girls
Hope
Moving Picture Girls at Oak Farm
Hope
Moving Picture Girls Snow Bound
Hope
Moving Picture Girls Under the Palms
Hope
Myths of the Red Children
Wilson
Motor Girls
Penrose
Motor Girls on a Tour
Penrose
Motor Girls at Lookout Beach
Penrose
Motor Girls Through New England
Penrose
Motor Girls on Cedar Lake
Penrose
Motor Girls on the Coast
Penrose
Motor Girls on Crystal Bay
Penrose
Motor Girls at Camp Surprise
Penrose
Legends Every Child Should Know
Later Cave Men S
55
Neighbors S Our American Neighbors S Pilgrim Stories S
Pierrot, Dog of Belgium S
Edson Winslow Pumphrey Dyer Burchill Burchill Lutkenhaus Mabie
Progressive Road to Reading Book I S Progressive Road to Reading Book II U2 Plays for School Children S Stories Every Child Should Know
Stories From British History
Bevan
Stories From Mother Goose Village S
Bigham
Story of Cotton S
Brooks Craik
So Fat and Mew Mew S
Six Girls and Bob
Taggart
Six Girls and the Tea Room
Taggart
Six Girls Growing Older
Taggart
Six Girls and the Seventh One
Taggart
Six Girls and Betty
Taggart
Six Girls Grown Up
Taggart
Text Book of Art Education I S
Froelick
Text Book of Art Education II S Tree Dwellers S
Froelick
When I was a Boy in Belgium S
Dopp Jonckheere
-
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SCHOOL COMMITTEE AND
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
OF THE
TOWN OF EASTHAM
FOR THE YEAR
1916
OF EAS
TOWN
INCO
TAUSET 1620.
651.
HYANNIS, MASS. : F. B. & F. P. GOSS, PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS The "Patriot" Press 1917
SCHOOL ORGANIZATION
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
RUSSELL D. WILEY, Chairman, Term expires 1917
MISS A. MAY KNOWLES, Secretary,
66
1918
ALBION F. RICH, 1919
DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT
(Harwich, Chatham, Orleans, Eastham)
LORING G. WILLIAMS
JANITOR
FRANK ELLISON
ATTENDANCE OFFICER 1
LESLIE E. CHASE
SCHOOL PHYSICIAN
R. J. MARVEL, M. D.
59
Pupils Attending Orleans High School -
December, 1916
John Fulcher
George Runnells
Vesta Gross
Livingston McPherson
Lucille Mayo Nathan Kelley Thomas D. Ellis
Gladys Daniels
Grace Rich
Abbie Nickerson
Raymond Mayo
Charles Knowles
Emma Fulcher
Doris Penniman
John Crosby
Clayton Horton
Maurice Moore
Edward Gill
Ina Nickerson
High School Graduates 1916
Aimee Horton Rebecca Knowles Leonora Sparrow
Attending Harwich Agricultural Department
Arthur Clark Horace Moore Trueman Brewer
School Calendar, 1917
Winter Term,1917: Tuesday, Jan. 2-March 16,
Eleven Weeks
Spring Term: April 2-June 8, Ten Weeks
Fall Term, 1917 : September 4-Dec. 21, Sixteen Weeks
REPORT OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE
Financial Report of School Committee for year ending December 31, 1916 :
AVAILABLE FUNDS
Town appropriations for schools, 1916,
$2,550 00
Mass. School fund,
1,253 28
Refunded dog tax, 53 50
From City of Boston for tuition,
408 35
Rebate on account of Industrial schools,
80 00
Rebate on account of Superintendent's salary,
133 93
Rebate on account of High school tuition, 921 00
Rebate on account of High school transportation,
320 00
$5,720 06
EXPENDITURES
Town school transportation,
$1,081 00
High school transportation, 704 00
Teachers' salaries,
1,657 50
Superintendent's salary,
316 26
Superintendent's expenses,
20 19
Committee expenses,
17 32
61
Miscellaneous,
$8 62
Fuel,
99 62
Attendance Officer,
5 00
Supervisor Music and Drawing,
62 16
Grading,
50 55
Driving well,
65 54
Labor,
25 89
Repairs,
114 69
Janitor,
236 75
Supplies and textbooks,
217 77
High school tuition,
921 00
Agricultural school tuition,
255 00
Medical examination,
25 00
$5,883 86
SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT
To the School Committee,
Miss Knowles and Gentlemen: I present herewith my ninth annual report for your consideration and approval
MEETINGS FOR THE DISCUSSION OF SCHOOL
PROBLEMS
The Joint Committee made up from the school commit- tees of Harwich, Chatham, Orleans and Eastham met in Orleans Dec. 22d. Matters of importance were discussed, among these being the needs of transportation; the exten- sion of Practical Arts Courses ;- shop work, household econ- omics, vocational subjects,-business courses ; salaries and living conditions of teachers; enlargement of buildings and quarters and acquisition of equipment, to relieve crowded conditions and give opportunity for such practical work.
A vote was passed that the Joint Committee meet quar- terly for consideration of District problems.
The following resolutions were adopted :
The Joint School Committee of the Superintendency Dis- trict of Harwich, Chatham, Orleans and Eastham in joint meeting assembled and also the Committee of the several towns, fully realizing the important trust, the great respon- sibility vested in us in the administration of Public Educa- tion, and considering also the great undeveloped opportun- ity for enlarging the scope and the efficiency of every line of our Educational Systems, hereby resolve as follows:
63
That we jointly and severally declare that we believe that the physical growth and development of the child is the first importance in the child's education.
That we jointly and severally hereby, commit ourselves unqualifiedly to the development of Practical Arts Educa- tion.
That we believe that Academic training be strengthened not as an isolated abstract training only, but in conjunc- tion with practical and vocational courses.
That in consideration of the foregoing resolutions we pledge ourselves in so far as consistent with good judg- ment and the financial means of our several towns to lose no opportunity to present before the citizens and the town meeting the great needs of the schools, that buildings, quar- ters, sanitary conditions, transportation, heating and ven- tilation, repairs, courses and instruction, consideration of the comfort of teachers in good homes, may be greatly im- proved throughout the District.
THE WORK OF THE YEAR
Probably the most important action of the Committee for some time has been the election of a Grammar master and placing him responsible for the conduct of all the children and the administration, under the Superintendent, of all the schools.
Joseph R. Burgess, a four-year graduate of Bridgewater Normal, was secured for the position. Mr. Burgess is tak- ing hold of the work with great interest and enthusiasm. Many things, other than book work, that we have long felt of great importance and vital to the life of our boys and girls, are being undertaken and some progress has been made.
For a detailed report of these things and the workings
64
of the schools, I refer you to the report of Mr. Burgess which follows this report.
Miss Eliza Smith, who taught the Grammar school for two years, resigned in June and was succeeded by Mr. Burgess.
Miss Jennie B. Smith, teacher of the Intermediate school for several years, resigned, and Miss Madaline Small, a grad- uate of Framingham Normal, with two years' very success- ful experience, was elected to succeed her. Miss Keith is doing excellent Primary work with a deep interest in the welfare of all the children and all the town.
Transportation has been greatly improved in regard to the comfort and the time upon the road of the children. All children both High and elementary, are now conveyed in motor power barges.
At the Commencement exercises in June eleven pupils were graduated, seven of whom are attending High school. Twenty Eastham pupils have been registered this year in Orleans High school.
The plan of lighting put into operation in the Grammar building is proving perfectly satisfactory. The ratio of glass area to area of floor required for school buildings is one to five-one square foot of glass to five square feet of floor space. We have attained approximately this ratio in this building. Besides, light now comes from one side only -blackboards arranged on the opposite wall with perfect light.
FINANCIAL
Up to this time no special appropriation has been made for tuitions of vocational pupils. The available funds for the year have been sufficient for the school needs under their present organization, with the vocational tuition ex- cepted. The outside income should be about the same the
65
coming year from the Mass. School Fund and from other sources except that the entire High school transportation will be returned to Eastham. This amount will be $800. One-half reimbursement was made this year.
In order to maintain the present amount of state income the valuation of the town must remain less than $500,000, and the town appropriation and expenditure above one-third of total town expenditure, and at the same time town ex- penditure for schools must be at least $5 on each one thou- sand dollars valuation, to receive entire High school trans- portation reimbursement.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. That an article be inserted in the town warrant to build a fourth room into the open space between the present buildings.
2. That both the Primary and Intermediate buildings be rearranged for lighting and board space to correspond to the Grammar building.
3. That steps be taken for the introduction in the Fall of Manual Training and Home Economics courses. Tools and equipment to be bought and the new room used for the purpose. Under these conditions the Physical Culture or Playground apparatus spoken of by your Principal, can be furnished largely by the Manual Training class.
4. That the vocational tuitions be provided for by special appropriation.
Reports of Agriculture, Music and Drawing, Grammar Principal, and the data and statistics for the year follow.
Respectfully submitted,
LORING G. WILLIAMS,
Superintendent of Schools.
January 9, 1917. E-5
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REPORT OF HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL
To Mr. Loring G. Williams,
Superintendent of Schools, Eastham.
It gives me great pleasure to submit to you my first an- nual report for your consideration.
In this, it is my desire to enumerate in brief, a few of the problems we are working out and some that we would consider if the proper conditions existed.
The first of these is a vital one, that of play. This we are working out to a fair degree. I have tried to organize the play as far as possible, believing that the greatest value of play is obtained only when this is done.
At a very little expense, the property in the rear of the school buildings could be converted into an outdoor gymn- nasium with trapezes, swings and other simple but efficient means of directed exercise. This, with the grounds we now have for baseball, football and basketball, should give sat- isfaction.
I find a great need of another room. This would not need to be very large and its uses would be manifold. I would like to be able to have courses in practical manual training ; lessons that would enable a boy to do any light job of car- pentering and plumbing around his home; cooking and sewing for the girls. This room would solve the problem.
Then again, it would solve the problem of school lunches. It is my plan to allow grade eight to serve light lunches under my supervision. But it is a problem as to where these may be cooked or heated, or even dispensed. I think we will be able to do this in a small degree, but with the room I have spoken of, it would be a simple thing to have good
67
lunches, and they would work in very well with a cooking course.
I am not quite satisfied with the conditions of attendance I find in the schools. Parents, in some cases, seem to feel that if they wish to keep a child at home at any time for any reason, they are at liberty to do so. In my mind, there are certain cases where it is excusable for a parent or guardian to keep a child at home even if there is no sickness, but these should and must be, very few.
I find a great deal of tardiness, in the lower grades es- pecially. ' Since most of the children come in barges, there should be little if any tardiness. The clocks of the schools are kept as close as possible to train time, we have one large bell which is sounded from the grammar school, signaling the times of opening and closing for the three buildings. It is sounded five minutes before nine each morning. It is hoped that parents and school children will unite to better conditions and to make the school attendance a credit to the community.
I would like to commend the good results that are to be obtained from the children's Agricultural Fair which is held each year. This fall was the first time I had ever worked in such an affair, and I was impressed with the al- most unlimited good to be obtained if taken up in earnest by the parents and children.
At present it is conducted by a few people. The scar- city of workers acts as a check to hold it from reaching a point of highest efficiency. I think everyone should put their heart and soul into the work of the Agricultural Fair, and I hope that the townspeople will organize during the com- ing Spring, for it is only by organization that the best re- sults will be obtained.
The lighting of the grammar school building is satis-
1
68
factory, as are also the new blackboards. I would recom- mend that the other buildings be lighted in a like manner and that new blackboards be installed.
I find the discipline of the schools to be excellent and the parents are doing everything they can to co-operate with the teachers in order that their children may form hab- its that will make them gentlemen and ladies of a good- citizen type. They are to be complimented for this, for it is only by the hearty co-operation of parent and teacher, that this is possible.
We are trying to make the conditions at school as san- itary and clean as possible. We have started a campaign for cleaner faces and hands, teeth and finger nails. One mistaken idea that some people have, is that a child's first teeth do not count, and hence there is no need of any care of them. This idea is proven false. They should be taken care of as often as the later teeth.
Hoping that this will receive your worthy consideration, and thanking the townspeople and Miss Keith and Miss Small for their hearty co-operation, this is respectfully submitted.
JOSEPH REED BURGESS,
Principal of School.
i e
S
S f
t S
t
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REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTOR
Superintendent L. G. Williams, Harwich Mass.,
Sir: I have the opportunity to present my first report which is the fifth annual report of the Harwich High school Agricultural Department. Eleven pupils registered in this department as follows: three from Eastham, one from Brewster, two from Chatham and five from Harwich. The pupils have maintained an active interest in the modern- izing of their poultry houses and the making of interior equipment.
A partial corn and fruit tree collection has been made and teaching charts are being prepared. All bulletins collected since the starting of this department have been classified thereby rendering them quickly available for class instruc- tion to those admitted.
CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION
1. Age, fourteen to twenty-five.
2. Practical interest in agriculture.
3. Practical home work in connection with their studies.
4. Personal interview, no examinations.
COURSES OF STUDY-SUBJECT TO REVISION
First and Second Year Pupils. School years ending 1914, 1916, Other Even Years :
1. Introduction to gardening and small fruits. a, Text book work.
2. Kitchen gardening, small fruits and poultry. a, School library work.
70
3. Project management and work. a, Practical home work on the above study.
4. Farm practice. a, Carpentry : This will include the making of field and garden tools, dry mash hoppers, modern- izing poultry houses or any apparatus needed in connection with home projects.
5. Farm arithmetic and simple accounts.
6. Forum once in two weeks. a, Compositions with dis- cussions.
7. English. (Business letters, etc.) Given in the High school.
8. Spelling. Given in the High school.
First and Second Year Pupils. School years ending 1915, 1917, Other Odd Years :
1. Sheep, poultry, swine and bees.
2. Sheep, poultry, swine, bees or gardening. a, School library work.
3. Project management and work. a, Practical home project work on the above study or a substitute project.
4. Home grown crops for small animals.
5.
Soils laboratory course and discussions.
6. Animal biology.
7. Farm measurements and mechanics.
8. Forum. (Once in two weeks.)
9. English. Given in the High School.
10. Spelling. Given in the High School.
Third and Fourth Year Pupils. School years ending 1915, 1917, Other Odd Years :
1. Market gardening. a, With emphasis on asparagus and turnips. b, Text book and school library work.
2. Orcharding. a, Text book and school library work.
3. Project management work. a. Practical home pro- ject work on the above study or a substitute project.
71
4. Fertilizers and soil fertilities. a, Laboratory work and discussions.
5. Agricultural chemistry.
6. Farm records and accounts.
7. Forum. (Once in two weeks.) a, Compositions and dis- cussions.
Third and Fourth Year Pupils. School years ending 1916, 1918, Other Even Years:
1. Dairying. (Laboratory course and discussions.)
2. Animal husbandry. a, Text book and school library work.
3. Project management work. a, Practical home pro- ject work on the above study or a substitute project.
4. Forestry.
5. Field crops. (Laboratory work and discussions.)
6. Farm management and administration.
7. Forum. a, Compositions and discussions.
8. English Reading and Theme Writing. Given in the High School.
"I know of no pursuit in which more real and important service can be rendered to any country than by improving its agriculture."-George Washington.
Agricultural education is a branch of human knowledge which has stored up so many facts in the many years of agricultural pursual and experimentation that it is being given a place especially in potentially agricultural local- ities.
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