USA > Ohio > Historical collections of Ohio in three volumes ; an encyclopedia of the state : with notes of a tour over it in 1886 contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90, Vol. III > Part 39
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DE BIENVILLE'S VISIT TO PICKAWILLANY IN '1749.
In the year 1749 when CELORON DE BIENVILLE was sent by the . Governor General of Canada with a force of about 235 soldiers and Indians (see Scioto commty) down the Ohio and took possession of the country in the name of the King of France, he visited Pickawillany on his return home. Their farthest point west on the Ohio was the mouth of the Great Miami, as later called by the Eng- lish, but then known to the French as "Riviere a la Roche " (Rock River). This was on the last day of August, 1749. There, as at other mouths of great rivers, they buried inscribed leaden plates as evidence of possession, and then bade farewell to the Ohio. On their return route they crossed the country for Canada. This plate was the last buried at what is now in the exact southwestern angle of Ohio. One other only had been planted in Ohio and at the mouth of the Muskingum.
For thirteen days after leaving the mouth of the Miami Celoron and his party toiled against the current of that stream until they reached Piekawillany, which villages had been lately built by a Miami chief called by the English " Old Britain " and by the French " Demoiselle." This chief and his band had only a short time before come into the country from the French possessions in Canada. This Coloron knew of and he was instructed before starting on his expedition to try and induce him to return as they feared his coming under English influence. The concluding history of the matter is thus told by Consul Willshire Butterfield in the Magazine of Western History for May, 1887, article "Ohio History."
"The burden of Coloron's speeches at this last village was that the Demoiselle and his band should at once leave the Miami river and return to their old home. The crafty chief promised to do so in the coming spring.
" They kept always saying," said Celoron, in his journal, "and assuring me that they would return thither next spring." It is needless to say that the Indians did not move.
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They afterward sent the following to all the governors of English provinces over the mountains :
"Last July (September, 1749), about 200 French and thirty-five French Indians came to the Miami village in order to persuade them to return back to the French settle- ments (Forts) whence they came, or if fair means would not prevail, they were to take them away by force, but the French finding that they were resolved to adhere to the Eng- lish, and pereeiving their numbers to be great, were discouraged from using any hostile measures, and began to be afraid lest they should themselves be cut off. The French brought them a present consisting of
four half-barrels of powder, four bags of bullets, and four bags of paint, with a few needles and a little thread which they refused to accept of; whereupon the French and their Indians made the best of their way off for fear of the worst, leaving their goods scattered about. But, at the time of their conference, the French upbraided the Indians for joining the English, and more so for con- tinuing in their interest, who had never sent them any presents nor even any token of their regards for them."
Céloron's account of the reception of his presents differs from the Indians. " I showed them magnificent presents on part of Monsieur the general to induce them to return to their villages, and I explained to them his invitations," says the French commander, and adds that they carried away the presents, " where they assembled to deliberate on their answer." This was was probably the truth.
The French commander found at the Demoiselle's town two hired mien belong- ing to the English traders, and these he obliged to leave the place before he would speak to the savages.
Celoron, after remaining at this Miami village a week to recruit and prepare for the portage to the waters of the Maumee, broke up his eamp, and, having burned his battered canoes and obtained some ponies, he set out on his overland journey to the junetion of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph rivers, the site of the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The distance was estimated by him at fifty leagnes, or 120 miles, and five and a half days were allowed for the journey. Had the water in the rivers been high, Celoron eould have paddled up Loramie creek sixteen miles, then a short portage would have taken them to the waters of the St. Mary's, down which he could have floated to the head of the Maumee ; but in August or September this was impracticable. "He reached the French post at that point on the 25th of September, where he found " M. de Raimond " in com- mand. The latter and his men were shiver- ing with agne-a disease, it may be said, still elinging to the region of the Maumee.
On the 26th day, the day after his arrival at the French post, Celoron had a conference with Cold Foot, chief of the Miamis, who resided near the fort, and some other savages of note, when he rehearsed to them in the presence of the French officers of his detach-
ment and of M. de Raimond, what he had said at the village of the Demoiselle and the answer he had received. Thereupon Cold Foot said : " I hope I am deceived, but I am sufficiently attached to the interests of the French to say that the Demoiselle is a liar !" And he added significantly : " It is the source of all my grief to be the only one who loves yon, and to see all the nations of the sonth let loose against the French." From the French fort Celoron made his way by water to Montreal, which he reached on the 10th of November.
Celoron's conclusions as to the state of affairs upon the Ohio are too important not to be mentioned in this connection. "All I can say is," he declared, "that the nations of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I do not know in what way they could be brought back." "If onr
traders," he added, " were sent there for traffic, they could not sell their merchandise at the same price that the English sell theirs, on account of the many expenses they would be obliged to inenr."" Trade then-traffic with the Indians-wasthe secret spring stimu- lating activity on part of the French officials,
CHRISTOPHER GIST'S VISIT TO PICKAWILLANY IN 1751.
Knapp in his history of the Maumee gives some items in regard to Pickawillany that describes the place the year after the visit of Celoron. He says, " Having obtained permission from the Indians, the English [traders] in the fall of 1750 began the erection of a stockade, as a place of protection, in case of sudden attack, both for their persons and property. When the main building was completed, it was surrounded with a high wall of split logs, having three gateways. Within
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the inclosure the traders dug a well which supplied abundance of fresh water during the entire year, except in summer. At this time Pickawillany contained 400 Indian families and was the residence of the principal chief of the Miami Con- federacy.
Christopher Gist was there in February, 1751, and in his published journal says the place was daily increasing and accounted 'one of the strongest towns on this continent.' Gist was the agent of the 'Ohio Company,' an association of English merchants and Virginia planters. He had been given a royal grant to examine the western country " as far as the falls of the Ohio," to mark the passes in the mountains, trace the course of rivers and observe the strength and numbers of the Indian nations.
Gist was a hardy frontierman, experienced and sagacious. On the 31st of October, 1750, he left Old Town, on the Potomac, in Maryland, and crossing the Alleganies, on the 14th December, arrived at an Indian village at tle forks of the Muskingum, where now stands the town of Coshocton. Here he met George Croghan, an English trader, who had there his head quarters. He remained until January 15th, 1751, and then being joined by Croghan and Andrew Montour, a half-breed of the Senecas, pursued his journey west, visiting Indian villages and holding conferences, first going down the Scioto to the mouth, and finally reaching Piekawillany in February. This was his principal objective point. He remained some time holding conference with the great chief of the Miamis, the " Old Britain " as aforesaid.
While there four Ottawa or French Indians came in and were kindly received by the town Indians. They tried to bring the Miamis to the French interest, having been sent as ambassadors for that purpose. After listening in the council house to their speeches Old Britain replied in a set speech, signifying his attach- ment to the English, and that "they would die here before they would go to the French." The four messengers therefore departed and the French flag was taken down from the council house. After a full deliberation an alliance was formed with the Miamis and the Weas and Piankeshaws, living on the Wabash, who had sent messengers for that purpose. Old Britain himself. the head chief of the Miamis, was a Piankeshaw.
DESTRUCTION OF PICKAWILLANY BY THE FRENCH AND INDIANS IN 1752.
Piekawillany, after the visit of Gist, soon became a place of great importance. The savages by immigration from tribes farther west had continued to swell the population and all were in open hostility to the French. Here congregated English traders, sometimes to the number of fifty or more. In 1752 an expedi- tion, consisting of 250 Chippewas and Ottawas was started from Michilimac- kinac by Charles Langdale, a resident there, to destroy the place. They proceeded in their canoes down the lake to Detroit, paused there a little while and thence made their way up the Maumee to its head waters, and at about nine o'clock, June 21st, they reached the town, taking it completely by surprise. Butterfield writes :
" The first to observe the enemy were the squaws who were working in the cornfields outside the town. They rushed into the village giving the aların. At this time the fort was occupied by the English traders as a warehouse. There were at the time but eight traders in the place. Most of the Indians were gone on their summer hunt, so that, in reality. Pickawillany was ahost deserted ; only Old Britain, the Piankeshaw king, and a small band of his faithful tribes- men remained. So sudden was the attack that but five of the traders (they were all in their huts outside the fort) could reach the
stockade, and only after the utmost difficulty. The other three shut themselves up in one of their houses. At this time there were but twenty men and boys in the fort, including the white men. The three traders in their houses were soon captured. Although strongly urged by those in the fort to fire upon their assailants, they refused. The enemy learned from them the number of white men there were in the fort, and, having taken possession of the nearest houses, they kept up a smart fire on the stockade until the after- noon.
The assailants now let the Miamis know
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that if they would deliver up the traders that were in the fort they would break up the siege and go home. Upon consultation it was agreed by the besieged that, as there were so few men and no water inside the stockade, it would be better to surrender the white men with a pledge that they were not to be hurt, than for the fort to be taken and all to be at the merey of the besiegers. The traders, except Thomas Burney and Andrew McBryer, whom the Indians hid, were accordingly given into the hands of the enemy. One who had been wounded was stabbed to death and then scalped. Before getting into the fort fourteen Indians were shot, includ- ing Old Britain, one Mingo, and one of the Shawanese nation.
The savages boiled and ate the Demoiselle (Old Britain) as he, of all others, because of his warm attachment to the English, was most obnoxious to them. They also ate the heart of the dead white man. They released all the women they had captured, and set off with their plunder, which was in value about £3,000.
"The captured traders, plundered to the skin, were carried by Langdale to Duquesne, the new governor of Canada, who highly praised the bold leader of the enterprise, and recommended him for such reward as befitted one of his station. 'As he is not in the king's service, and has married a squaw, I will ask for him only a pension of 200 francs, which will flatter him infinitely.'"
The sacking of Pickawillany and the killing of fourteen Indians and one Englishman by the allies of the French who had been marshalled for tlre express purpose of attacking the town, must be considered the real beginning of the war, popularly known as Braddock's war, which only ended by the cession of Canada and New France to Great Britain by the treaty of Paris in 1763.
Thus after nearly four years of existence Pickawillany was completely wiped out and never again re-occupied. The traders, Thomas Burney and Andrew MeBryer, whom the Indians had hidden went east and carried the tidings to the friendly Indians at the mouth of the Scioto. Burney went direct from there to Carlisle with a message to the Governor of Pennsylvania from the Miamis and also to Governor Dinwiddie in Virginia. He laid before Dinwiddie a belt of wampum, a scalp of one of the Indians that adhered to the French, a calumet pipe and two letters " of an odd style," wrote Dinwiddie. Thus wrote the Miamis to him :
ELDER BROTHER ! This string of wam- pum assures yon that the French King's servants have spilled our blood and eaten the flesh of three of our men. Look upon us and pity us for we are in great distress. Our chiefs have taken up the hatchet of war. We have killed and caten ten of the French and two of their negroes. We are your BROTHERS.
The message to the Governor of Pennsyl- vania was more in detail, as given by Butter- field :
"We, your brothers, the Miamis, have sent you by our brother, Thomas Burney, a scalp and five strings of wampum in token of our late unhappy affair at Piekawillany ; and, whereas, our brother [the governor] has always been kind to us, we hope he will now
put to us a method to aet against the French, being more discouraged for the loss of our brothers, the Englishmen who were killed, and the five who were taken prisoners than for the loss of ourselves; and, notwith- standing, the two belts of wampum which were sent from the Governor of Canada as a commission to destroy ns, we shall still hold our integrity with our brothers and are willing to die for them.
We saw our great PIANKESHAW KING [who was commonly ealled OLD BRITAIN by us] taken, killed and eaten within a hundred yards of the fort, before our faces. We now look upon ourselves as a lost people, fearing our brothers will leave us ; but before we will be subject to the French, or call them our fathers, we will perish here.
VOCABULARIES OF THE SHAWANOESE AND WYANDOTT LANGUAGES, ETC.
[ The following article was communicated for our first edition by the venerable Col. John Johnston, of Upper Piqua, Ohio, who, for about half a century, had been an agent of the United States over the Indians of the West. See page 519, Vol. II.
The Wyandotts had resided on the soil of Ohio long before the French or English visited the country. Forty-six years ago, I took a census of them, when they numbered 2300 souls. In 1841 and 1842, I was, as the commissioner of the United States, negotiating with them a treaty of cession and emigration, when it was found, by actual and accurate count, that, in a little less than 50 years, they
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had been reduced to the number of 800; none had emigrated-all that was loft were the subjects of my negotiation. I had been their agent a great part of my life ; and after being separated from them for 11 years by the power of the Executive, it fell to my lot, under the appointment of my honored and lamented friend and chief, President Harrison, to sign and scal the compact with their chiefs for their final removal from their cherished homes and graves of their ancestors, to which, of all their race I had ever known, they were the most tenderly attached, to the country southwest of Missouri.
The Shawanoese came into Ohio not long anterior to Braddock's campaign of 1754. They occupied the country contiguous to the Wyandotts, on the Scioto, Mad river, the Great Miami, and the upper waters of the Maumee of the lake, being in the light of tenants at will under the Wyandotts. They were their devoted friends and allies in all their wars with the white people-these two tribes having been the last of the natives who have left us, for there is not an Indian now in Ohio, nor an acre owned by one of their race within its limits.
I have thought that a specimen of the respective languages of these tribes might form a proper item in the history of a state so lately owned and occupied by the primitive inhabitants. The vocabulary, as far as it goes, is accurate, and may be relied upon. The reader will at once observe the great dissimilarity in the two languages, not one word in the whole being common to both. In all their large councils, composed of both tribes, interpreters were as necessary between the parties as it was between the Indians and the United States officers. Not so with the Shawanoese, Delawares, Miamies, Putawatimies, Chippeways, Ottawas, Wee,as, Kickapoos and Piankeshawas-all of whom had many words in common, and clearly establishing a common origin. Ahnost all the tribes I have known, had tradition that their forefathers, at some remote period, came from the west ; and this would seem to strengthen the commonly received opinion of Asiatic descent. Many of the Indian customs, even at this day, are strictly Jewish : instance the purification of their women, the year of Jubilee, the purchase of wives, etc.
All the Indians have some sort of religion, and allege that it was given to their forefathers, and that it would be offensive to the Great Spirit to throw it away and take up with any other. They all believe that after this life is ended, they will exist in another state of being ; but most of their sacrifices and petitions to their Maker are done with a view to the procuring of temporal benefits, and not for the health of the immortal part.
Death has no terrors to an Indian ; he meets it like a stoic. The fate of the soul does not appear to give him the smallest uneasiness. I have seen many dic, and some in full confidence of a happy immortality ; such were not taught of the Christian missionaries. In innumerable instances I have confided my life and property to Indians, and never, in time of peace, was my confidence misplaced. I was, on one occasion, upwards of a week, in a time of high waters, alone, in the month of March, with a Delaware Indian in the woods, whom I ascertained after- wards to be a notorious murderer and robber ; and having every thing about my person to tempt a man of his kind-a good horse, equipments, arms, clothing, etc .- and yet no one could be more provident, kind and tender over me than he was. When the chiefs heard that I had taken this otherwise bad man for a guide, they were alarmed until informed of my safety. I have had large sums of public money, and publie dispatches of the greatest importance, conveyed by the Indians, without in any case suffering loss.
VOCABULARY OF THE SHAWANOESE.
One-Negate. Two-Neshwa. Three-Nithese. Four-Newe. Five-Nialinwe.
Six-Negotewathe. Seven-Neshwathe. Eight-Sashekswa. Nine-Chakatswa. Ten-Metathwe.
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Eleven-Metath, we, Kit, en, e, gate. Twelve-Metathwe, Kiteneshwa.
Thirteen-Metathwe, Kitenithwa. Fourteen-Metathwe, Kitenewa. Fifteen-Metathwe, Kitenealinwe. Sixteen-Metathwe, Kitenegotewathe. Seventeen-Metathwe, Kiteneshwathe. Eighteen-Metathwe, Kitensashekswa. Nineteen-Metathwe, Kitenchakatswe. Twenty-Neesh, wa, tee, tuck, e. Thirty-Nithwabetueke. Forty-Newabetucke. Fifty-Nialinwabetucke. Sixty-Negotewashe. Seventy-Neshwashe.
Eighty-Swashe.
Ninety -- Chaka.
One hundred-Te, pa, wa.
Two hundred-Neshwatepawa.
Three hundred-Nithwatepawa.
Four hundred-Newe-tepawa.
Five hundred-Nialinwe-tepawa.
Six hundred-Negotewathe-tepawa.
Seven hundred-Neshwethe-tepawa. Eight hundred-Sashekswa-tepawa.
Nine hundred-Chakatswe-tepawa. One thousand-Metathwe-tepawa. Two thousand-Neshina, metathwe, tepawa.
Three thousand-Nethina, metathwe, tepawa. Four thousand-Newena, metahwe tepawa. Five thousand-Nealinwa metathwe tepawa. Old man-Pashetotha.
Young man-Meaneleneh. Chief-Okema. Dog-Weshe. Horse-Meshewa.
Cow-Methothe.
Sheep-Meketha.
Hog-Kosko. Cat-Posetha.
Turkey-Pelewa. Deer-Peshikthe. Raccoon-Ethepate.
Bear-Mugwa.
Otter-Kitate. Mink-Chaquiwashe.
Wild eat-Peshewa. Panther-Meshepeshe. Buffalo-Methoto. Elk-Wabete. Fox-Wawakotchethe. Musk rat-Oshasqua. Beaver-Amaghqua. Swan-Wabethe. Goose-Neeake.
Duck-Sheshepuk. Fish-Amatha. Tobaeco-Siamo. Canoe-Olagashe. Big vessel or ship-Misheologashe. Paddle-Shumaghtec. Saddle-Appapewee. Bridle-Shaketonebetcheka. Man-Elene. Woman-Equiwa. Boy-Skillewaythetha. Girl-Squithetna. Child-Apetotha. My wife-Neewa. Your wife-Keewa.
My husband-Wysheana. Your husband-Washetche. My father-Notha.
Your father-Kotha.
My mother-Neegah.
Grandmother-Cocumtha. My sister-Neeshematha.
My brother-Neethetha.
My daughter-Neetanetha.
Great chief-Kitchokema.
Soldier-Shemagana.
Great soldier, as Į Kitcho, great, and Gen. Wayne, Shemagana, soldier. Hired man, or servant-Alolagatha. Englishman-by the Ottawas, Sagona. by Putawatimies and Chippe- 66 ways, the same. by the Shawanoese, English- manake.
Frenchman-Tota. American-Shemanose, or big knives, first applied to the Virginians.
The lake-Kitehecame.
The sun-Kesathwa.
by the Putawatimies, Chippeways and Ottawas, Keesas. The moon-Tepeth, ka, kesath, wa.
The stars-Alagwa.
The sky-Men, quat, we.
Clouds-Pasquawke.
The rainbow-Quaghcunnega.
Thunder-Unemake.
Lightning-Papapanawe.
Rain-Gimewane.
Snow-Conee.
Wind-Wishekuanwe.
Water-Nip, pe. by the Putawatimies, Ottawas and Chippeways, Na, bish.
Fire-Scoate. Cold-We, pe. 66 Putawatimie, Sin, e, a.
Warm-Aquettata.
Ice-M'Quama.
The earth-Ake.
The trees, or the woods-Me, to, quegh, ke.
The hills-Mavueglike.
Bottom ground-Alwamake.
Prairie- Tawaskota.
Friend-Ne, can, a. in Delaware, N'tschee.
in Putawatimie, Ottawa and Chip- peway, Nitche.
River-Sepe. Pond-Miskeque.
Wet ground, or swamp-Miskekope.
Good land-Wesheasiske.
Small stream-The, bo, with, e.
Poor land-Mel, che, a, sis, ke.
House-Wig, wa.
Council house, or great house-Takatche- maka wigwa. The great God, or good spirit-Mishemene- toc. The bad spirit, or the devil-Watchemene- toc. Dead-Nep, wa. Alive-Lenawawe. Siek-Aghqueloge. Well-Weshelashamama.
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Corn-Da, me. by the Putawatimie, M'tame. Wheat-Cawasque. Beans-Miscoochethake. Potatoes-Meash, c, tha, ke. . by the Putawatimies, Peng, aca. Turnips-Openeake. Pumpkins-Wabegs. Melons-Usketomake. Onions-Shekagosheke. Apples-Me, she, me, na, ke. Nuts-Pacanee. Nut-Pacan. Gum-Metequa. Axe-Te, ca, ca. Tomahawk-Cheketecaca. Knife-Manese. by the Putawatimies, Comong. Powder-Macate. Flints-Shakeka. Trap-Naquaga. Hat-Petacowa.
Shirt-Peleneca.
Blanket-Aquewa. by the Putawatimies, Wapyan, or wabscat, wapyan, i. e. white blanket. Handkerchief-Pethewa. Pair of leggings-Me, tetawawa. Eggs-Wa, wa, le.
Fresh meat-Weothe.
by the Putawatimies, We, as. Salt-Nepepimme.
by the Putawatimies, Su, ta, gin. Bread-Ta, quan, c. Putawatimies, Quasp, kin-a Shaw- anoese would say, Meet, a, lasqw.
I have got no bread-Taquana.
Kettle-A,coh, qua. Sugar-Me, las, sa. Tea -- Shis, ke, wapo. Medicine-Cho, beka.
. I am very sick -- Olame, ne, taghque, lo, ge. I am very well-Ne, wes, he, la, shama, mo. A fine day-Wash, he, kee, she, ke. A cloudy day-Mes, quet, wee.
My friend-Ne, can, a. My enemy-Matche, le, ne, tha, tha.
The Great Spirit is the friend of the Indians -Ne, we, can, e, tepa, we, sphe, ma, mi, too. Let us always do good-We, sha, cat, we, lo ke, we, la, wapa.
Bell-To.ta, gin. Plenty-Ma, la, ke.
Cut, e, we, ka, sa, or Blackfoot,'the head chief of the Shawanoese, died at Wapoghkon- etta in 1831, aged about 105 years.
She, me, ne, too, or the Snake, another aged chief, emigrated with the nation west. Fort, or garrison-Wa, kargin.
SPECIMEN OF THE WYANDOTT, OR HURON LANGUAGE.
One-Scat. 'I'wo-Tin, dee. Three-Shaight. Four-An, daght. Five-Wee, ish. Six-Wa, shaw. Seven-Soo, ta, re. Eight-Ace, tarai. Nine-Ain.tru. Ten-Augh, sagh. Twenty-ten, deit, a, waugh, sa. Thirty-Shaigh, ka, waugh, sa. Forty-An, dagh, ka, waugh, sa. Fifty-Wee, ish, awaugh, sa. Sixty-Waw, shaw, wagh, sa. Seventy-Soo, ta, re, waugh, sa. Eighty-Au, tarai, waugh, sa. Ninety-Ain, tru, waugh, sa. One hundred-Seu, te, main, gar, we. The great God, or good spirit-Ta, main, de,- zue. Good-Ye, waugh, ste. Bad-Waugh, she. Devil, or bad spirit-Deghshee, re, noh. Heaven-Ya.roh, nia. Hell-Degh, shunt. Sun-Ya,an, des, hra. Moon-Waugh, sunt, ya, an, des, hra. Stars-Tegh, she. Sky-Cagh. ro. ni, atc. Clouds-Oght.se, rah. Wind-Iru, quas. It rains-Ina, un, du, se. Thunder-Heno. Lightning-Tim, mendi, quas. Earth-Umait, sagh. Deer -- Ough, sean,oto.
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