USA > Ohio > Historical collections of Ohio in three volumes ; an encyclopedia of the state : with notes of a tour over it in 1886 contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90, Vol. III > Part 51
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Returning to Cincinnati, he resumed his legal practice.
In 1873 he was elected President of the Toledo, Wabash and Western Rail- road ; removed temporarily to Toledo, where, in 1876, he was elected to Congress. Subsequently he resumed his law practice at Cincinnati, where he now resides. He has been honored by the degree of LL.D. from the University of North Car- olina and Dennison University, Ohio. In person he is tall, graceful and well- proportioned ; his manners are unassuming, pleasing and conrteons.
Col. Whittlesey says : " The prolonged service of Gen. Cox in one grade is too@ well known to require repetition. His promotion was once determined on and reported to the Senate, but withdrawn. His rank among the brigadiers, however, gave him the command of a division, and finally a corps, by seniority, until a commission as major-general of volunteers arrived. Patience is certainly a mil- itary virtue, but there is no occasion where it is so difficult to practice as while an officer is being systematically overslaughed. Two of Scribner's vol- umes of war history are of his composition. In the domain of science Gen. Cox has kept pace with the progress of the age in a way that is not demonstrative, but, like his other qualities, more profound than brilliant. Having occupied so many prominent situations, quite diverse from each other, he is still a compara- tively young man. On the subject of assimilation of the white and colored races in the South, he differed from his Republican friends in the days of reconstrue- tion. The state of society in the slave States since that period has proven the sagacity of his conclusions."
KENYON COX, a son of ex-Governor Cox, eminent as a painter and a writer upon art topics, was born at Warren, Oct. 27, 1857. Hle pursued art studies in Paris under in- struction from Carolus-Duran and Gerome.
MILTON SUTLAPP was born in Vernon,
Trumbull county, Oct. 16, 1806, and died in Warren, April 24, 1878. When seventeen years of age he went South and taught school there some years. Returning to Ohio, he graduated from the Western Reserve College in 1833. Soon after leaving college he re-
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TRUMBULL COUNTY.
ceived an agency from the Western Reserve Anti-Slavery Society, and for nine months travelled, at his own expense, promulgating anti slavery doctrines, forming societies, giv- ing public discussions and private interviews. Ile was classed with Garrison and Phillips as one of the able leaders of the anti-slavery movement.
In 1834 he was admitted to the bar at War- ren. In 1850 he was elected to the Ohio Senate by the Free Soil party, and it was to him that Benj. F. Wade was chiefly indebted . for his election to the U. S. Senate at this session. In 1857 Judge Sutliff was elected to the. Supreme Bench of Ohio, which posi- tion he held for five years-the last year as chief justice. In the celebrated Bushnell- Langston slave resene cases, he held, with Judge Brinkerhoff, that the prisoners ought to be discharged. In 1872 he supported Horace Greeley, and was the Democratic
candidate for Congress in opposition to Gen. Garfield.
EZRA B. TAYLOR was born in Nelson, Portage county, Ohio, July 19, 1823. Ho studied law with Judge R. F. Paine, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. Hle practiced law at Ravenna until 1862, when he removed to Warren. In 1864 he enlisted as a private in the 171st Ohio National Guard, which served three months. On its return he was elected colonel of the regiment.
In 1877 he was appointed Judge of Com- mon Pleas, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Judge Lewis ; every lawyer in the district, Republican and Democrat, signed a petition for his appointment. In 1880 he was elected to Congress as Gen. Garfield's successor ; has been re-elected to each suc- ceeding Congress, and has served 'on some of the most important committees.
Niles in 1846 .- Niles, on the Mahoning river and on the canal, five miles southerly from Warren, contains 3 churches, 3 stores, 1 blast furnace, rolling mill and nail factory, 1 forge and grist mill, and about 300 inhabitants. There is some water power here. In the vicinity are large quantities of excellent iron ore and coal. In Braceville township is a Fourierite association, said to be in a pros- perous condition .- Old Edition.
NILES is five miles southeast of Warren on the north bank of the Mahon- ing river and on the N. Y. P. & O., A. & P., P. & W., P. P. & F., N. & N. L., and A. N. & A. Railroads. Its iron manufactures are among the most extensive in the State.
City Officers, 1888 : William Davis, Mayor ; M. J. Flaherty, Clerk ; E. H. Hall, Treasurer ; C. H. Strock, Solicitor; James W. McBride, Marshall. Newspaper : Trumbull County Independent, Independent, E. M. McCormick, editor. Churches : 1 Disciple, 1 Methodist Episcopal, Welsh do., 1 Primitive do., 1 Presbyterian Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, 1 Cumberland Presby- terian.
Manufactures and Employees .- Thomas Furnace, pig iron, 70; Reeves Bros., steam boilers, etc., 38 ; Sykes Iron Roofing Co., 6; Falcon Iron and Nail Co., 715; Coleman, Shields & Co., skelp and tube iron, 165 ; Niles Fire Brick Co., 19 .- State Report, 1887.
Population, 1880, 3,879. School census, 1888, 1,370; W. N. Wight, school superintendent. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, $380,000. Value of annual product, $1,551,400 .- Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888. Census, 1890, 4,308.
Nnuss is in the heart of the great mining industry of Ohio. The population in the main consists of the workmen in the iron establishments and their families, largely foreign-Irish, Welsh, and German, the Irish being the strongest clement. The houses are mainly two-story buildings of wood, dingy from the smoke that hangs over the place. It has a public square not exceeding two aeres, around which are Catholic, Methodist, and Disciple churches, the town hall (a plain wooden structure), an engine-house and alarm tower. Upon it is a soldiers' monument of granite about sixteen feet high, upon which is inscribed, " Erected in ' memory of our fallen heroes in the war of 1861 to 1865 by the MePherson Post, No. 16, Dept. of Ohio G. A. R., and the citizens of Weathersfield township." The city is a hive of industry of solid work and solid people.
In Niles was born, February 25, 1844, Major William MeKinley, Jr. He enlisted in May, 1861, as a private soldier in the 23rd Ohio, at the time com-
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manded by W. S. Rosecrans, and later by Rutherford B. Hayes. He served therein until the close of the war. (See Stark County.)
Newton Falls in 1846 .- Newton Falls is nine miles westerly from Warren, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal, in the forks of the east and west branches of the Mahoning, which unite just below the village. This flourishing town has sprung into existence within the last twelve years ; it was laid out by Thomas D. Webb, Esq., and Dr. H. A. Dubois. The water power is good ; it is an important point of shipment on the canal, and its inhabitants are enterprising. It contains 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist and 1 Disciples church, 5 mercantile stores, 3 forwarding houses, 1 woollen factory, 1 paper mill, and about 900 inhabitants .- Old Edition.
NEWTON FALLS is nine miles sonthwest of Warren, on the Mahoning river and on the C. Y. & P. and P. & W. Railroads. Newspaper : Echo, Independent, Ralph R. Montgomery, editor and publisher.
Population, 1880, 575. School census, 1888, 221 ; L. P. Hodgeman, school superintendent.
GIRARD is ten miles southeast of Warren, on the Mahoning river, and on the P. & W., A. & P., P. & Y., and N. Y. P. & O. Railroads. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Lutheran, and 1 Disciples. Bank : Girard Savings, R. L. Walker, president; O. Sheadle, cashier.
Manufactures and Employees .- Morris, Prindle & Co., flour, etc., 3 ; Trumbull Iron Co., 280 ; Girard Iron Co., 200 ; Girard Stove Works, 16; Krehl, Hauser & Co., tannery, 51 .- State Report for 1887.
School census, 1888, 608 ; A. W. Kennedy, school superintendent. Capital invested in manufacturing establishments, $565,000. Value of annual product, $1,695,000 .- Ohio Labor Statistics, 1888.
HUBBARD is thirteen miles southeast of Warren, on the Mahoning division of the N. Y. P. & O. R. R.
City officers, 1888 : J. D. Cramer, Mayor ; Robert J. Roberts, Clerk ; C. W. Hammand, Treasurer ; William Ray, Street Commissioner. Newspaper : Enter- prise, W. R. Wadsworth, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Presby- terian, 1 Welsh Congregational, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Catholic. Banks : Hubbard Banking Co., Robert H. Jewell, president ; S. Q. March, cashier.
School census, 1888, 678 ; L. L. Campbell, school superintendent.
KINSMAN is fifteen miles northeast of Warren, on the Youngstown branch of L. S. & M. S. R. R. Newspaper : Citizen, JJames M. Dow & Co., editors and publishers. Bank : Kinsman National, Allen Jones, president; G. W. Birrell, cashier. School census, 1888, 113.
MINERAL Ribas is eight miles south of Warren, on the N. & N. L. R. R. It lias churches : 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Welsh Independent, 1 Catholic. Population, 1880, 1,150. School census, 1888, 376 ; A. A. Prentiss, school superintendent.
BLOOMFIELD P. O., North Bloomfield, is sixteen miles north of Warren. School census, 1888, 109.
CORTLAND is eight miles northeast of Warren, on the N. Y. P. & O. R. R., and a central point for dairy industries. Newspaper : Herald, Republican, F. A. Gilbert, editor and publisher. Churches : 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Congrega- tional, 1 Disciples. Population, 1880, 616. School census, 1888, 197.
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TUSCARAWAS COUNTY.
TUSCARAWAS.
TUSCARAWAS COUNTY was formed from Muskingum, Feb. 15, 1808. The name is that of an Indian tribe, and in one of their dialects signifies " open mouth." This is a fertile, well-cultivated county, partly level and partly rolling and hilly. Iron ore, fire clay and coal abound. It was first permanently settled about the year 1803, by emigrants from Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, many of whom were of German origin.
Area about 520 square miles. In 1887 the acres cultivated were 131,347; in pasture, 114,832 ; woodland, 58,165; lying waste, 5,638; produced in wheat, 480,585 bushels ; rye, 2,585 ; buckwheat, 663 ; oats, 552,738 ; barley, 1,995 ; corn, 652,929 ; broom-corn, 1,000 lbs. brush ; meadow hay, 43,758 tons ; elover hay, 7,627 ; flaxseed, 15 bushels; potatoes, 109,672; butter, 635,400 lbs. ; cheese, 812,114 ; sorghum, 1,946 gallons ; maple syrup, 1,683; honey, 5,645 lbs. ; eggs, 550,117 dozen; grapes, 8,730 lbs .; wine, 370 gallons; sweet potatoes, 191 bushels ; apples, 24,787 ; peaches, 15,998 ; pears, 1,307; wool, 381,026 lbs .; milch cows owned, 10,781. Ohio Mining Statistics, 1888 : Coal, 546,117 tons, employing 870 miners and 134 outside employees; iron ore, 33,287 tons; fire clay, 21,950 tons. School census, 1888, 15,370 ; teachers, 304. Miles of rail- road track, 163.
TOWNSHIPS AND CENSUS.
1840.
1880.
TOWNSHIPS AND CENSUS.
1840.
1880.
Auburn,
1,400
Perry,
1,381
1,208
Bucks,
1,547
1,129
Rush,
1,293
1,037
Clay,
864
1,293
Salem,
1,121
2,457
Dover,
2,247
4,107
Sandy,
1,415
1,864
Fairfield,
866
814
Sugar Creek,
1,450
1,462
Franklin,
1,166
Union,
945
714
Goslien,
1,885
5,226
Warren,
1,173
869
Jefferson,
992
1,258
Warwick,
864
1,525
Lawrence,
1,523
1,723
Washington,
978
1,089
Mill,
1,225
5,514
Wayne,
2,142
1,295
Oxford,
826
1,968
York,
865
1,080
Population of Tuscarawas in 1820 was 8,328 ; 1830, 14,298 ; 1840, 25,632; 1860, 32,463 ; 1880, 40,198 ; of whom 32,753 were born in Ohio; 1,716 Pen- sylvania ; 262 Virginia ; 198 New York; 136 Indiana; 32 Kentucky; 2,073 German Empire; 442 England and Wales; 356 Ireland; 153 Scotland; 49 British America; 41 France, and 5 Sweden and Norway.
Census, 1890, 46,618.
PALÆOLITHIC MAN IN OHIO.
In the beginning of our first volume is an article by Prof. G. Frederick Wright, entitled " Glacial Man in Ohio," and in Hamilton County more upon the same general subject. In October, 1889, a discovery, by Mr. W. C. Mills, was made in Tuscarawas county, which helps to confirm the conclusions of Mr. Wright as to the existence of man in Ohio in the glacial era, say 8 to 10,000 years ago. Mr. Wright, in The Nation, for April 24, 1890, gave the following paper upon this discovery, dated at Oberlin ten days previously :
Two or three weeks ago Mr. W. C. Mills, Secretary of the Archaeological So- ciety of New Comerstown, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, sent to me a flint implement which, according to his description, seemed to have been found in the nndisturbed gravel of the glacial terrace which everywhere lines the valley of the Tuscarawas
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river. In order the more fully to judge of the significance of the discovery, I - visited the locality last week, together with a small party of Cleveland gentlemen. The result of the investigation cannot fail to be of considerable public interest.
The flint implement referred to is a perfect representative of the paleolithic type found in Northern France and Southern England. It is four inches long, two inches wide, and an inch and a half through at its larger end, tapering grad- ually to a point and carefully chipped to an edge all round. Fig. 472 in Evans's " Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain " would pass for a very good rep-" nesentation of it. The material is black flint, or chert, such as occurs in the " Lower Mercer" limestone strata not many miles away, and has upon all the surface that peculiar glazed appearance which indicates considerable age.
New Comerstown is situated upon the right bank of the Tuscarawas river, about one hundred miles directly south of Cleveland and forty miles south of the glacial boundary in Ohio. The latter part of the journey from the north to reach the place is such a complete demonstration of the now accepted theory concerning the origin of the terraces along this river, and others similarly situated, that a brief - description of it will be profitable.
The headwaters both of the Tuscarawas itself and of the several branelies which unite with it before reaching Canal Dover are all within the glaciated area, thus affording access to an unlimited quantity of débris brought by the continental ice- sheet from the Laurentian region in Canada. Immediately below the glacial boundary, all these streams are bordered with extensive terraces, the material of which consists of assorted matter from the glacial drift such as would naturally have been carried down during the closing floods of the glacial period.
From Canal Dover to New Comerstown the Tusearawas river makes a long bend to the east, but the railroad cuts across the elbow, and for twenty miles or more finds its way through two small valleys tributary to the main line of drain- age. The course of the railroad first strikes up the valley of Stone creek, follow- ing it for several miles. But no sooner does it enter this tributary valley than it leaves behind the terraces and other gravel deposits which mark the main valley and every tributary farther north. At length the road, after passing through a tunnel, strikes into the headwaters of Buekhorn ereek, which runs southward to join the Tuscarawas at New Comerstown. Here, too, for several miles, there is a total absence of terraces or of any deposits of gravel. On approaching the mouth of the ereek, however, a vast gravel deposit derived from the northern drift is encountered, in which the railroad company is making extensive excavations to get material for ballasting their track. Thus, in this short journey, there was demonstrated before our eves the limitation of these peculiar gravel deposits to the main valley of the river, and so, by consequence, their glacial age and origin.
It was in this last-named gravel-bank, on the 27th of October, 1889, that Mr. Mills found the palæolith above described. The surface of the terrace is at this point thirty- five feet above the flood-plain of the Tuscara- was. The valley of the river is about a mile wide. This gravel had been deposited in a recess at the mouth of Buckhorn creek, where it was protected from subsequent erosion, and extended up the creek about a quarter of a mile, but, according to the law of such deposits, with gradually diminishing height as one recedes from the main line of deposi- tion. The implement was found by Mr. Mills himself, in undisturbed strata, fifteen feet below the surface of the terrace ; thus con- necting it, beyond question, with the period when the terrace itself' was in process of de- position, and adding another witness to the fact, that man was in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi while the ice of the glacial period still lingered over a large part of its northern area.
The importance of this discovery is en- hanced by the fact that this is only the fifth locality in which similar discoveries have been made in this country, the other places being 'Trenton, N. J., Madisonville, Ohio, Medora, Ind., and Little Falls, Minn. But in many respects this is the most interesting of them all, especially as connected with previous pre- dictions of my own in the matter, though it is proper to say that Mr. Mills was not, nt the time he made the discovery, aware of what had been written on the subject.
When, in 1882, after having surveyed the glacial boundary across Pennsylvania, I con- tinned a similar work in Ohio, I was at once struck with the similarity of the conditions in the various streams in Ohio flowing out of
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TUSCARAWAS COUNTY.
the glaciated region (and especially in the Tuscarawas river), to those in the Delaware river, where Dr. C. C. Abbott had reported the discovery of palæolithic inrplements at Trenton, N. J. Attention was called to this similarity in various periodicals at the time, as well as in my Report upon the Glacial Boundary made to the Western Reserve His- torieal Society in 1883 (pp. 26, 27), where it was said that the Ohio abounds in streams situated similarly to the Delaware with refer- ence to glacial terraces, and that "the prob- ability is that if he [man] was in New Jersey at that time [during the deposition of the glacial terraces], he was upon the banks of the Ohio, and the extensive terrace and gravel deposits in the southern part of the State should be closely scanned by archaeolo- gists. When observers become familiar with the rude form of these paleolithic imple- ments, they will doubtless find them in abun- dance." Whereupon a dozen streams, among them the Tuscarawas, were mentioned in which the conditions were favorable for such investigations. The present discovery, there- fore, coming as it does in addition to those of Dr. Metz in the Little Miami valley and of Mr. Cresson in the valley of White river, Ind., has great cumulative weight, and forces, even on the most unwilling, the con- viction that glacial man on this continent is not a myth, but a reality.
A glance at the physical features of the region in Ohio and Indiana where these pa- læoliths have been found, shows their emi- nent adaptation to the primitive conditions of life indicated by the implements them- selves. The Tuscarawas valley has been formed by erosion through the parallel strata of sandstone and limestone here composing the coal formation. The summits of the hills on either side rise to heights of from 300 to 500 feet, and their perpendicular faees abound even now with commodious shelters for primitive man. But in pre-glacial times
the trough of the Tuscarawas was 175 feet deeper than at present, that amount of glacial gravel having been deposited along the bot- tom, thus raising it to its present level. Hence in pre-glacial times the opportunities for shelter must have been much superior even to those which are now in existence. The present forests of the region consist of beech, oak, tulip, maple and other deciduous trees. Evergreens are now totally absent. but the advancing iee of the glacial period found here vast forests of evergreen trees. Not many miles distant, terraces of the same age with this at New Comerstown have, within recent years, yielded great quantities, of red-cedar logs, still so fresh as to be manufactured into utensils for household use.
The relation of glacial man to the mound- builders is so often made a subject of inquiry- that a brief' answer will here be in place. The above relic of man's occupancy of Ohio was found in the glacial terrace, and belongs to a race living in that distant period when the ice-front was not far north of them, and when the terraces were in process of deposi- tion. Thus this race is unquestionably linked with the great ice age. The mound-builders came into the region at a much later date, and reared their imposing structures upon the surface of these terraces, when the settled conditions of the present time had been at- tained, and there is nothing to show that their occupancy began more than one or two thou- sand years since, while their implements and other works of art are of an entirely different. type from the rude relies of the paleolithic age. If, therefore, interest in a work of art is in proportion to its antiquity, this single implement from New Comerstown, together with the few others found in similar condi- tions, must be ranked among the most inter- esting in the world, and will do much to ren- der North America a field of archaeological research second to no other in importance,
Several years previous to the settlement of Ohio, the Moravians had a mission- ary establishment in the present limits of this county, which was for a time broken up by the cruel massacre of ninety-six of the Indians at Gnadenhutten, March 8, 1782.
The Moravian Indians were not in ignorance of a probable expedition against their villages, and were warned to flee to a place of safety, but knowing themselves to be free from any offence against the whites, they did not believe they would be molested. Heckewelder says : " Four Sandusky warriors, who, on their return from the Ohio settlements, had encamped on a run some distance from Gnadenhut -.... . ten, gave them notice where they had been, and added, that having taken a woman and child prisoner, whom they had killed and impaled on this side of the Ohio river, and supposing that the white people, in consequence of what they had done, might make up a party and pursue them, they advised them to be on their guard and make off' with themselves as soon as possible."
THE MORAVIAN MISSION.
The following history of the Moravian Mission was written for our original edition by Hon. James Patrick, of New Philadelphia. His account we precede
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TUSCARAWAS COUNTY.
' with a personal notice, on the general principle of perpetuating the memories of those, so far as we are able, who assisted us in that olden time.
JAMES PATRICK was born in Belfast, Ireland, August 6, 1792, of Scotch-Irish parents. At the age of twenty-four he emigrated to America, and, having learned the printer's trade, engaged in journalism with the Aurora, in Phila- delphia. In 1819 he established the Tuscarawas Chronicle, the first newspaper in the county. His paper had a wide influence and large circulation. He held- many public offices : was County Recorder, County Auditor, U. S. Land Agent, and served seven years as Judge of Common Pleas. In 1846 he retired to private life. He died January 23, 1883. Three sons and three daughters sur- vived him.
Hatred of Indians .- The first white in- habitants of Tuscarawas county were the Moravian missionaries and their families. The Rev. Frederick Post and Rev. John Heckewelder had penetrated thus far into the wilderness previous to the commence- ment of the revolutionary war. Their first visits west of the Ohio date as early as the years 1761 and 1762. Other missionary auxiliaries were sent out by that society for the purpose of propagating the Christian religion among the Indians. Among these was the Rev. David Zeisberger, a man whose devotion to the cause was attested by the hardships he endured and the dangers he en- countered.
Had the same pacific policy which governed the Society of Friends in their first settlement white settlers of the West, the efforts of the Moravian missionaries in Ohio would have been more successful. But our western pioneers were not, either by profession or practice, friends of peace. They had an in- stinctive hatred to the aborigines, and were only deterred, by their inability, from ex- terminating the race. Perhaps the acts of cruelty practised by certain Indian tribes on prisoners taken in previous contests with the whites might have aided to produce this feeling on the part of the latter. Be that as it may, the effects of this deep-rooted preju- diee greatly retarded the efforts of the mis- sionaries.
The Moravian Villages .- They had three stations on the river Tuscarawas, or rather three Indian villages, viz. : Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten, and Salem. The site of the first is about two miles south of New Phila- delphia ; seven miles farther south was Gnadenhutten, in the immediate vicinity of the present village of that name; and about five miles below that was Salem, a short dis- tance from the village of Port Washington. The first and last mentioned were on the west side of the Tusearawas, now near the margin of the Ohio canal. Gnadenhutten is on the east side of the river. It was here that a massacre took place on the 8th of March, 1782, which, for cool barbarity, is perhaps unequalled in the history of the Indian wars.
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