Historical collections of Ohio in three volumes ; an encyclopedia of the state : with notes of a tour over it in 1886 contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90, Vol. III, Part 68

Author: Howe, Henry, 1816-1893
Publication date: 1891
Publisher: Columbus, Ohio : Henry Howe & Son
Number of Pages: 1200

USA > Ohio > Historical collections of Ohio in three volumes ; an encyclopedia of the state : with notes of a tour over it in 1886 contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90, Vol. III > Part 68

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In 1830 Daniel Webster said of this great "Ordinance of Freedom : "

"We are accustomed to praise the law-givers of antiquity ; we help to perpetuate the fame of Solon and Lycurgus ; but I doubt whether one single law of any law- giver, ancient or modern, has produced effects of more distinct, marked and lasting character than the ordinance of 1787. We see its consequences at this moment, and we shall never cease to see them, perhaps, while the Ohio shall flow."

Having succeeded by rare diplomacy in uniting the different interests involved so as to secure the enactment of an ordinance, with provisions for education, religion and prohibition of slavery, Dr. Cutler made a contract for the sale of 1,500,000 acres of land to the Ohio Company. This was signed by Samuel Osgood and Arthur Ice of the Board of Treasury for the United States, and by Manassch Cutler and Winthrop Sargent for the Ohio Company. The price was $1 per acre, payable in " specie, loan office certificates reduced to specie, or certifi- cates of the liquidated debt of the United States." An allowance not exceeding one-third of a dollar per acre was to be made for bad lands. Section sixteen was to be reserved for schools ; twenty-nine for the support of religion ; eight, eleven and twenty-six to be disposed of by Congress ; and two townships for a university.

HOW THE FIRST SETTLERS CAME TO OHIO. By Hon. Henry C. Noble, Columbus, O.

At a meeting of the directors of the Ohio Company at Bracket's tavern, in Boston, November 23, 1787, it was ordered : That four surveyors be employed under the direction of the superintendent hereinafter named ; that twenty-two men shall attend the. surveyors; that there be added to this number twenty men, including six boat-builders, four house carpenters, one blacksmith and nine common workmen, in all forty-eight men ; that the boat-builders shall proceed on Monday next, and the surveyors rendezvous at Hartford, on the first of January next, on their way to the Muskingum ; that the boat-builders and men with the surveyors be proprietors in the company; that their tools and one hoe and one axe to each man and thirty pounds weight of baggage shall be carried in the com- pany's wagons, and that the subsistence of the men on their journey be furnished by the company. After other details this order directs that "each man shall furnish himself with a good small arm, bayonet, six flints, a powder-horn and

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pouch, priming wire and brush, half a pound of powder, one pound. of balls and one pound of buckshot," and " shall be subject to the orders of the superintendent and those he may appoint, as aforesaid, in any kind of business they shall be em- ployed in, as well boat-building and surveying, as for building houses, erecting defences, clearing land and planting or otherwise, for promoting the settlement." " They shall also be subject to military command during the time of their employ- ment." We call attention to the military precision of this order, and its fulfil- ment to the letter in the number of men who went and the duties they per- formed.

Gen. Rufus Putnam was appointed superintendent, and Col. Ebenezer Sproat, from Rhode Island, Anslem Tupper and John Mathews, from Massachusetts, and Col. R. J. Meigs, of Connecticut, were appointed surveyors.

THE FIRST COMPANY.

"In exact compliance with this order a company of twenty-two men, including Jona- than Devoll, a master-shipbuilder, and his as- sistants, assembled at the house of Dr. Manassah Cutler, in Ipswich, Mass., on December 3, 1787. About the dawn of day they paraded in front of the house, and, after a short address from him, three volleys were fired, and the party went forward, cheered heartily by the bystanders. Dr. Cutler accompanied them to Danvers, where he placed them under command of Major Hatfield White and Capt. Ezra Putnam. He had prepared a large and well-built wagon for their use, covered with black canvas, which was driven by William Gray, on which Dr. Cutler had painted with his own hand, in large, white letters, "FOR THE OHIO COUNTRY." After a tedious journey on foot of nearly eight weeks, they arrived at Sum- rill's ferry, on the Youghiogheny river (now West Newton, Westmoreland county, Pa.), January 23, 1788, where they were to build the boats to float down the rivers to the Muskingum.

THE SECOND COMPANY.

The other party of twenty-six, including Gen. Putnam and the four surveyors and their assistants, with equal punctuality left Hartford, Connecticut, on January 1, 1788, under the command of Col. Ebenezer Sproat. Gen. Putnam had business in the city of New York, and did not join the division until it reached Swatara creek, just below Harris- burg. When Gen. Putnam overtook his division they could cross the creek only with difficulty, on account of the ice. That night snow fell to a considerable depth, which, with that already on the ground, blocked up the roads so that with their utmost exertions they could get the wagons no farther than Cooper's tavern, at the foot of the Tuscarora mountains, where they arrived on January 29, four weeks after leaving Hartford, a jour- ney which could now be made in probably twenty hours.

They had now reached the great mountain ranges over which all the early emigrants came in wagons, or on horseback, whose journeys were the theme of fireside talks

among them fifty years ago, and over which the Cumberland or National road was built, to facilitate communication between the growing West and seashore.

This company of pioneers ascertained that no one had crossed the mountains since the last fall of snow. They therefore abandoned their wagons, built four stout sledges to carry their baggage and tools, and harnessed their horses in single file. The men went before on foot to break the road, and after two weeks of arduous travel they also reached Sumrill's ferry on February 14, 1788.

BOAT-BUILDING.

When they arrived they found that, on ac- count of the severity of the weather and the deep snow, little progress had been made to- ward building the boats. Gen. Putnam, who had been brought up to mechanical pursuits, and as an engineer had caused many forts and works to be built during the revolution- ary war, infused new spirit into the enter- prise. The boat-builders and men already on the ground, recruited by the large party just arrived, went heartily to work under his supervision. The work now progressed rapidly under the immediate direction of Jonathan Devoll, the ship-builder. The largest boat, which the ship-builders called "Adventure Galley," was afterward named the "Mayflower" in honor of the famous vessel that bore the Puritan emigrants into Plymouth bay-an earlier but hardly a more momentous migration than the one about to embark on the Western waters. This boat was forty-five feet long and twelve wide, with curved bows, strongly timbered and -... covered with a deck roof high enough for a man to walk upright under the beams. The. sides were thick enough to resist the bullets of any wandering party of Indians who might attack it, as they attacked and cap- tured several boats later in the season. As the "Galley " could not carry the forty-eight men, horses, wagons, baggage, tools and provisions to keep them until their crops were grown, they constructed a large flat- boat and several canoes. This flotilla was ready on April 1, and after it was loaded it left Sumrill's ferry for the Muskingum on the afternoon of April 2, 1788.

The expedition after a few stoppages by

لهم الدعملل

الاشة ١٣

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WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the way eamne in sight of Kerr's island a little after sunrise. It was a cloudy, rainy morning, and as they neared the foot of the island Capt. Devoll said to Gen. Putnam, "I think it is time to take an observation ; we must be near the mouth of the Muskin- gum."

In a few minutes they came in sight of Fort Harmar, which was on the northwest shore of the junetion of the Ohio and Mus- kingum. This had been ereeted in 1785-86. The banks of the Muskingum were thiekly elothed with large sycamores whose pendant branches, leaning over the shores, obscured the outlet so much, that those who were on . the galley in the middle of the Ohio, on this cloudy morning, passed by without observing it. Before they could correet their mistake they had floated too far to land on the upper point and were forced to land a short dis- tance below the fort.

THE LANDING.

With the aid of ropes and some soldiers from the garrison, sent to their assistance by the commander, and erossing the Muskingum a little above its mouth they landed at the upper point about noon on the 7th day of April, 1788 ever since observed as the anni- versary of the first settlement of Ohio.

Jervis Cutler, a lad of sixteen (son of Rev. Manassah Cutler, who did so- mueh to secure the liberal provisions of the ordinance of 1787 and the grant of lands to the Ohio Company), always elaimed that he was the first person who leaped ashore when the boat landed ; and was also the first to cut down a tree, which commenced the settlement of Ohio.

The weather in the valley had been so mild that the vegetation on landing was in striking contrast to the place of their em- barkation, where snow still lingered in the hollows. The buffalo elover and other plants were already knee high and afforded a rich pasture for the hungry horses.

At the time of landing, Capt. Pipe, a principal chief of the Delaware Indians, who lived on the headwaters of the Muskingum with about seventy of his tribe, men, women and children, was eneamped at the mouth of the river, whither they had come to trade their peltries with the settlers at Fort Har- mar. They received the strangers very graciously, shaking hands with them, saying they were welcome to the shore of the Mus- kingum, npon whose waters they dwelt. The pioneers "immediately commenced landing the boards brought from Buffalo for the ercetion of temporary huts and setting up Gen. Putnam's large marquee. Under the broad roof of this hempen house he resided and transacted the business of the colony for several months until the block-houses of Campus Martius, as their new garrison was called, were finished.

by the 12th about four aeres of land were eleared. Log-houses were built to shelter their provisions and for dwellings. All were delighted with the fertility of the soil, the healthfulness of the climate and the beauty of the country. Their town was at first called Adelphia, but this name was changed as soon as the direetors met on July 2 to Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of that Freneh king and nation who had helped these brave men in the times that tried men's souls."

FIRST SCHOOLS.

The Marietta pioneers turned their atten- tion to the education of their children very soon after their arrival in Ohio. In the sum- mer of 1789 Bathsheba Rouse, daughter of John Rouse, from New Bedford, Mass., taught a school in Belpre, and for several subsequent summers in Farmer's Castle. The first teacher in the Marietta settlements was Daniel Mayo, a graduate of Harvard, who came from Boston in the fall of 1788, and during the winter months taught the larger boys and young women in Farmer's Castle. In July, 1790, the directors of the Ohio Com- pany appropriated one hundred and fifty dol- lars for the support of schools" in the three settlements in the territory.

MUSKINGUM ACADEMY.

Before the first decade had passed steps were taken to establish a regular academy at Marietta. On the 29th of April, 1797, a number of the citizens convened " to consider measures for promoting the education of youth," and a committee was appointed to prepare a plan of a house suitable for the in- struction of youth and for religious purposes, to estimate the expenses, and recommend a site. The committee consisted of Gen. Rufus Putnam, Paul Fearing, Griffin Greene, R. J. Meigs, Jr., Charles Greene and Joshua Ship- man. At the end of a week the committee made their report at an adjourned meeting. They presented a plan of the house, estimated the expense at $1,000, and recommended eity lot No. 605-the lot on Front street north of the Cofigregational church.

The report was accepted as to the plan of the house, the cost and the location ; but the method of securing funds was modified, so as "to assess the possessors of ministerial lands in proportion to the value of their re- speetive possessions." The sums thus paid, either by assessment or subscription, were to be considered as stock at the rate of ten dol- lars a share ; and the stock holders were enti- tled to votes according to their shares. At a meeting in August of that year fifty-nine shares were presented, of which thirty be- longed to Gen. Putnam.

Thus originated the Muskingum Academy, which was probably the first structure of the was used for edneational purposes till 1832, when it was removed to Second street, near

----

On the 9th the surveyors commeneed to . kind erected in the Northwest Territory. It lay off the eight-acre lots. The laborers and others commenced to cut down the trees, and

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the Rhodes block, where it is still standing. It was also used on the Sabbath as a place of worship till 1809, when the Congregational church was completed. - Centennial Address by Israel Ward Andrews, L.L. D., July 4, 1876.

FORT FREYE.

After the massacre at Big Bottom, the set- tlers of Waterford and those at Wolf Creek Mills united and constructed Fort Freye, about half a mile below the site of Beverly, on the east side of the Muskingum. It was an ir- regular triangle, and built similarly to Campius Martius. The fort was completed early in March, 1791, and garrisoned by forty men under the command of Capt. William Gray.

On the 11th of March a party of Wyandot and Delaware Indians made an ineffectual

attack upon the fort. The settlers had been expecting the assault, as a friendly Indian named John Miller, at the risk of his life, had given them timely warning.

Besides those at Fort Harmar, Campius Martius, Farmer's Castle and Fort Freye, there was a garrison at Plainfield-now Wa- terford-named Fort Tyler, for Dean Tyler, one of the pioneers.

FIRST MILLS. 3

Grinding corn by hand was a very laborious proceeding, and the early settlers offered large grants of land for the construction of mills. The first successful mills built in the territory were those on Wolf creek, about two miles from its mouth, built in 1789 under the di- rection of Maj. Haffield White. They were of very great service to all the settlements.

WOLF CREEK MILLS, 1789.

A saw mill was completed on Duck creek in September, 1789, but a heavy flood so damaged the mill and dam that they could not be readily repaired, and the Indian war coming on the mill was abandoned. Later a saw and grist mill was constructed on Duek creek, which sawed much of the himber used in Marietta buildings, also the Inmber used in the construction of the Blennerhassett boats.

FLOATING MILL.

In the summer of 1791 the settlers at Bel- pre determined to undertake the construction of a floating mill. Esquire Griffin Greene, a few years before while travelling in France and Holland, had seen mills erected on boats, the current of the water revolving the wheel. He explained the plan to Capt. Devoll, who built the first floating mill in the settlements. The "County History " describes this mill as follows : "The mill was erected on two boats, one of them being five, the other ten feet wide and forty-five feet long. The smaller one was a pirogue made of the trunk of a large hollow sycamore tree, and the larger

of timber and plank like a flat-boat. The boats were placed eight feet apart, and fas- tened firmly together by heavy cross-beams covered with oak planks, forming a deck fore and aft 'of the water-wheel. The smaller boat on the outside supported one end of the water-wheel, and the larger boat the other, in which was placed the mill stones and run- ning gear, covered with a light frame building for the protection of machinery and miller. The space between the boats was covered with planks, forming a deck fore and aft of the water-wheel. This wheel was turned by the natural current of the water, and was put in motion or stopped by pulling up or pushing down a set of boards similar to a gate in front of the wheel. It could grind, according to the strength of the current, from twenty-five to fifty bushels of grain in twenty-four hours, It was placed in a rapid portion of the Ohio, abont the middle of Backus (now Blennerhas- sett) Island, a few rods from the shore and in sight of Farmer's Castle. The current here was strong and safe from the Indians. With the aid of a bolting cloth in the garrison very good flour was made."

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WASHINGTON COUNTY.

RELIGIOUS BEGINNINGS.

The oldest building in the State of Ohio, now used as a place of public worship, is the Congregational church in Marietta. It is known as the "Two Horn" church, a name applied on account of the towers projecting above the roof. The building was planned and its erection superintended by Gen. Rufus

Putnam. It was dedicated May 28, 1809, and cost $7,300. Although the oldest now standing, this was not the first church within the present limits of Ohio, but the first ser- mon delivered in the Northwest Territory, other than those delivered to Indian audi- ences, was that preached Sunday, July 20, 1788, by Rev. William Breck, in the north- west block-house of Campus Martius. In. the

THE TWO HORN CHURCH.

This is the oldest church standing in Ohio. It faces the handsome little park that lines the Muskin- gum for several hundred yards above the upper bridge.

same building, on August 24, Dr. Cutler preached the second sermon delivered in the territory to whites. He also, on August 27th, attended the first funeral in the new settle- ments. Rev. Daniel Story, who arrived in the spring of 1789, was the first regular pas- tor settled in Marietta.

In 1791, while the settlers were occupying

the garrison in consequence of the Indian war, Sunday-school was organized in the stockade by Mrs. Mary Lake, an elderly lady who had been engaged in hospital work dur- ing the Revolution. This is said to have been the second Sunday-school in America, and was the first in the Northwest Territory.

FIRST PUBLIC CELEBRATION.

The first public celebration in the Northwest Territory was held on July 4, 1788, the twelfth anniversary of American independence. It was to be expected that the Revolutionary soldiers that landed at Marietta would observe the day with appropriate ceremonies. They commenced at daylight with the firing of the Federal salute by the cannons of Fort Harmar. The principal exercises took place on the Marietta side of the Muskingum, where, at one o'clock, Gen. James M. Varnum, one of the judges of the territory, delivered an eloquent and appro- priate address.

" A repast, consisting of all the delicacies which the woods and the streams and the gardens and the housewives' skill afforded, was served at the bowery. There was venison barbecued, buffalo steaks, bear meat, wild fowls, fish and a little pork as the choicest luxury of all. One fish, a great pike weighing one hundred pounds and over six feet long-the largest ever taken by white men, it is said, in the waters of the Muskingum-was speared by Judge Gilbert Devoll and his son Gilbert."

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The day was not all sunshine. " At three o'clock," says Col. John May, " just as dinner was on the table, came on a heavy shower which lasted half an hour. However, the chief of our provisions were rescued from the deluge, but injured materially. When the rain ceased the table was laid again, but before we had finished, it came on to rain a second time. On the whole though we had a handsome dinner."

After dinner a number of toasts were drank, among which were those to Con- gress, Generals Washington and St. Clair and the Northwestern Territory, and to. "the amiable partners of our delicate pleasures." Several Indians were present and enjoyed the festivities, excepting when the cannon were fired. Col. May's journal says "the roar of a cannon is as disagreeable to an Indian as a rope to a thief, or broad daylight to one of your made-up beauties." He also states that " pleased with the entertainment, we kept it up until after twelve o'clock at night, then went home and slept till daylight." A grand illumination of Fort Harmar closed the ceremonies of the day.

TOMAHAWK IMPROVEMENTS.

.When the pioneers arrived at Marietta, they found that several families had settled on the Virginia side of the Ohio river and near the mouth of the Muskingum. Among these were Isaac Williams and his wife, Rebecca, who in March, 1787, had moved into a little log-cabin, near the present site of Williams- town.

Isaac Williams was a trapper and hunter ;. he would select a desirable tract of land, girdle a few trees, plant a small field of corn, and claim the property by right of what were called . "tomahawk improvements." 'This would entitle him to 400 acres of land, the right to which was generally sold to the first- comer for a few dollars, a rifle, or some other small consideration.

"Tomahawk improvements" were recog- nized by the State of Virginia as entitling the holder, on the payment of a small sum per acre, to the right of entering 1,000 acres of land adjoining the claims. In some local- ities, within the present limits of Ohio, per- sons undertook to hold lands by right of "tomahawk improvements," but Congress sent out troops to remove them and burn their cabins.

THE "FAMINE!"

During the season of 1789 Mr. Williams had raised a very large crop of corn. Not so with the settlers of Marietta and Belpre, who having planted their corn later in the season than Mr. Williams, had it so badly damaged by an early frost that it was unfit to eat, and produced sickness and vomiting. As a consequence food became very scarce during the winter of 1789-90, and many fam- ilies came so near the point of starvation before the crops of 1790 arrived at maturity that the season was designated as the " Famine." Corn having reached the high price of $2 per bushel, Mr. Williams was be- sieged by speculators who offered him large prices for his supply, but he refused to sell. except to settlers and at the usual price of fifty cents per bushel-proportioning his corn

according to the number in the family. Mr. ~ Williams continued to reside on his farm until his death in 1820, at the age of 84 years. He lies buried under the oaks on his own farm.

THE BELPRE LIBRARY.

A famous public library was the " Coon- skin Library," established in Ames, Athens county, Ohio. For years it was supposed to have been the first public library in the Northwest Territory, but two others antedate it : the "Cincinnati," organized at Yeat- man's tavern, in Cincinnati, February. 13, 1802 ; and the " Putnam Library," organized in 1796, and variously known as the "Put- nam Library," the "Belpre Library," and " Belpre Farmers' Library."

The Belpre Library was owned by a joint stock company, and the shares valued at $10 each. It was supplied with books which had been a part of the family library of Gen. Is- rael Putnam. After his death in 1790 this library was divided among his heirs, and a number of the books brought to Belpre in 1795 by his son, Col. Israel Putnam. The books were kept at the house of Isaac Pierce, the librarian. Mr. Amos Dunham, who in 1846 furnished a communication to the orig- inal edition of this work (see Meigs County), mentions the purchase of a share in the Bel- pre Library, six miles distant. He says, "From this I promised myself much enter- tainment.'

About 1815 or 1816 the Library Associa- tion was dissolved by mutual consent and the books distributed among the shareholders. Among the books were : Locke's " Essays on Human Understanding," Johnson's "Lives of the English Poets," Robertson's " History of England " and Goldsmith's " Animated Nature." Many of the volmes are still preserved by descendants of the shareholders.

FIRST LAWS.

The following extract was published in 1886 in the Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette. It is of interest in connection with the first steps

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toward law and order. The article is under the caption of

THE GRANDSON OF OHIO'S FOUNDER.

There lives in Chillicothe to-day an aged man who is the last grandchild of Rufus Putnam, who led the first colony of settlers to Ohio in 1788. The grandson bears the full name of his distinguished ancestor, Gen. Rufus Putnam, and he has in his possession a great many relics of historical interest and a large part of his grandfather's correspond- ence and private papers and manuscripts.

Gen. Putnam is president of the North- west Pioneer Association, and has a lively interest in all matters bearing upon the early history of the Northwest Territory.

Among the old papers which he has put into my possession is the subjoined schedule of laws for the government of the colony at Marietta, printed and posted in 1788.

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Historical collections of Ohio in three volumes ; an encyclopedia of the state : with notes of a tour over it in 1886 contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90, Vol. III, Part 68

Author: Howe, Henry, 1816-1893 Publication date: 1891 Publisher: Columbus, Ohio : Henry Howe & Son Number of Pages: 1200

Author: Howe, Henry, 1816-1893
Publication date: 1891
Publisher: Columbus, Ohio : Henry Howe & Son
Number of Pages: 1200