History of Benton County, Oregon, Part 5

Author: David D. Fagan
Publication date: 1885
Publisher:
Number of Pages:


USA > Oregon > Benton County > History of Benton County, Oregon > Part 5


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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Watson, James M. 394 J. F. 509 Stephen 294 W. H. 394 W. M. 287


Watt 232 Aurora (Miss) 361 Joseph 148 Watters 506 Watts, Alex. 229, 288, 295 A. I. 290 William 290 Waunch, George 149


Weam, O. W. 292


Weatherby, Ansel 289, 290


Weaver, James 284 Webb, Gilbert 328 Francis F. (Niss) 523


Webber, Wilt T. 345, 396 Weber, Jacob 436 Philip 437 Webster 306 Daniel 141, 142 Weekes, Stephen 98 Weekley, William 289


Weeks, George 288, 294


Weller, Fred 292


Wells 336, 422 Charles 326, 392, 422, 529 Giles 295 John M. 450 C. B. 452 William A. 351, 430, 431 William 289 Charles B. 529


Mrs. Charles 529


Mrs. W. A. Wells 529 Mary J. (Wiles) Mrs.


Welsh, James 148 J. B. 326 J. P. 370 Welton 252 A. S. 294 Wenderline 367 Werner, Thomas 148


West, W. N. 289 Westfeldt, Claes 225, 235 Wheeler 509 H. 144 Whidbey 79, 80 Whipple, S. G. 201 Whistler, E. F. 292 Whitaker, Joseph 326 Whiteaker, John 467 White 366, 367, 385, 450, 506 Elijah 130, 137, 144, 148, 152, 153, 154, 363 Columbus 290 Mrs. Elijah 130, 363 James 144, 201, 247, 326 John B. 286, 288


-


White, R. J. 172 Joseph L. 286, 291 William 252, 293, 294, 296 Amanda J. (Miss) 531 J. W. 288 G. M. 292 Franklin 292 J. E. 294 George 296 Joseph 327, 393, 449 Sanford W. 327 S. H. 392 Silas 400 W. L. 436 G. B. 438 B. G. 438 David 449 John 495


Whitman, Marcus 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 510 Narcissa Prentiss 129, 138, 157, 159 P. B. 156 Whitmore, Brice 214 Whitney, Charles H. 436, 437, 529 Whitsell, J. J. 288 0. 288 Whitsette, A. J. 295 Wiggins, John P. 289 Wilbur, J. H. 363, 364 Wilcox, Alice (Miss) 359 C. L. 226 T. J. 453 Willson C. 290 Wilds, C. W. 379 John 326


Wiles 424 Edward L. 529 James 395 J. W. 437 John 455, 529 Mrs. John 529


Martha A. (Hughard) Mrs. 529


Eliza J. (Miss) 529 Lucy G. (Miss) 529 Walter T. 529 Mary J. (Miss) 529 Bridget A. (Miss) 529


Wiley, R. 366 Wilhelm 517, 527 Adam 367, 529 A. 529 George 326, 529 Agnes (Miss) 529 Bernard 529 Lawrence 529 Louie 529 Louisa (Miss) 529 Mathias 529


Wilkes, Charles 136, 186 J. 226 Samuel 226 Wilkins, Caleb 144 Wilkinson 254, 260, 261, 265, 268 George 133 Joseph 274 M. G. 397 William A. 288, 29% W. W. 326 Wilks, James 235 Samuel 235 Will, J. W. 438 Willard, Titus B. 225, 226 Williams 148, 200, 258, 268, 337, 495 B. 131, 144, 186 Benjamin 144 Edward 144 David 144, 326, 446 James 144 John 144 Issac 144 Squire 144, 235 Poe 148 Robert L. 215, 225, 227, 229, 230, 251, 252, 254, 260, 261, 262, 286, 287, 293 Charles 225, 294, 509


Elijah 226, 295 Samuel 226


M. M. 262, 265, 291, 296


Anderson 288, 290, 294 G. W. 289 Mathias 289


L. L. 289 S. S. 290 Daniel 292 George 292 Jefferson 292


Milton 292


Peter W. 292


Charles A. 326, 455


J. C. 828 Martin 328


R. E. 359


Mrs. L. D. 359


J. W. 365, 396, 436 F. A. 365 A. J. 394


Rufus 437 George H. 466 Richard 480, 509 C. H. 529 Mrs. A. J. 531


Eliza A. (Wyatt) Mrs. 531


Williamson 260 Alexander 226 Hehry 148 John 369 R. 195b, 199


Willis, John 485, 489 Robert 292 Willmore, Henry 327 Willoughby, Elisha 327 Wills 231 J. 226 Thomas 213, 214 Willson, I. P. 289 William 392 Wilmot, James 144 Wilson 388, 410 William H. 130, 144, 145,146, 170, 171 363 William 144, 289, 291, 326 A. E. 144, 146


Gustaf 225


George W. 235


Thomas 225, 294


John 286, 291, 292, 296, 326 Robert 287 C. P. 287 James 288


H. 288, 293 N. J. 288 David 291


J. 293 Bushrod W. 326, 393, 394, 395, 3%, 397, 415, 421, 422, 426, 432, 438, 529, Preface L. F. 433, 439 J. H. 437 J. 0. 437, 439 Lewis 438


John M. 475, 500 Joseph 509


Wimberly, #noch 292


Wimple, Adam E. 451


Winant 309, 480, 482, 483, 495, 523 Anita (Miss) 530 James J. 478, 530 Mrs. James J. 530 Amy A. (Peck) Mrs. 530


Winchell, Henry 495 Wineland, John 289, 294 Winell, Robert 480 Wing, William P. 293


Wingood, Martin 293 Winingham, John 293. Winkle 373


Archibald 144 Edward 499 Isaac W. 326, 422 Martha (Miss) 524 Isaac N. 530 John G. 530 Percy C. 530 W. 396 Wiley 326, 446, 529, 530 Winnemark, C. 487 Winningham, T. G. 290 W. G. 290


Winship, Nathaniel 93 T. 93 Winslow, C. H. 172 David 144 H. N. 225 Charles 296 Winter, John 252, 293 William 144 Wisbrook, Henry 293 Wise, John 295 Witham, Alfred M. 326, 394, 395, 396, 421, 427, (408) 530 Withers, John 327 Peter 327, 395


Witt, LaFayette, 235


Witter, J. J. 295


Wolfe, James 48


Wolverton, M. 235


Wood, Henry 131, 144, 186 John W. 287, 296 George 290, 293 J. G. 292 Charles W. 296


Joseph 327 William 326


Hiram 327, 400


Franklin 327 J. C. 328 Britton 385, 395 Jesse 393 Fernando 410


Rosa 437 J. D. 452 Jesse 522 Susan (Miss) 522


Woodcock, Amanda J. (White) Mrs. 530 M. S. 436, 440 (440) 506, 530, 531 Richard 148


Martin 530 Mrs. Martin 530


Horace 530 William C. 327, 449, 530, 531


Mrs. M. C. 531 Emma J. (Simpson) Mrs. 531


Mrs. William C. 531


Rachel (Belknap) Mrs. 531 Addie L. (Miss) 531


Homer B. 531


Maggie M. (Miss) 531


Norris F. 531 Vernon M. 531


Woodey, James 286


Woodfin, R. 226


Woodford, U. L. 293 William F. 293


Woodman, Calvin 201, 203


Woodruff, A. H. 258, 290 B. W. 226 Woods, Abraham 495 Jesse 327 John 289


Woods, George L. 339, 407 R .. 293 William 495 Woodward 431 Elias 359, 394, 396, 412, 531 J. 290 H. H. 289 Henry W. 290 L. T. 364 Downie 531 Mrs. Elias 531 C. (Allen) Mrs. 531 Woodworth 185, 186 Wrenn, George P. 326, 351, 352, 382, 385, 393, 396m 431 1, Nrs. George Wrenn (Nee E. F. Caldwell) 2. Mrs. George Wrenn (Nee Elizabeth Freel) Woody, James 399 Wool 505 John E. 175, 193, 242, 255, 275, 276 Woolen, James 288, 293 Isaac 295 Worden, William 288


Worthington, Robert G. 225


Wortman, Frank 450


Wren, John 326 Mrs. John 526 Alma Nay (Rycraft) Mrs. 526


Wrenn 451 George P. 423, 438, 439 Wright, 230 Ben 132, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 231, 234, 264, 272, 273, 274, 276 George 176 Harrison 148 Charles 226 Charles (Indian) 226 Robert 214


H. 235 Robinson 287 F. M. 2 89 John D. 293 T. D. 290 Moses 333 T. J. 392, 395 W. 437 Writsman, Alfred 326, 455 Lucinda (Officer) Mrs. 531 Francis 324, 326, 371, 379, 455, 531 Mrs. Francis 531 J. W. 424 John 531 Writter, J. J. 288 Wyatt, John E. 531 Ezra C. 359, 523, 531 Mrs. Ezra C. 523 Mary A. (Pearson) 523 Mrs. John E. 531 Melissa (Henkle) Mrs. 531


Wyatt, William 324, 326, 380, 387, 422, 451, 452, (360) 497, 531, 532 Rosalie C. (Miss) 531 Lizzie A. (Miss) 531 Milton A. 531 Minnie M. (Niss) Mrs. William 531 Mary T. (End) Mrs. 531 Eliza (Miss 531 Martha E. (Miss) 531 Cynthia A. (Miss) 531, 532 M. Eva (Miss) 532 Samuel T. 532 Franklin 532 Wyeth, Nathaniel J. 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 363 Wy.land, A. 290


- XYZ -


Xavier, Francis 39 Ximenes, Fortuno 15


Yager, Ephraim 293 Yantis, James A. 352, 427, 436, 438, 440 James C. 497 J. H. 497 Yarnall 237 Yates, D. N. 288, 293


Yeater, James T. 327


Yollept 88, 89 Yerke, William 287


Yocum, Henry 293


Young 331 Ewing 123, 130, 131, 135, 186, 187 James Jr. 159 A. J. 438 H. S. 226 Harvey 325, 378, 380,422 York, J. M. 326 J. W. 365 Young, C. W. 515 Delilah (Miss) 517


Yount, George 296 SAmuel 296 Zachary, Alexander 144 John 144 Zumwalt, Benjamin 292


INDEX.


PAGE.


Discovery of the Pacific


9


Early Explorations of the Northwest. 14


Search of the Mythical Straits of Anian 19


Voyages in the Pacific and Atlantic. 28


Russia enters the Pacific 34


Spanish Missions and Settlements in California 38


Discoveries Westward from the Atlantic .


47


Explorations by Land and Sea.


51


Begining of the Fur Trade on the Pacific Coast


Conflict of Authority at Nootka Sound .


Discovery of Puget Sound and the Columbia


Captains Lewis and Clark Traverse the Continent


The Astoria Enterprise.


Joint Occupation of Oregon.


Rivalry of English and American Fur Companies


.113


Oregon Missions and Settlements


127


Oregon for the United States . 133


Whitman Massacre and Cayuse War


150 163


Indians of Southern Oregon


177


The Early Explorers Attacked.


184


Effect of White Immigration


189


First Campaign against the Indians


. 196


Hostilities occuring in 1852


. 201


The War of 1853


The Lane Treaty of Peace and Concluding Events


Events of 1854


. 232


Causes of the War of 1855-6


.235 244 .256


The Spring Campaign


263


The War in Curry County .270 The War Ended. . 278 286


Names of the Volunteers


. 297


Soil, Productions, Climate, Game, etc ..


305


General County History, 1845 to 1860


. 319


General County History, 1860 to 1885 .335


General County History, Educational and Ecclesiastical. . 355


Legislative History, Chronicles of Organization and Political Annals . 368


Legislative History, Chronicles of Organization and Political History, Continued. 382


Table showing Yearly Taxation from 1850 to 1884 389


Table showing the Receipts and Disbursements from 1851 to 1884 . 389


Table showing Yearly Assessment from 1850 to 1884 . 390


Table showing Manufactories in Benton County .. . 390


Table showing the Assessed Valuation and Taxation of Benton County from Census taken in 1880 . 390


Table showing Farm Areas and Farm Values. . 390


Table showing Live Stock and Chief Productions . 391


Table showing the Population of Benton County for 1860, 1870, 1880


. 391


Population by Precincts in 1880. . . 391


Table showing State and County Officers from 1850 to 1884 392


Google


Digitized by


Benton County Geography, Topography, Geology, etc.


.210 .221


The Massacre of October ninth, and War in Grave Creek Hills


The first Meadows Campaign


63 69 74 33 91 106


Territorial Government of Oregon .


İ


1


6


INDEX.


. Criminal History


The State versus Nimrod O'Kelly.


Murder of John Clark . 398


Killing of William Grubbs . 399 Death of John Bauerlin . 399 399


Killing of an ' Unknown'


Killing of an Indian


Killing of Silas White


Killing of Tootootena Jack


Killing of Ringo


Killing of Dr. Hutchison and Melvin McKee.


Killing of T. J. Dennis


Siletz Indian Reservation


The Oregon and California Railroad


The Willamette Valley and Coast Railroad


Corvallis Precinct, Early Settlement


The City of Corvallis.


Corvallis Precinct, Descriptive


Lodges.


Rocky Lodge No. 75, A. F. and A. M


Barnum Lodge No. 7, I. O. O. F.


Friendship Lodge No. 14.


Valley Lodge No. 11, K. of P.


Corvallis Lodge No. 388, I. O. G. T.


Ellsworth Post No. 19, G. A. R.


Fire Department


Young America Engine Company, No. I.


Monumental Hose Company, No. 2.


Corvallis Hook and Ladder Company, No. I


Newspapers


The Corvallis Gazette.


The Benton Leader


Industries.


Corvallis Flour Mills


Corvallis Foundry


Pitman's Sash and Door Factory


Corvallis Water Works.


Knight's Furniture Factory


Corvallis Brewery.


Cigar Factory, No. 43


Friendly's Saw Mill.


Banking House of Hamilton, Job & Co.


443 . 444 444


Samuel's Warehouse


List of Mayors of Corvallis


Willamette Precinct.


Monroe Precinct


Monroe.


Monroe Lodge No. 49, F. and A. M


Monroe Flour Mills


Philomath Precinct.


Philomath.


Hawkins' Saw Mill.


Henkles' Saw Mill.


Moore's Saw Mill .


Felger's Grist Mill.


Soap Creek Precinct ..


456


Chamber's Grist Mill .


. 457 .457


King's Valley Saw and Planing Mill.


Summit Precinct.


.457


Warren Brothers


458


Y'aquina Precinct.


· 459


Opened to Settlement and Descriptive ..


4.59


Digitized by


Google


1


.439 . 440 - 440 441 442 . 442 . 442 . 443 443 443 443 443


Warehouses of T. J. Blair.


. 444 445 . 447 449


. 450 450 450


.452 .453 453 453 453 454


King's Valley Precinct


. 400 . 400 401 402 . 402 .403 - 404 406 413 420 . 422 434 . 436 .4.36 436 .4.36 4.36 437 .437 +38 438 438 .438


PAGE. . 398 398


7


INDEX.


Yaquina Bay.


Cape Foulweather


General History


Newport


Newport Lodge No. 410, I. O. G. T.


A. J. Ray's Bank .


Yaquina Mail.


489


Yaquina Brewery


Yaquina City


Yaquina Post


Custom House


Oneatta.


Oneatta Saw Mill


.490 . 490 .490


"Seal Illahee," or Seal Rocks.


Toledo Precinct .


. 491


Toledo.


Depot Slough


Caledonia


Elk City Precinct.


Elk City . .


.495 .496


Tum Tum Precinct.


496


Alsea Precinct .


. 498


Lone Star Mill.


. 500


Ruble's Mills


. 500


Inmon Mill


. 500


Lower Alsea Precinct


. 500


Tide Water Precinct


. 503


BIOGRAPHIES.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Abbey, Edwin Alden


. 505


Burnett, Hon. John.


. 509


Abbey, Peter M.


505


Callaway, Hon. William R.


. 509


Additon, Otis R.


. 505


Campbell, Alexander H . 509


Alexander, Hon. Joseph C


. 505


Carlile, Hon. Daniel. . 510


Alford, James P . 506


Carter, Hon. Tolbert. 510


Avery, Hon. Joseph C. . 5c6


Case, Samuel . 510


Case, Alonzo. . 510


Caton, Jesse H. (deceased) . 510


. 511


Barber, Newton R


Cauthorn, Hon. Thomas E


.. 511


Barclay, James E


Collins, George W.


. 511


Barclay, William


. 507


Bayley, Dr. James R


. 507


Belknap, Ransom A.


· 507


Crawford, William C. . 511


511


Bensel, Hon. Royal A. . 507


Davis, Caleb


511


Blair, Hon. Colbert P


Davis, Lemuel E


512


Davis, Zeba H


512


Blodget, William . 508


Dixon, Ezra L


512


Boles, W. T. A. H.


. 508


Brasfield, James W . 508


Dixon, Wm. F .512


Dodele, G. H


512


Brown, Solomon K .508


Eglin, Thomas


512


Bruce, Major James


. 508


Felger, J


. 513


Brunk, William H


509


Bryant, Perren


· 509


Foster, John


. 513


Butler, Henry P . 509


Gallatly, Andrew


513


!


Digitized by


Google


Avery, Napoleon B. . 506


Baldwin, Hon. Wallace . 506


Ball, James W


506


. 506


. 506


Connor, Hon. Milton J. .511


Cooper,


. 511


Bennett, William . 507


Currier, Jacob M.


. 507


Blair, Thomas P. . 507


Dixon, Joseph. .512


Briggs, George S .508


Fisher, Ernest W . 513


PAGE. .. 462 . 472


478 487 .488 ·489


.489 489 489 489 .490


Oysterville and Oyster City


. 493 493 .493 .493


Pioneer City


Cauthorn, James F.


8


INDEX.


PAGE.


PAGE.


Gerhard, George M


.513


Nolan, J. M.


. 522


Gingles, Hon. James.


. 513


Olsson, John


. 523


Gird, William .


. 514


Osburn, John M


. 523


Graham, John.


. 514


Parker, Hon. Allen . 523


Graham, Joseph D


Pearce, Ashley


. 523


Graham, Thomas


Pearson, William.


523


Gray, Joseph.


514


Phelps, Edwin C.


. 523


Grimsley, Robert D. O.


. 514


Pitman, Wm. M.


. 524


Gregson, Moses.


.514


Polhemus, James S.


. 524


Goodman, John B.


. 514


Pool, Newton


. 524


Hammer, Jacob.


. 514


Porter, Isaac W


. 524


Hammond, William


.545


Porter, McCauley


. 524


Hanson, John W


515


Price, Levi N.


. 524


Harris, John


. 515


Price, Willard L.


524


Hartless, Eldridge


515


Pygall, Albert R.


.524


Hawley, Leonidas H


515


Quivey, Gilbert M.


. 525


Hawkins, Joseph A


. 515


Rainwater, A. M.


. 525


Hayes, James


. 515


Read, Thomas M.


. 525


Henkle, I. B.


. 516


Read, Columbia.


.525


Henkle, Jacob.


. 516


Reader, Samuel


.525


Henkle, Jeremiah E. 516


Rickard, John ..


. 525


Henkle, Hon. John A. 516


Ruble, David.


. 525


Henkle, Joseph


.. 516


Russell, James H.


. 525


Henkle, William


. 516


Rycraft, S. L. . 525


Herron, Hugh


. 516


Schwaibold, Robert. .. 526


Hinton, Wesley


516


Scott, Prier . 526


. 526


Holgate, Jacob .517


Shannon, Milton


. 526


Horning, F. A. 517


Shaw, Charles L.


. 526


Houck, George W


. 517


Simpson, Marshall W


526


Houck, L. H


.517


Hufford, Walter S.


.517


Smith, Green Berry


.526


Inmon, David W .. . 517


Smith, Tyra W. B


. 527


Irvin, Joseph R. K . 517


Spencer, Francis . 527


Irvin, Samuel G.


.518


Irwin, Richard


. 518


Starr, Jeremiah. . 527


Starr, Levy H


. 527


Keesee, John. .518


Stewart, John


. 528


Stevens, William . 528


Stout, W. B. . 528


. 528


Keyes, David L


. 519


King, George


. 519


King, John


. 519


Vincent, Dr. H. W. . 528


.. 528


Wass, Capt. S. L ..


. 528


Wells, Charles B.


. 529


Lewis, Hon. H. C. T


. 520


Lewis, John H


. 520


Wiles, John.


. 529


Liggett, Elijah.


.. 520


Wilhelm, Adam


- 529


Logan, Samuel A


. 521


Williams, C. H.


. 529


Wilson, Bushrod W


. 529


Winkle, Wiley


.529


Martin, James. . . 521


Milner, Prof. Edgar A. . 521


Morris, J. P. H. . 521


Woodcock, M. S.


. 530


Woodcock, William C. .531


Woodward, Hon. Elias 531


Writsman, Francis.


531


Wyatt, John E.


531


Nichols, Hon. Henry B. . 522 Wyatt, William. 531


Google


1


1


Digitized by


Mulkey, James L


. . 521


Newton, A


. . 522


Newton, G. G.


. . 522


Winant, Capt. J. J . 530


Witham, Hon. Alfred M.


. 530


Mulkey, Albert G. . . 521


Thompson, Joseph


VanCleve, Collins . 528


Vanbeber, Lazarus . 528


King, Solomon . 519


Wadsworth, Hon. F. M


Knight, John A . 520 Knotts, William.


. 520


Whitney, Charles H.


. 529


McCormic, John K. . 521


Mackay, William . 521


Spencer, Jesse. . 527


Johnson, Joseph D. . 518


Keady, Hon. William P . 518


Stewart, James H .. . 527


Kelly, Hon. William J. .. 518


Kelsay, Col. John. .518


Kendall, Col. Jehial S. .519


Smith, Charles


. 526


Hodes, Gustavus. . 517


Scrafford, John J .


.. 514


. 514


5 ml


2 %


PACIFIC COAST.


CHAPTER I.


DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC.


Prehistoric-The New World Divided between Spain and Portugal-Discovery of the South Sea-Voyage of Magellan-Naming the Pacific-Cortereal and the Straits of Anian.


Intense gloom enshrouds the history of the Pacific coast prior to the sixteenth century. The investigations of the geologist have revealed how the great inland arms of the ocean gradually became land-locked seas whose receding waters left behind the deposit of alluvium brought down from the mountains by the thousands of small streams pouring into them, by which process were evolved the great fertile valleys whose names have become the synonyms of abundance; but of its history they are silent. The patient researches of the archaeologist have here and there cast a faint ray of light into the encircling gloom, but the fleeting outlines thus momentarily revealed serve but to confuse the mind and render more intense the deep shadow hanging over all. What races of human beings have acted here the great drama of life, their wars, customs, manner of living, religious beliefs and the degree of civilization they attained, are all hidden by an impenetrable veil. Here and there a voiceless skeleton disen- toombed from its resting place for centuries far beneath the verdant carpet of the earth it once trod, silently points to ages long before the stony lips of the Sphynx were carved or the mighty Atlantis sunk beneath the seething billows of a convulsed ocean; yet of those ages it reveals naught but the simple fact of their existence.


Rude monuments of rocks and mounds of earth, a few rough carvings in the rocky walls of towering cliffs and crude paintings on the surface of huge stones, ob- jects of superstitious awe and reverence to the simple natives, speak of races now passed away, of whom the aborigines of to-day know nothing except the faint allusion made to them in the legends of their ancestors. These traditions also speak of the presence long years ago of a race of pale faced people who visited these shores in . ships, yet so intangible are they that scarcely a theory can be founded upon them; certainly nothing positive can be proved. That the Chinese or the Tartars in the years of their great warlike strength and foreign conquests may have visited the west- ern coast of America is far from improbable; in fact archaeologists have discovered many evidences of such visits in the crumbled ruins of Mexico, Central America and Peru, and in the customs and religious ceremonies of the people whom the conquering 2


.


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PACIFIC COAST.


swords of Cortes and Pizarro so ruthlessly slaughtered; but Oregon and Washington offer but little testimony either to confirm or confute the theory. It is quite possible, and even probable, that the traditions referred to had their rise in the visits of the early Spanish explorers. Leaving these mysteries to be revealed by the investigations of the future, let us step from out the shadow upon the lighted plain of authentic record.


Immediately upon the return of Columbus in the spring of 1493, with the start- ling intelligence that he had reached India in his voyage westward, for such was his belief at that time, the Spanish sovereigns applied to the Pope, who then arrogated to himself not only the spiritual but the temporal sovereignty of the universe, for special grants and privileges in all lands thus discovered. Formerly the head of the church had bestowed upon Portugal, which had for a century past been the foremost nation in making voyages of exploration and discovery, sovereign rights in the south and east, similar to those Spain now desired in the west. With an arrogance such as none but the ruler of a universe can display and a munificence to be expected only from one bestowing that which he does not possess or which costs him nothing, the successor of Peter and God's representative upon earth drew a line from pole to pole across the globe one hundred leagues west of the Azores, and assigned to Portugal all newly-dis- covered lands lying east of it and to Spain all lying to the westward. This partition was unsatisfactory to ambitious Portugal, and after two years of wrangling the obliging Pope moved his dividing line 270 leagues farther west.


Though the Portuguese were obedient to the Pontiff's decree and left Spain in un- disputed possession of all its western discoveries, not ceasing, however, to make many voyages of exploration, this was far from being the case with the English. The sovereigns of that "tight little isle" were wont to be very independent in their conduct, and had been accustomed for some time to show little respect for the temporal au- thority of the Pope when it conflicted too strongly with their personal, political or territorial interests. It can well be imagined, then, that this partition of the undis- covered world into equal portions between Spain and Portugal did not deter England from making voyages of discovery to the new world and claiming sovereign rights over all lands explored, a claim which neither the Pope nor his two pet subjects dared to dispute. Following in the footsteps of her island neighbor and immemorial enemy, France, and Holland also, ignored the papal bull and in later years grasped eagerly after their share of the prize.


And what was this land towards which the eyes of the great nations of Europe were turned ? It was, as they supposed, the west coast of India, the wonderful island of Zipango and the fabulously wealthy land of Cathay described by Marco Polo. Here was to be found the "gold of Ophir" which had enriched the kingdom of the mighty Solomon, diamonds and precious stones in abundance, and the fountain of per- petual youth. Imagination and legend had peopled it with wonderful nations and cities and had stored it with a wealth of precious stones and metals such as the known portions of the globe never possessed. Love of dominion and cupidity, that great ruling power in human nature, led them forward in the contest.


From 1492 to 1513, when Vasco Nuñez gazed from the mountains upon the vast "South Sea," many voyages of discovery were made, and the Atlantic coast of America


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11


PACIFIC COAST.


was explored by the Spanish, Portuguese and English navigators from sunny Brazil as far north as the icy shores of Labrador. These voyages had satisfied geographers that not the India of the east, but a new continent, probably a great eastern extension of Asia, had been found by Columbus, and that this must be crossed or circumnavigated before reaching the hoarded treasures of Cathay. Indeed as early as 1498 Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese, reached India by sailing eastward around the Cape of Good Hope, and it was plainly evident that between that point (Calcutta) and the farthest point yet reached to the westward lay many wide leagues of land and water, unexplored and unknown. The idea prevailed that a great sea existed to the southwest beyond this new land of America, an idea which was strengthened and supported by statements of the natives carried as slaves to Europe in every returning vessel, and, indeed, several efforts had been made to pass into this unknown sea by going southward along the coast of America. The title of "America" had been applied to the southern half of our continent which was at first supposed to be separate and distinct from the northern half, or Asia, as it was believed to be.


It was a quiet day in September, 1513, that Vasco Nuñez de Balboa gazed from the mountain tops of Central America upon the sleeping waters of the Pacific, upon which the eye of a Caucasian then rested for the first time. Having crossed the nar- row isthmus joining the two Americas from his starting point at the Spanish settle- ment of Antigua on the gulf of Uraba, he was guided by a native to a point from which he saw the unknown ocean glistening in the sun far beneath him. As at that point the isthmus runs east and west, the Atlantic beating against its shores on the north and the Pacific lapping its sandy beach on the south, he christened the latter the " South Sea," while the Atlantic was by way of contrast named the "North Sea;" though this latter title was soon transferred to a supposed ocean lying north of Amer- ica, separated from the South sea by a narrow isthmus similar to that of Panama, and connected with it by a short strait, as will appear further on.


The announcement that this great "South Sea" actually existed led to increased exertions to discover a route by which vessels could pass around America and traverse the unknown ocean in search of the Indies. It soon became evident that America united with the supposed land of Asia lying north of it to form a either new continent hitherto entirely unknown, or a great southeastern extension of Asia equally a stranger to geography. Exertions to discover the supposed southern passage to the great South sea were then redoubled, and in five years were crowned with complete success. A Portuguese navigator, a native of Oporto, but sailing under the Spanish flag, commanded the first vessel that plowed Pacific waters, and to this expedition is due the further honor of making the first complete navigation of the globe, proving conclusively what all geographers of the time had learned to believe, that the world was round and could be encompassed by the traveler by going either east or west. The name of this cele- brated navigator, whose voyage was second only to the one made by Columbus in 1492 in the knowledge it revealed of the earth's geography, was Ferdinando de Magalhaens, spelled Magallanes by the Spaniards and by English authors given as Magellan. He had made several voyages for Portugal ria the Cape of Good Hope, but becoming dis- satisfied had left his native land and entered the service of Spain, to again attempt for that nation the effort of reaching the east by sailing westward. His special destination




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