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Gc 978.8 St7h v. 1 1541063
M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01099 9487
. 4 USTA. 650
·
HISTORY OF
COLORADO
WILBUR FISK STONE EDITOR
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1918
Dedicated to the Pioneers of Colorado
1541063
FOREWORD
The prime object in the minds of the editor and his assistant writers in compiling this History of Colorado, also the intent of the publishers, has been to base it on authentic sources, not only in the narrative of the original explora- tions of the New World, but in the modern settlement and development of our state.
Hence, the facts relating thereto are stated not as opinions or mere con- clusions of the writers or individual informants, but, in order to avoid personal bias and prejudice, all that is set forth pertaining to important events of public interest in the departments of state history-the military, industrial, educational, religious and social organizations and their progress and results-has been taken from the records, reports and archives, national and state, of the government and administrative bodies relating to the several topics. Errors that have been made in the past with reference to Colorado history have been corrected. so that the work, as is sincerely desired by the editor and his many friends and assistants, may come to be regarded as the standard History of Colorado to the present date.
In the work of writing and compiling the historical volume the editor has been ably assisted by Mr. Alfred Patek, a writer well known to Colorado, and Mr. Gordon K. Miller, both experienced historical writers connected with The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company of Chicago.
The work of the biographical volumes has been done by a corps of writers engaged by the publishers for that department and their work has been gratify- ing to the editor and, so far as he has ascertained, highly satisfactory to the subjects of the sketches, to whom the typed copy has been submitted before reaching the publishers.
The very efficient work of Mr. Charles T. Sprague in the organization of the plan of work, the preparation of the prospectus, securing the names and aid of the editor, and persons known to all the people of the state as sponsors of the work, and who secured photographs for the illustration of the same, is greatly appreciated and deserves the thanks of all the patrons.
The labor of all who have taken part in producing these volumes, aside from the liberality of the publishers in their vast expense in the venture, has been great : but a noted man once said: "There is no great excellence without great labor."
WILBUR FISK STONE, Editor.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
POSITION OF COLORADO-MOUNTAINS-PARKS-HUMIDITY-TEMPERATURE-FROSTS -- PRECIPITATION-TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTIES. .I
CHAPTER II
THE SPANISH AND FRENCH PERIODS OF EXPLORATION
SPANISH JURISDICTION-DE VACA'S EXPLORATION-CORONADO'S EXPEDITION- FATHER PADILLA'S FATE-MOSCOSCO'S MARCH-ONATE'S EXPEDITION-BONIL- LA'S EXPEDITION-ONATE'S SECOND EXPEDITION-PUEBLO UPRISING-THE FRENCH MENACE-VALVERDE'S EXPEDITION-ESCALANTE'S EXPLORATIONS-THE LAST SPANISH EXPEDITION-THE FRENCH-FRENCH BELIEFS AND CLAIMS DU TISNE-LA HARPE-BOURGMONT'S SECOND APPEARANCE-THE MALLET BROTHERS -. FABREE DE LA BRUYERE-GOVERNMENTAL ASPECTS 20
CHAPTER III THE PERIOD OF AMERICAN EXPLORATION
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE-LEWIS AND CLARK- ZEBULON M. PIKE-HIS FIRST AND SECOND EXPEDITIONS FIRST VIEW OF THE MOUNTAINS-MEETING WITH THE SPANISH-PIKE'S SINCERITY-LONG'S EXPLORING EXPEDITION-FIRST ASCENT OF PIKE'S PEAK-JOHN C. FREMONT-THE SECOND EXPEDITION-THE THIRD AND FOURTH EXPEDITIONS OF FREMONT- THE GUNNISON EXPEDITION- FRÉMONT'S LAST EXPEDITION 37
CHAPTER IV ANCIENT AND MODERN INDIAN TRIBES
THE CLIFF DWELLERS-DISCOVERY OF RUINS-THE DWELLING-SPRUCE TREE HOUSE -CLIFF PALACE-THE SUN TEMPLE-ORIGIN OF CLIFF DWELLERS-THE AMER- ICAN INDIAN-COLORADO TRIBES-CHIEFTAINS-COL. HENRY DODGE'S EXPEDI-
V
vi
CONTENTS
TION-THE KEARNY EXPEDITION-BEGINNING OF DEPREDATIONS-THE UPRISING OF 1864-ALARM IN DENVER-REIGN OF TERROR-COUNCIL AT DENVER -THE AFFAIR AT SAND CREEK-THE AFTERMATH- EFFECT UPON THE INDIANS -FORSYTH'S BATTLE ON THE ARICKAREE-ROMAN NOSE-BEECHER'S DEATH- THE OUTCOME-UTE UPRISING OF 1879-ATTACK ON THORNBURGH-THE AT- .65 TACK AT THE AGENCY
CHAPTER V
TRADERS AND TRAPPERS
THE CHARACTER OF THE TRAPPER-THE FIRST TRADERS-CHOUTEAU AND DE MUNN -THE GLENN-FOWLER EXPEDITION-THE BENTS-THE PUEBLO-THE FIRST POST ON THE SOUTH PLATTE-FORT LANCASTER-FORT ST. VRAIN-ANTOINE ROUBI- DEAU-FORT LARAMIE-THE SANTE FE TRAIL-THE LAST TRADER-DR. F. A. WIS- LIZENUS' JOURNEY .108
CHAPTER VI
1
EARLY SETTLEMENT IN COLORADO
SETTLEMENT ON DENVER SITE-ST. CHARLES TOWN ASSOCIATION-THE AURARIA TOWN COMPANY-THE DENVER CITY TOWN COMPANY-FIRST BUSINESS AT CHERRY CREEK-BOULDER CITY TOWN COMPANY-LA PORTE-EL PASO CITY- FOUNTAIN CITY TOWN COMPANY-MOUNTAIN CITY-GOLDEN CITY-COLORADO CITY-CAÑON CITY-OTHER TOWNS OF 1859- CENTRAL CITY-PUEBLO CITY- LEADVILLE-GRAND JUNCTION-DELTA-MONTROSE-GLENWOOD SPRINGS-GUN- NISON-SILVERTON-OURAY-TELLURIDE-DURANGO .134
CHAPTER VII
COLONIZATION IN COLORADO
BEGINNING OF COLONIZATION-THE CHICAGO COLONY-THE UNION COLONY-THE CHICAGO-COLORADO COLONY-THE ST. LOUIS WESTERN COLONY-THE SOUTH- WESTERN COLONY-INSPIRING IMMIGRATION-SETTLEMENT OF COLORADO SPRINGS-SOUTH PUEBLO-BEGINNING OF FORT COLLINS. 158
CHAPTER VIII
GOVERNMENT-ITS BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT
UTAH, NEBRASKA, KANSAS AND NEW MEXICO LAND TRANSFERRED-THE BEGIN- NINGS OF GOVERNMENT-FAILURE OF FIRST STATE CONSTITUTION-TERRITORY OF JEFFERSON-PEOPLE'S AND MINERS' COURTS CONGRESS CREATES COLORADO TERRITORY-CREATING THE FIRST COUNTIES-MOVING THE CAPITAL TO COLO-
vii
CONTENTS
RADO CITY-THE CAPITAL AT GOLDEN-CHANGE FROM GOLDEN TO DENVER- CONGRESS PROVIDES FOR CONSTITUTION-CUSTOMS OF LEGISLATURE-TERRITO- RIAL OFFICERS OF COLORADO-GOVERNORS-SECRETARIES-TREASURERS-AU- DITORS-SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION-DELEGATES TO CONGRESS -JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT-CHIEF JUSTICES-ASSOCIATE JUSTICES- UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEYS-LENGTH OF SESSIONS AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS-CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS-FIRST ELECTION POLL BY COUN- 168 TIES
CHAPTER IX THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
OPPOSITION TO STATEHOOD-MEETINGS OF CONVENTION-APPOINTMENT OF COM- MITTEES-SUMMARY OF CONSTITUTION-FRAMING AN APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE- THE VOTE-SUBMITTING OF CONSTITUTION TO FEDERAL AUTHORITIES-STATE- HOOD 183
CHAPTER. X GROWTH OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT
TIIE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT-ROSTER OF ELECTIVE STATE OFFICERS-REPRESENTA- TION IN CONGRESS-THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SUPREME BENCH-DENVER BE- COMES THE CAPITAL-BUILDING THE STATE HOUSE-WHEN THE NEW COUNTIES WERE CREATED-THE STATE'S FINANCES-AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION-THE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM-RECALL OF DECISIONS-THE SUFFRAGE AMEND- MENT-PROIJIBITION-CHANGES IN THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW. . 190
CHAPTER XI THE GROWTH OF STATE DEPARTMENTS
THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COM MISSION-BOARD OF EQUALIZATION TURNS POWERS OVER TO A TAX COMMISSION-THE STATE INHERITANCE TAX-BOARD OF STOCK INSPEC- TION COMMISSIONERS-STATE BOARD OF HEALTH-CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION- STATE BUREAU OF CHILD AND ANIMAL PROTECTION-CHARITIES AND CORRECTION -THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION-COAL INSPECTION-STATE HISTORICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY-FISH AND GAME COMMISSION-INSURANCE-IM- MIGRATION-BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS-BANKING COMMISSION-CAPITOL MANAGERS- STATE LAND BOARD- ENGINEER-THE STATE SEAL 206
CHAPTER XII THE BEGINNINGS OF MINING HISTORY IN COLORADO
MINING BY EARLY EXPLORERS-FIRST GOLD DISCOVERIES-THE RUSSELL EXPEDITION -JACKSON'S DISCOVERIES ON CLEAR CREEK-CLEAR CREEK PRODUCTION-THE FIRST MINING REVIEW-GILPIN COUNTY AND JOHN H. GREGORY-COLORADO'S
viii
CONTENTS
FOUR MINING EPOCHS-CRUDE METHODS FOLLOWED BY AN EXODUS-PERIOD OF THE FISSURE VEINS-CYANIDATION DEVELOPS PROSPECTS OF MINING DIS- TRICTS-RISE AND FALL OF .CHLORINATION-CHANGING FROM A SILVER-PRO- DUCING TO A LEADING GOLD-PRODUCING COUNTRY-ERA OF DEEP MINING -TUNNELING-DREDGING REVIVES PLACER MINING-OIL FLOTATION-PRODUC- 228 TION OF BIG PROPERTIES UP TO 1880
CHAPTER XIII
COLORADO MINING-BY SECTIONS
THE MINES OF PARK COUNTY-THE ROMANCE OF MINING IN SUMMIT COUNTY- LEADVILLE MAKES WORLD HISTORY-MINES OF THE SAN JUAN-BOULDER COUN- TY'S ARGONAUTS-CRIPPLE CREEK PROVES A WORLD WONDER-CUSTER COUNTY'S MINING HISTORY- IN THE REGION OF RICO-EAGLE COUNTY-EL PASO COUNTY- FREMONT COUNTY-MINING IN GUNNISON COUNTY-IN GRAND COUNTY- HINSDALE IN THE SAN JUAN COUNTRY-JEFFERSON COUNTY-LARIMER AND JACKSON COUNTIES-MESA COUNTY-MINERAL COUNTY-MONTEZUMA'S MINES -COLORADO CARNOTITE ENRICHES THE WORLD-OURAY'S MINES-CAMP BIRD MINES-RIO GRANDE COUNTY-ROUTT AND MOFFAT COUNTIES-CHAFFEE COUNTY-SAGUACHE COUNTY-SAN MIGUEL-PITKIN COUNTY-METAL OUTPUT OF COLORADO BY YEARS-DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN COLORADO. .. 262
CHAPTER XIV
RECORD OF SMELTERS FOR HALF A CENTURY
BEGINNING OF THE SMELTER INDUSTRY IN COLORADO-PROF. NATHANIEL P. HILL AND HIS WORK-FIRST COMPANY ORGANIZED-RICHARD PEARCE'S WORK- PEARCE'S IMPROVED TREATMENT OF ORES-OTHER SMELTERS-PRICES PAID BY BLACKHAWK SMELTER BEFORE 1870-GROWTH OF INDUSTRY-LONG FIGHT OF THE AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFINING COMPANY-CONTROL GOES TO THE 310 GUGGENHEIMS
CHAPTER XV
. THE POWER PLANTS OF COLORADO
FIRST EFFORTS TO HARNESS STATE WATER POWER-CURTIS & HINE PIONEER THE WORK-FAILURE OF POWER COMPANIES-EASTERN CAPITAL BECOMES INTER- ESTED-COLORADO POWER COMPANY-STATEMENT OF BOARD OF UTILITIES IN JANUARY, 1918-WESTERN LIGHT & POWER COMPANY-ARKANSAS VALLEY RAILWAY, LIGHT & POWER COMPANY -- COLORADO SPRINGS LIGHT, HEAT & POWER COMPANY-WESTERN COLORADO POWER COMPANY-TRINIDAD ELECTRIC TRANS- MISSION, RAILWAY & GAS COMPANY-OTHER PLANTS IN COLORADO. 317
ix
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XVI
TRANSPORTATION-FROM MULE PACK TO RAILWAY
BEGINNING OF WAGON FREIGHTING-FINDING TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAY ROUTE -STAGES FOLLOW THE FREIGHTERS-THE OVERLAND EXPRESS-WELLS, FARGO & COMPANY-THE PONY EXPRESS-COLORADO CENTRAL & PACIFIC RAILROAD- NEED OF TRANSPORTATION-SELECTION OF BRIDGER PASS BY THE UNION PACIFIC -THE CHEYENNE MENACE-LOVELAND'S AMBITIONS-THE KANSAS PACIFIC RAILROAD-AID REQUESTED-A DAY OF CRISIS-SITUATION IN 1868-ADVENT OF GEN. WILLIAM J. PALMER-ARRIVAL OF FIRST TRAINS IN DENVER-STRUGGLE FOR MINING OUTPUT-FREIGHT BUSINESS IN 1871-COLORADO CENTRAL & PA- CIFIC STARTS BUILDING-KANSAS PACIFIC IN FINANCIAL STRAITS-UNION PACIFIC SECURES CONTROL OF OTHER ROADS. .325
CHAPTER XVII TRANSPORTATION-THE DENVER & RIO GRANDE
VISION OF GEN. WILLIAM J. PALMER-PLANS A GREAT SYSTEM IN AN UNDE- VELOPED COUNTRY-FAITH IN ITS GREAT POSSIBILITIES-PREDICTED WITH UNER- RING ACCURACY TOURIST TRAVEL-HOW THE FIGHT FOR THE CANON OF THE AR- KANSAS WAS WON-THE CANON CITY & SAN JUAN RAILROAD ON THE SIDE OF THE SANTA FÉ-WHAT LEADVILLE MEANT TO THE FIRST RAILROAD TO REACH IT- THE DENVER & RIO GRANDE SELLS OUT TO THE SANTA FE-PALMER MEN TAKING FORCIBLE POSSESSION-SEIZING ROLLING STOCK AND STATIONS-JAY GOULD EN- TERS THE FIELD AND EFFECTS A COMPROMISE-TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT- FIGHT FOR RATON PASS-CONSTRUCTION RECORDS IN COLORADO-THE WESTERN PACIFIC-IN THE HANDS OF RECEIVERS. 346
CHAPTER XVIII TRANSPORTATION-OTHER STATE AND TRUNK LINES
THE DENVER & SOUTH PARK-THE DENVER & NEW ORLEANS THE COLORADO & SOUTHERN-THE BURLINGTON-THE SANTA FE-THE MISSOURI PACIFIC-COLO- RADO MIDLAND-THE MOFFAT ROAD-ITS STRUGGLES TO FINANCE ITSELF- WRECKED GREAT FORTUNE-ERB ENTERS AND LEAVES THE FIELD-COLORADO MEN AGAIN IN POSSESSION-THE DENVER, LARAMIE & NORTHWESTERN-HOW IT WAS BUILT-ITS JUNKING-THE ROCK ISLAND- THE DENVER, LAKEWOOD & GOLDEN -UNION DEPOT-THE COG ROAD-GOLD CAMP ROADS-RAILROAD MILEAGE IN 1917-WHAT IT COST TO BUILD THE EARLY ROADS. 365
CHAPTER XIX THE TELEGRAPH AND THE TELEPHONE
EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE TELEGRAPH COMPANIES IN 1860 FAIL-CONGRESSIONAL SUB- SIDY IN 1861 EFFECTIVE-LINE REACHES JULESBURG DENVER USES PONY EX- PRESS TO STATE LINE-FIRST LINE REACHES DENVER-CONSTRUCTING TO SANTA
x
CONTENTS
FÉ-WESTERN UNION ACQUIRES ALL EXISTING LINES IN TERRITORY IN 1870- ENTRANCE OF POSTAL TELEGRAPH IN FIELD-MILEAGE IN 1918-THE TELE- PHONE COMPANY ORGANIZES FOR BUSINESS IN COLORADO-DETAILED HISTORY OF ITS GROWTH-THE BEGINNING AT LEADVILLE-SUBSTITUTING GIRLS FOR MALE OPERATORS-IMPROVEMENTS-EXTENDING THE SYSTEM-ORGANIZING THE MOUNTAIN STATES TELEPHONE COMPANY
383
CHAPTER XX BANKS AND BANKING
EARLY BANKING IN DENVER-CLARK, GRUBER & COMPANY-ESTABLISHMENT' OF UNITED STATES MINT IN DENVER-OTHER PIONEER BANKING BUSINESS-C. A. COOK & COMPANY- THE EXCHANGE BANK-P. P. WILCOX & COMPANY- KOUNTZE BROTHERS' BANK-BANKS NOW DEFUNCT-THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK -COLORADO NATIONAL BANK-DENVER NATIONAL BANK-OTHER BANKS- BANKING FRAUDS IN DENVER-DENVER CLEARING HOUSE ASSOCIATION-FIRST BANKING IN OTHER COMMUNITIES, COLORADO SPRINGS, PUEBLO, ETC .- STATIS-
. 392 TICS OF COLORADO BANKS IN 1918.
CHAPTER XXI COLORADO'S POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS
POLITICS BEGAN WITH THE COMING OF THE GOLD-SEEKERS-ORGANIZING THE TERRITORY OF "JEFFERSON"-NAMING THE NEW TERRITORY-ELECTING THE FIRST "STATE" OFFICERS-THE FIRST GOVERNOR ARRIVES-TERRITORIAL SQUAB- BLES-GILPIN'S REMOVAL-TURNING DOWN COLORADO'S FIRST CHOSEN SEN- ATORS" -- GRANT SPRINGS A SURPRISE BY REMOVING ELBERT-THOMAS M. PAT- TERSON TELLS OF THE WINNING OF STATEHOOD-THE FIRST STATE ELECTION- JUDGE WILBUR F. STONE ONLY DEMOCRAT CHOSEN-JOHN L. ROUTT WINS GOV- ERNORSHIP-THE BELFORD AND PATTERSON CONGRESSIONAL FIGHT-CHAFFEE AND TELLER GO TO SENATE-BELFORD FOR CONGRESS-N. P. HILL ENTERS THE FIELD-PITKIN CHOSEN GOVERNOR-TELLER GOES INTO CABINET-BOWEN AND TABOR GO TO THE SENATE-EATON ELECTED GOVERNOR-E. O. WOLCOTT CHOSEN SENATOR-ROUTT AGAIN CHOSEN GOVERNOR-REPUBLICAN FACTIONS IN RIOT- WAITE IS GOVERNOR-WAITE RIOTS-THE LONG SILVER FIGHT-THE BRYAN CAMPAIGNS-LABOR WAR OF 1894-THE PEABODY-ADAMS CONTEST-TELLER'S RE-ELECTION TO THE SENATE-GUGGENHEIM'S ELECTION-C. J. HUGHES, JR., GOES TO SENATE-SHAFROTH AND THOMAS WIN OUT-AMMONS, CARLSON, GUN- TER FOLLOW EACH OTHER IN GOVERNOR'S CHAIR-CHANGING THE ELECTION LAWS 417
CHAPTER XXII COLORADO COAL PRODUCTION
COAL IN THE UNITED STATES-FIRST COAL MINING IN COLORADO-PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT FROM YEAR TO YEAR-MINES IN 1888 OWNERS-TABLE OF MINES IN 1916-OPERATORS-AVERAGE NUMBER OF MEN EMPLOYED-CAPACITY
xi
CONTENTS
OF MINE PER DAY IN TONS-STATE COAL PRODUCTION FROM 1864 UNTIL 1917 IN SHORT TONS-VALUE OF OUTPUT FOR EACH YEAR-EMPLOYES-MACHINE MINING-AVERAGE PRICE PER TON AT MINE-FATALITIES-PRODUCTION OF LEADING COUNTIES FROM 1887 UNTIL 1917- COLORADO COAL FIELDS-THE COKE INDUSTRY -- COKE ESTABLISHMENTS-PRODUCTION-VALUE 4.49
CHAPTER XXIII
AGRICULTURE IN COLORADO
FIRST AGRICULTURISTS-BEGINNING OF IMPROVED CULTIVATION-AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS-THE SAN LUIS VALLEY-NORTHWESTERN COLORADO-MOUNTAIN PARK DISTRICTS-EASTERN COLORADO-PINTO BEANS-COLORADO LAND AND SET- TLEMENT-PRODUCTION OF 1917-COUNTY AGENTS-FRUIT GROWING-CROP
STATISTICS 478
CHAPTER XXIV
DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION
FIRST IRRIGATION-FIVE PERIODS OF CANAL. CONSTRUCTION- EARLIEST CANALS- COMMUNITY EFFORT- CORPORATION EFFORT-PERIOD OF GREATEST DEVELOP- MENT-THE CAREY ACT-FAILURE OF STATE MANAGEMENT-FEDERAL EFFORT UNDER RECLAMATION ACT-RESERVOIRS-BEGINNING OF WATER RIGHT LAWS- INCORPORATION OF CAPITOL HYDRAULIC COMPANY-CITY DITCH-FIRST LEGIS- LATION-LATER IRRIGATION LAWS-IRRIGATION KNOWN TO ANCIENT PEOPLES -RIPARIAN RIGHTS-INTERSTATE RIGHTS-TRANSFER OF WATER. .491
CHAPTER XXV
FROM RANGE DAYS TO THE THOROUGHBRED ERA
"HUNTING OUT" THE BUFFALO-BUYING UP THE BROKEN-DOWN FREIGHTING OXEN -CONDITION OF CATTLE INDUSTRY IN 1866-DISCOVERY OF GRAZING VALUES- TRAITS OF RANGE CATTLE-"MAVERICK" LEGISLATION-ROUNDING UP THE CAT- TLE THIEVES-SHIPMENTS OF CATTLE-RANGE CONDITIONS IN 1879 FOREIGN- ERS INVEST HEAVILY-EARLY STOCK-RAISING METHODS-THE FIGHT ON FENCING -PUBLIC LANDS COMMISSION REGULATES GRAZING ON PUBLIC DOMAIN-PASS- ING OF THE LAST GREAT HERD-THE OLD FENCE LAWS-THE BREEDING OF HORSES -LARIMER'S EARLY SHEEP HISTORY-THE LAMB FEEDING INDUSTRY-THE FOUNDING OF A GREAT INDUSTRY-IN THE UNCOMPAHGRE-IN THE ROARING FORK VALLEY-THE COMING OF THE HEREFORD- THE NATIONAL LIVE STOCK SHOW-THE STOCK YARDS AND THE PACKING INDUSTRY-ON THE WHITE RIVER AND ON THE BEAR-STOCK RAISING IN THE SAN LUIS VALLEY-LIVE STOCK STA- TISTICS-THE STATE CATTLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION 506
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXVI
HOW COLORADO WON BEET SUGAR LEADERSHIP
CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRY WHEN MOVEMENT STARTED IN THIS STATE-NATIONAL PRODUCTION BY YEARS-GROWTH IN NUMBER OF FACTORIES THROUGHOUT THE NATION-HOW IRRIGATION'S BENEFITS WERE DISCOVERED SUCCESS IN UTAH STIRS UP WESTERN SLOPE-CHARLES S. BOETTCHER AND JOHN CAMPION HELP ALONG THE INDUSTRY-WHAT THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE WAS DOING-SHIP- PING THE FIRST BEETS TO NEBRASKA-THE FAILURE AT GRAND JUNCTION-SUC- CESS FOLLOWED WITH EXPERIENCE-THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY- HAVEMEYERS COME INTO THE FIELD- THE AMERICAN BEET SUGAR COMPANY- THE OXNARDS-THE NATIONAL-THE HOLLY SUGAR CORPORATION. .. 533
CHAPTER XXVII
THE STRUGGLE TO BUILD UP MANUFACTURING
THE FIRST MANUFACTURERS IN COLORADO-SOME EARLY STATISTICS-DEVELOPMENT DESPITE REBATES AND DISCRIMINATIONS-U. S. CENSUS FIGURES FROM 1870 TO 1914-LATER FIGURES FROM STATE RECORDS-PROFESSOR PHILLIPS WRITES THE HISTORY OF COLORADO'S GREATEST STRUGGLE-FORMING THE COLORADO MANU- FACTURERS' ASSOCIATION-KINDEL SCORES FIRST VICTORY-DEFEAT IN GALVES- TON CASE-COLORADO MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION SECURES PARTIAL READ- JUSTMENT-COLORADO FAIR RATES ASSOCIATION BEGINS COMPREHENSIVE SUIT WHICH WAS STILL PENDING EARLY IN 1918-MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALS THAT ENTER INTO THE MANUFACTURING HISTORY OF COLORADO-THE STONE QUARRIES OF THE STATE-OIL PRODUCTION OF COLORADO. .546
CHAPTER XXVIII
COLORADO'S NATIONAL FORESTS AND MOUNTAIN PARKS
PROTECTING THE TIMBER IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN-WORK OF PRESERVATION BEGUN TWENTY YEARS AGO-THE WHITE RIVER PLATEAU TIMBERLAND RESERVE, THE FIRST NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO-TOTAL AREA OF SEVENTEEN FORESTS IN STATE IS 12,640,450 ACRES-BUILDING HOMES IN THE RESERVES-MAKING THE TIMBER PROFITABLE-SELLING AT COST TO SETTLERS-PROTECTED RANGE FOR HOMESTEADERS AND RANCHERS-NEARLY THREE THOUSAND RANCHERS GRAZED LESS THAN 1OO HEAD OF STOCK EACH IN 1917-NATIONAL FORESTS OPEN TO MINING DEVELOPMENT-WATER POWER IN THE RESERVES-ROAD BUILDING THROUGH THE FORESTS-STRETCHING TELEPHONE WIRES FROM STATION TO STATION-WORK OF THE FIELD DISTRICT-NATIONAL FORESTS IN COLORADO- THE MOUNTAIN PARKS -- DENVER'S MOUNTAIN PARKS. 563
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIX
DEVELOPING THE HIGHWAYS OF THE STATE
THE FIRST WAGON ROADS AFTER THE SANTA FE TRAIL-"SMOKY HILL" TRAIL- ROUTES FROM THE EAST-BUILDING THE MOUNTAIN ROADS-THROUGH UTE PASS TO SOUTH PARK-HAYDEN'S LIST OF ROADS-TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE NAMES TERRITORIAL ROADS-HIGHWAYS OUT OF SILVERTON-"SNUBBING" POSTS -ADVENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE-THE FIGHT FOR GOOD ROADS-THE NEW HIGH- WAY COMMISSION -- BUILDING A NEW SYSTEM OF STATE ROADS. .573
-
CHAPTER XXX
EDUCATION IN COLORADO
EARLY SCHOOL LAWS-STANDARDIZATION-OPPORTUNITY SCHOOL-EARLY HISTORY OF THE SCHOOLS IN EACH COUNTY OF COLORADO-PRESENT ATTENDANCE, VALUES, ETC. .585
CHAPTER XXXI
EDUCATION IN COLORADO (Continued)
HIGHER EDUCATION-UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO'S DEVELOPMENT-DENVER UNIVER- SITY-THE SCHOOL OF MINES-THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE-THE TEACHERS' COLLEGE-STATE NORMAL SCHOOL-COLORADO COLLEGE-WOMAN'S COLLEGE- THE CLAYTON SCHOOL .603
CHAPTER XXXII
RELIGIOUS-GENERAL-GROWTH OF COLORADO'S PROTESTANT CHURCHES
FIRST SERMON PREACHED BY REV. W. G. FISHER-TOWN COMPANY OFFERS LOTS FOR HOUSES OF WORSHIP-RICHARDSON DESCRIBES EARLY STREET PRAYER MEETINGS -THE CHURCH CENSUS OF 1890, OF 1900, OF 1906 AND OF 1910-MARVELOUS GROWTH-THE PROTESTANT-EPISCOPAL CHURCH-ESTABLISHING THE DIOCESE OF WESTERN COLORADO-THE METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH-THE STRUGGLE TO ESTABLISH THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH-THE BAPTISTS-CONGREGA- TIONALISM AND ITS GROWTH IN COLORADO-THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH-THE LUTHERAN-UNITARIAN-THE REFORMED CHURCH-CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS- SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS. 632
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXXIII
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN COLORADO
AMONG THE PUEBLOS-CHURCH ESTABLISHED IN DENVER-THE FIRST BUILDING- COMING OF FATHERS MACHEBEUF AND RAVERDY-REVIVAL OF WORK-THE CATHEDRAL-ST. MARY'S ACADEMY-SISTERS OF LORETTO-CATHOLICISM AT CAL- IFORNIA GULCH-BEGINNING OF THE CHURCH IN OTHER COMMUNITIES .. . . . 677
CHAPTER XXXIV
JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN COLORADO
ORDER OF B'NAI B'RITH ESTABLISHES FIRST PERMANENT JEWISH ORGANIZATION IN COLORADO-FOUNDING OF FIRST CONGREGATION-LIST OF ITS RABBIS-THE LONG RABBINATE OF REV. DR. WILLIAM S. FRIEDMAN-ORGANIZING FIRST ORTHODOX CONGREGATION-ELEVEN NOW IN ACTIVE CHURCH WORK- THE NATIONAL JEW- ISH HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTIVES AND ITS MEMORABLE WORK-THE JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES RELIEF SOCIETY-HOW IT WAS ESTABLISHED-ITS GROWTHI. . 681
CHAPTER XXXV
WHAT SUFFRAGE HAS ACCOMPLISHED
THE FIRST EFFORTS FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE-GOVERNOR MC COOK URGES ADOPTION-ADVOCATES BECOME ACTIVE IN STATEHOOD YEAR- FIRST ORGANIZATION-APPEAL TO CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION-CONCESSIONS OBTAINED-EASTERN WOMEN TAKE PART IN FIRST CAMPAIGN-THE PROPOSITION DEFEATED- ORGANIZING FOR VICTORY IN 1893-CAUSE LOOKED HOPELESS-MEN AND WOMEN WHO HELPED-FIRST VICTORY IN SCHOOL ELECTION-THE WORK CROWNED BY DECISIVE FAVORABLE VOTE-WAITE ISSUES PROCLAMATION-WOMEN WHO HAVE HELPED AS LAW MAKERS-MEASURES PASSED THROUGH THE INFLU- 688 ENCE OF WOMEN-LONG HONOR ROLL.
CHAPTER XXXVI
MILITARY
THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD-SENTIMENT IN 1861-CONFEDERATE FLAG-RAISING IN DENVER-DEFEAT OF ENEMY PLANS-FIRST RECRUITING-PROCLAMATION-> MENACE FROM THE SOUTH-BAYLOR'S CAMPAIGN-CONFEDERATE PURPOSES- PREPARATIONS TO RESIST SIBLEY-CONFEDERATE PREPARATIONS THE FIRST CONFLICT-THE FIRST COLORADO-FIRST BATTLE OF LA GLORIETA PASS-THE SECOND BATTLE-THE RETREAT AND PURSUIT-DISPOSAL OF THE FIRST COLORADO -THE SECOND COLORADO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY-OTHER VOLUNTEER ORGAN-
CONTENTS
IZATIONS-MERGER OF THE SECOND AND THIRD COLORADO-CAREER OF THE SECOND CAVALRY-RAID INTO COLORADO TERRITORY-THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR-PREPARATIONS IN COLORADO-THE FIRST REGIMENT-CASUALTIES-SERV- ICE OF OTHER COLORADO TROOPS-THE WORLD WAR-COLORADO'S QUOTA-RE- CRUITING-SELECTIVE DRAFT-RED CROSS-LIBERTY LOANS-COUNCIL OF NA- TIONAL DEFENSE-OTHER PREPARATIONS-FAREWELL ADDRESS BY CAPT. J. C. W. .701 HALL TO HIS TROOPS, 1864.
CHAPTER XXXVII
THE BENCH AND BAR
COLORADO COURTS-HISTORY OF THE APPELLATE COURTS, BY JUDGE WILBUR F. STONE-THE PIONEER BENCH AND BAR, BY JUDGE WILBUR F. STONE -- REMINIS- CENCES OF THE EARLY BENCH AND BAR, BY C. S. THOMAS, T. J. O'DONNELL, W. H. GABBERT, JOHN F. PHILIPS AND E. T. WELLS-THE COLORADO BAR ASSO- 732 CIATION
CHAPTER XXXVIII
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
FIRST DOCTORS IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION-EARLY EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE TER- RITORIAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION-FIRST HOSPITAL-DENVER MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION-ORGANIZATION OF TERRITORIAL MEDICAL SOCIETY-ROSTER OF STATE MED- ICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS-EARLY MIGRATIONS-CONDITIONS IN 1864-FIRST MEDICAL LEGISLATION-LEGISLATION RELATIVE TO OSTEOPATHY-CHIROPRACTIC -OTHER LEGISLATION-COLORADO MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION-WOMEN PRACTITIONERS-NATIONAL AND STATE HONORS-GENERAL HOSPITALS-STATE SANATORIA-COLORADO AS A HEALTH RESORT -- MILITARY RECUPERATION CAMP 765 -COLORADO DOCTORS IN THE WORLD WAR
CHAPTER XXXIX THE PRESS OF COLORADO
BRINGING THE FIRST PRINTING PRESS TO THE NEW GOLD REGION-GREELEY VISITS THE CAMP-THE FIRST EXTRA-BYERS SECURES CONTROL OF THE NEWS- CHANGES IN CONTROL-PATTERSON BECOMES EDITOR-THE TIMES IS FOUNDED- THE REPUBLICAN-THE TRIBUNE-PIONEER PUBLICATIONS IN THE MINING CAMPS-FOUNDING THE CHIEFTAIN AT PUEBLO-THE STAR-JOURNAL-THE BE- GINNING OF COLORADO SPRINGS NEWSPAPERS-ON THE WESTERN SLOPE-IN THE SAN LUIS VALLEY-IN THE ARKANSAS VALLEY-NEWSPAPERS OF THE PLAINS- GREELEY TRIBUNE-FORT COLLINS PUBLICATIONS-GUNNISON'S PAPERS-OTHER COUNTY AND CITY PUBLICATIONS. 781
xvi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XL
STATE INSTITUTIONS-CORRECTIONAL AND ELEEMOSYNARY
THE COLORADO STATE PENITENTIARY-MODERN METHODS-ROAD BUILDING- BOARD OF PARDONS-THE COLORADO STATE HOSPITAL AT PUEBLO THE COLORADO SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND THE BLIND-HOW IT HAS DEVELOPED INTO A NATIONALLY-FAMED INSTITUTION-THE COLORADO SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME AT MONTE VISTA-COLORADO STATE REFORMATORY-THE STATE HOME CARING FOR DEPENDENT AND NEGLECTED CHILDREN-STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR BOYS-STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS-INDUSTRIAL WORK- SHOP FOR THE BLIND-SCHOOL FOR MENTAL DEFECTIVES-MOTHERS' COMPEN- .816 « SATION ACT
CHAPTER XLI
LABOR WARS OF HALF A CENTURY
FIRST ORGANIZATION OF METALLIFEROUS MINERS IN COLORADO-THE LEADVILLE STRIKES OF 1880 AND 1896-REDUCTION MILL EMPLOYES' STRIKE-SYMPA- THETIC STRIKE AT CRIPPLE CREEK-THE "EIGHT-HOUR" STRIKE OF 1903-THE TROUBLE IN IDAHO SPRINGS-TROUBLE AT TELLURIDE-STRIKES AT CRIPPLE CREEK, 1903-4-THE STRIKES IN THE COAL SECTIONS OF COLORADO. .837
CHAPTER XLII
COLORADO LITERATURE
...... .877
CHAPTER XLIII
SPANISH NAMES
... .891
WILBUR F. STONE
HISTORY OF COLORADO
CHAPTER I
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
POSITION OF COLORADO-MOUNTAINS-PARKS-HUMIDITY-TEMPERATURE-FROSTS -PRECIPITATION-TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTIES
POSITION OF COLORADO
Colorado occupies a central position in the western half of the United States, between latitudes 37° and 41º north, and longitude 102° and 109° west. It is almost a parallelogram in shape, its east, and also its west boundary being 275.7 miles in length, its northern, 365.7, while its southern is 387.6 miles. The state has an area of 103,478 square miles. Two-fifths of this area is highly moun- tainous, the remainder being plains, foothills, and high mesas ; 42 per cent of the entire state is above seven thousand feet elevation. The plains region, or the eastern two-fifths of the state, is crossed by a ridge which forms the watershed between the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers. Beginning in the foothills north of Pike's Peak, this divide extends eastward, gradually dying away in the eastern border counties. The lowest point in the state, Holly, on the Arkansas River, has an elevation of 3,386 feet, while Julesburg, on the South Platte, eleva- tion 3,458 feet, is the lowest point in the northeastern counties.
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