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On September 15, 1913, in a convention held at Trinidad, the demands of the miners in the southern fields were announced. These were: Recognition of the union ; an increase of 10 per cent in wages; an eight-hour work day for all classes of labor in or around coal mines and at coke ovens ; payment for narrow and for dead work; check weighmen; the right of the miners to trade wherever they pleased ; the right to choose their own boarding place and their own doctor ; the enforcement of the Colorado mining laws.
The effort of the governor and others to prevent the strike failed, and on September 23d the men walked out.
Almost at the outset the strikers established tent colonies in the district.
The mine owners employed guards to protect the mines. The House Com- mittee on Mines and Mining in its report (document 1630-page 6) says "Large quantities of ammunition were purchased for use among the guards and deputies. The militia on going into the strike region had orders from the gov- ernor to take all firearms, ammunition, and explosives from the strikers and guards and proceeded to do so. It was stated that neither side gave up all the guns or ammunition in their possession, and such may have been and probably was the case."
The state military occupation began October 29, 1913, one camp being estab-
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lished on the outskirts of Trinidad, and another base camp being placed at Wal- senburg, the whole district in the two counties, Las Animas and Huerfano, pre- senting a front of many miles.
The House committee then further summarizes the situation: "From the time the strike was called until the Federal troops were sent into the field by the President of the United States there were series of battles which seemed to be fierce while they lasted and a number of people were killed and wounded on both sides. The most severe of these battles were called the Berwind, Seventh Street in Walsenburg, La Veta, and Ludlow, culminating in the great- est and most destructive of all, the last battle of Ludlow April 20, 1914. Ludlow was the place near which the families of the miners lived in tents after they left the coal camps.
The Ludlow tent colony consisted of 178 tents and housed nine hundred men, women and children. This colony was eighteen miles north of Trinidad, on a direct road to Walsenburg. In a way, it was in strategic position for it was in full view of the railroad station at which strike-breakers detrained.
On April 20 the camp was attacked by state militia and many perished from the flames started during the engagement and from the bullets of machine guns. Women and children who had crept into holes dug to keep them out of the line of gunfire, were suffocated when the camp was burned.
The House committee report says: "The attack on the Berwind camp by strikers was inexcusable. The attack on the Forbes tent colony by guards fully armed and using a machine gun was equally unjustifiable from any stand- point."
While the strike was in progress, state troops were also sent into Routt County, where an outbreak was imminent in the Oak Creek coal camp, and into Fremont County where disturbances were assuming alarming proportions. Peace was quickly established in these two sections.
The Federal troops arrived on the southern field in May and from this time on the camps returned gradually to normal conditions.
At Trinidad a grand jury on August 28, 1914, indicted John R. Lawson for murder, asserting that many of the crimes were due to his leadership. A jury found him guilty, but the Supreme Court of the state reversed the decision for error and set aside the verdict.
About four hundred indictments were found against strikers in the two coun- ties but the feeling in 1915 was one of mutual cooperation and practically all of the strikers returned to work under much more satisfactory conditions.
The State of Colorado passed three laws which have an important bearing upon the situation as it exists today : First, a law creating an industrial commis- sion with large powers of mediation and investigation in relation to all indus- trial disputes ; second, a workmen's compensation law; third, a law allowing the formation of mutual insurance companies for the purpose of insuring under the workmen's compensation act. The amended Colorado mining laws also provide for check weighmen to be selected and paid by the men mining coal.
The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company has taken a step toward the definite adjustment of grievances on the part of employes, and the essential features of the plan as now in effect are: First, that the relations between the company and its employes as a body are defined by contract; second, that every employe
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is guaranteed the right to belong to a labor union or not as he pleases; third, that the men in each mine under this contract are entitled to choose their own representatives, these representatives being protected against abuse by the com- pany by a clause in the contract which entitles them to appeal any supposed grievance to the industrial commission of the state. Its decision is binding on both the individual and company.
The plan now in fact provides further for the selection of joint committees of employer and employes on industrial co-operation and conciliation, on safety and accidents, on sanitation, health and housing, and on recreation and educa- tion.
CHAPTER XLII COLORADO LITERATURE
By Eugene Parsons I
During the last sixty years Coloradoans have produced a voluminous liter- ature in prose and verse. The desire for self-expression was insistent in some of the gold seekers of '58 and '59. By reading their diaries we get an idea of the strivings and doings of pioneer men and women.
The beginnings of Colorado literature date back to the early '6os. Governor William Gilpin ( 1822-94) was Colorado's first author of distinction. He had a master mind, and he read widely. Among the books that are monuments to his originality and erudition are "The Central Gold Region" (1860), "Notes on Colorado" (1870), "The Mission of the North American People" (1874) and "The Cosmopolitan Railway" (1890).
James Burns Belford ( 1837-1910), who came to Colorado in 1870, was for many years a prominent figure, first as a judge in the Territorial Supreme Court of Colorado, then as a member of Congress and afterward as a lawyer. The volume of his "Writings and Speeches" (1897) abounds in flashes of eloquence along with sympathetic observations on great men and scholarly interpretations of historical events.
Governor Samuel Hitt Elbert ( 1833-99), who had a remarkable career, was a scholar and thinker. When governor of Colorado Territory (1873-4) and afterward he was much interested in irrigation problems and wrote a treatise on the reclamation of the arid lands of Colorado.
The veteran journalist, Frank Hall (1836-1918), who crossed the plains to Denver in 1860, spent several years in the preparation of his "History of Colorado" (4 vols., 1889-95), a monumental undertaking. The supplementary chapters in Vol. IV (2d ed.), pp. 360-476, were added by Joseph Granville Brown (1884- ), who also wrote the "History of Equal Suffrage in Colo- rado" (1898).
William Newton Byers ( 1831-1903), who founded the Rocky Mountain News in 1859, wrote the "History of Colorado" in the Encyclopedia of Biog- raphy ( 1901). The narrative is an important contribution to Colorado's annals. None of his contemporaries, not even Frank Hall, had a greater familiarity with the events connected with the beginning and development of Colorado.
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Jerome Constant Smiley, who for many years has been Curator of the State Museum and probably knows more about Colorado, past and present, than any other living man, is the author of a ponderous "History of Denver" ( 1901) and the "Semi-Centennial History of the State of Colorado" (2 vols., 1913). The
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latter work is more comprehensive and more accurate than H. H. Bancroft's history of Colorado.
An old-time resident of Denver, William B. Vickers, with infinite patience gathered the materials for three bulky volumes-"History of Denver and Colo- rado" (1880), "History of Clear Creek and Boulder Valleys" ( 1880) and "His- tory of the Arkansas Valley" (1881). After the lapse of nearly forty years these histories may be read with profit and interest.
Some of the striking incidents of the past of this mountain realm have been described in captivating style by F. C. Grable in "Colorado-the Bright Romance of American History" (1911). The volume is made more attractive by the illustrations of Allen True.
In the "Making of Colorado" (1908) Eugene Parsons presents some of the salient features of Colorado's past. A still briefer narrative is his "History of Colorado" (1917), bound with Dorus Reuben Hatch's "Civil Government of Colorado" (17th ed.). While these historical writings were intended to be serviceable to eighth-grade pupils in the public schools, the writer tried to say things that would appeal to the general reader. In his monograph on the Arapahoe Indians Mr. Parsons sympathetically sketched the history of this plains tribe and concisely described the present condition of the tribesmen on their reservations in Wyoming and Oklahoma, with special reference to the progress the Arapahoes have made during the last half century. This part may be called a chapter in the history of civilization.
Another view of the red men of eastern Colorado is taken by Irving Howbert (1846- ) in his "Indians of the Pike's Peak Region" (1914). He is pains- taking, if not always impartial.
A painful story is that of "The Ute War; a History of the White River Massacre" (1879), as told by Thomas Fulton Dawson (collaborating with F. J V. Skiff).
David Boyd industriously collected many of the facts relating to the found- ing of Union Colony and the subsequent growth of Greeley. James Max Clark, in his "Colonial Days" (1902), has given the world some vivid pen-pictures of Greeley in early days. Professor James Field Willard (1876- ), in his "Records of Union Colony" (1918), presents much documentary material of interest to those who wish to learn something about the beginnings of this unique enterprise. The book is a scholarly piece of work in the field of historical research.
"Tales of the Colorado Pioneers" ( 1884) and "Colorado Pioneers in Picture and Story" (1915), by Mrs. Alice Polk Hill (1854- ), are charming books.
Robert Gordon Dill (1840-1914), who had a long experience as a newspaper man in Leadville and Denver, wrote "Political Campaigns of Colorado" (1895), in which he gives a readable account of the political history of this common- wealth.
A number of frontiersmen and early settlers kept diaries or dictated remi- niscences, and these narratives are in a sense contributions to history. Works of this character are: "Uncle Dick" Woottin's autobiography, Alexander Majors' "Seventy Years on the Frontier" (1893), David J. Cook's "Hands Up" (1897), Robert McReynolds' "Thirty Years on the Frontier" (1906), Michael Hendrick Fitch's "Ranch Life and Other Sketches" (1914) and Dean Henry Martyn
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Hart's "Recollections and Reflections" (1917). Sidney Jocknick's "Early Days on the Western Slope of Colorado and Campfire Chats with Otto Mears, the Pathfinder" (1913) is a lively narration of the author's varied experiences in the '70s and the '8os. Carlyle Channing Davis told the history of the Lead- ville district, and Milo L. Whittaker wrote an entertaining volume, "Pathbreak- ers and Pioneers of the Pueblo Region" (1917). The instructive narratives of Frank Crissy Young (1844- ), though not very pretentious affairs, afford sidelights of a transition era in the history of the trans-Missouri West. His recollections of Central City cover a period of about fifteen years (1865-80). Ansel Watrous wrote "The History of Larimer County" (1911). Peter Winne, William Smedley, Alonzo Merritt Welles, Mrs. Emma Shepard Hill, John Lewis Dyer, George M. Darley and other old-timers related some of their pioneer ex- periences. Space is lacking to speak of short things, such as the articles by James H. Pierce, John D. Miller and others in the Trail, also the fugitive writ- ings of Judge Wilbur Fisk Stone, Alva Adams, Benton Canon, C. A. Cooper, William Weston, Jay Porter Treat and Edward F. Cragin.
One can make only bare mention of some writers who lived a longer or shorter period in our state and while here engaged in historical investigation- Frederic Logan Paxson, George Bird Grinnell, William M. McGuire, Elliott Cones, H. H. Bancroft, W. C. Whitford, Clyde Lyndon King, Charles Ernest Chadsey, Charles Hartsell, etc. Dr. Jesse Hawes, of Greeley, weaves a good deal of Civil war history into the touching narrative-"Cahaba : a Story of Cap- tive Boys in Blue" (1888). Maj. M. H. Fitch told the story of Wisconsin soldiers in the War of Secession.
Numerous collections of biographical sketches of well-known Coloradoans have appeared. Joseph G. Brown wrote many of the sketches in Hall's "His- tory," Vol. IV, and a large number of the sketches in the Encyclopedia of Biog- raphy (1901). Other works worthy of mention are: "Sketches of Colorado" (19II), by William Columbus Ferril (1855- ); "Political Portraits" (1888), by James MacCarthy ("Fitz-Mac"), and "Representative Women of Colorado" (1911), by James Alexander Semple. A notable contribution to Colorado biog- raphy is "Robert Wilbur Steele, Defender of Liberty" (1913), by Walter Law- son Wilder (1860- ). T. F. Dawson wrote "Life and Character of Edward Oliver Wolcott" (2 vols., 1911). The first volume of this elaborate biography contains a portrayal of the man and his characteristics with special reference to his lifework as a lawyer and statesman; the second volume sketches Wolcott's career in the U. S. Senate, some of his speeches being reprinted in full, along with a number of the public addresses of this brilliant orator. Eugene Parsons is the author of "Tennyson's Life and Poetry" (1892) and a character sketch of George Washington. William O'Ryan and Thomas H. Malone outlined the church activities of Father Joseph Projectus Machebeuf in Colorado. A larger life of the first bishop of Denver was written by Rev. William Joseph Howlett (1848- ).
Descriptive works on Colorado have appeared without number-railroad folders, tourist booklets and souvenir volumes prepared for "convention meets" in Denver. Rather ambitious writeups are Shadrach Kemp Hooper's "Story of Manitou" (1885), George Rex Buckman's "Colorado Springs and its Scenic Environs" (1892) and W. G. M. Stone's "Handbook of Colorado," also pam-
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phlets galore on Leadville, Cripple Creek, Glenwood Springs, San Luis Valley, etc.
Ovando James Hollister, editor of the Blackhawk Mining Journal in the '6os, wrote "Mines of Colorado" ( 1867), which contains a mass of historical and descriptive matter, for the most part accurate. A pamphlet on Colorado Terri- tory was issued by the Board of Immigration in 1872, and the following year J. A. Blake and F. C. Willett brought out their "Handbook of Colorado for Citi- zen and Tourist." Frank Fossett's "Colorado" (1876; 2d ed. 1879) served a useful purpose in its day.
Joseph G. Brown wrote three booklets on Colorado (published by the Union Pacific Railroad, 1888, 1902 and 1906), giving descriptions of the attractions, re- sources and industries of the Centennial State, also a "Report on the Resources and Industrial Development of Colorado" ( 1893), a paper-covered volume, of 196 pages, printed for free distribution at the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, 1893. Mr. Brown did his work well. Less valuable is "The Colorado Blue Book" (1891), edited by F. W. Kroenke, a miscellany of rather common- place prose and verse on Colorado and Colorado characters of note, there being a sketch of Otto Mears. Works much more comprehensive in scope are Stanley Wood's "Over the Range" ( 1906), Eugene Parsons' "Guidebook to Colorado" (1911) and Thomas Tonge's "All About Colorado" (1913). Librarian John Cotton Dana (1856- ) furnished the historical sketch of Denver in Powell's "Historic Towns of the Western States" ( 1901) ; it is a finished production.
Very enjoyable books of sport and outdoor life are "With Rod and Line in Colorado" (1884) and "Mountain Trails" (1887), by Lewis Browne France ( 1833-1907). Enos Abijah Mills (1870- ) may be called a combination of natu- ralist and prose-poet. He ranks with John Muir and John Burroughs. In his "Story of Estes Park" (1905), "Wild Life on the Rockies" (1911), "Rocky Mountain Wonderland" (1915), "Your National Parks" (1917), and "In Beaver World" (1913), Mr. Mills has reached a high plane of literary merit. Dr. William Abraham Bell (1841- ) wrote "New Tracks in North America" (1869), a jour- nal of travel and adventure in the Southwest. A well-written book is "Trees and Peaks" (1911), by Eva Bird Bosworth. Dr. William N. Beggs compiled an excellent "Souvenir Book of Colorado" (1908). It sets forth Colorado's climatic advantages for those who are afflicted with tuberculosis, asthma, etc. Various writers give facts about Colorado's scenery, agriculture, mines, etc.
Here may be mentioned the superb volumes by Allen Grant Wallihan and his wife-"Camera Shots at Big Game" ( 1901) and "Hoofs, Claws and Antlers of the Rocky Mountains" ( 1902).
The flood of publicity literature goes on. A handsome work-"Colorado: The Queen Jewel of the Rockies" (1918), by Mrs. Mae Lacy Baggs, is one of the "See America First" series. The book is written in a pleasing style and has many beautiful illustrations. A multitude of other authors from various parts of our country and from Europe have visited Colorado and produced books deal- ing with one phase or another of the Centennial State and its wonders. Inger- soll's "Crest of the Continent" and Nordenskjold's sumptuous volume on the Cliff Dwellers are admirable examples of works of the sort. These are not Colorado writers, however, and do not fall within the scope of this conspectus,
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although they have rendered a valuable service in depicting the enchanting love- liness and the rugged grandeur of the "Switzerland of America."
II
In a hurried survey like this, one can give only a very inadequate notion of the literary activities of Colorado educators. The publications of the University of Colorado, including pamphlets and public addresses as well as books and periodical articles by professors, are numbered by thousands, to say nothing about "learned theses" of graduate students. Other state institutions-the School of Mines, the Agricultural College and the Teachers' College-have their myriad publications-books and bulletins, some of them technical and others semi- popular. The professors in Denver University and Colorado College have given the world the fruits of their studies in the shape of books or extended mono- graphs. Some of our high school teachers and others engaged in educational work of some sort have devoted a part of their leisure to writing books or sci- entific papers. So it may be said that a multitude of Colorado educators have done something more than teach the pupils in their classrooms; they have made the bounds of knowledge wider by means of the printed page.
By their writings the learned men in the University of Colorado have en- riched the intellectual life of the community and the commonwealth. Their influence is felt throughout the length and breadth of the republic, for the scho- lastic publications issued at Boulder are found in all of the leading libraries of the country. Some of the Colorado educators have real literary ability. James Hutchins Baker ( 1848- ), who for many years was president of the University of Colorado, easily heads the list, with "Education and Life" (1900) and sev- eral other scholarly books to his credit. Professor Francis Ramaley (1870- ) did a fine piece of work in his book, "Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado" (1909), although it is not equal to the magnificent volume on "Flowers of Moun- tain and Plain," by Professor Clements of the University of Minnesota. Pro- fessors Sewall, Hale, Libby, Osborn, Hellems, Norlin, Cockerell and others of the faculty who have made Boulder famous as a seat of culture wrote things of high literary value, if not classics. The geological publications of Prof. Russell D. George (1866- ), if not exactly literature, are extremely useful, notably the volume on "Minerals and Rocks" (1913).
The literary output of the men in the School of Mines, while technical, is none the less valuable to those who are interested in minerals and mining. Prof. Arthur Lakes (1844-1917) wrote "Geology of Western Ore Deposits" (1905), "Prospecting for Gold and Silver" (1895) and other scientific works that are helpful to miners and mining men. "Popular Oil Geology" (1918), written by Prof. Victor Ziegler, is exceedingly timely. Arthur Hoskin (1869- ), who was at one time editor of Mining American, wrote a valuable book on "The Business of Mining" (1912).
The Agricultural College has published hundreds of bulletins on scientific farming, gardening, orcharding, home making, the care of stock, etc. Such matters as botany and irrigation fall within the scope of some of the Fort Col- lins publications. Two titles will give the reader an idea of the books in this
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field of investigation-"Botany of Crop Plants" (1917), by Wilfred William Robbins, and "Law of Irrigation" (1915), by Charles F. Davis (1856- ).
Style cuts but little figure in the educational writings of the professors in the Teachers' College at Greeley. Such works as the "Short Story" by Ethan Allen Cross, and the textbooks of George Bruce Halsted represent, however, results of much labor. The author of school books gains no renown, but he has the satisfaction of knowing that he is helping the rising generation.
Some other educator-authors may be mentioned. Arthur John Fynn (1859- ), who wrote the State Song, is the author of a stimulating book on "The American Indian as a Product of Environment" (1907). Miss Katherine Lee Craig, former superintendent of public instruction, wrote a Primary Geography (1906). The work of Miss Eleanor Davidson, a teacher in the Wyman School, Denver, is worthy of special mention. Her pageant-drama, "Civilization" (1917), belongs to the literature of power. This instructive playlet was presented by upper- grade pupils in thousands of public schools in the country west of the Mississippi in the autumn of 1917. The spectacle was an inspiring object-lesson; it staged many striking scenes in American history. In the East Side High School of Denver several teachers of literary tastes may be named. Ellen M. Mitchell (1842- ), in her "Study of Greek Philosophy" (1891), gives a concise, simple exposition of the teachings of the great thinkers of ancient Greece. Frederick T. Clark's stories will be spoken of in the section on fiction. D. R. Hatch (1858- ) has for many years edited the Colorado School Journal. Alice Eastwood (1859- ) is the author of "Popular Flora of Denver" (1893). George Lyman Cannon (1860- ) prepared a lecture on "Geology of Denver and Vicinity" (1894), which is a fine bit of scientific writing that may be appreciated by the average reader. The botanical writings of Ellsworth Bethel deserve high praise.
The University of Denver is, comparatively speaking, a young institution, and yet it has made its power felt all over the world wherever its graduates have gone. It is a cultural agency ; it has done much to broaden and deepen the mental life of the city and state. A number of its professors have widened the area of their influence by writing books, viz .: "A Study of the Sky" (1896), by Her- bert Alonzo Howe (1859- ); "Elementary Psychology" (1913), by Daniel Ed- ward Phillips (1865- ), who gives suggestions for the interpretation of human life ; and "Monopolies, Past and Present" (1901). Frank Hunt Hurd Roberts (1869- ), when professor in Denver University, prepared the article on Colorado for the Encyclopedia Americana, and he edited the Constitution of Colorado for Hatch's "Civil Government of Colorado." Chancellor McDowell will be men- tioned later. Space is lacking to speak of Dr. Ammi Hyde as an intellectual force in the community, and the influence of many another professor of Denver University is far-reaching; he speaks to larger audiences than his classes in printed articles and other writings.
Dr. William James Sly, who was at one time lecturer on Religious Education in Colorado Woman's College, wrote "World Stories Retold for Modern Boys and Girls" (1914). The book covers a wide field, ancient and medieval legends and fairy tales.
Dr. Duren James Henderson Ward (1851- ), lecturer on Anthropology and Psychology and editor of Up the Divide magazine, wrote "Biographical History of Modern Sciences" (1914) and other erudite works.
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