USA > Colorado > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 22
USA > Nevada > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 22
USA > Wyoming > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 22
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CHAPTER IX.
INDIAN WARS
1849-1882.
CALIFORNIA EMIGRANTS OF 1849-SUBSEQUENT DEEDS OF VIOLENCE-WIN- NEMUCCA AND THE PAH UTES-OUTBREAK OF 1860-ATTITUDE OF YOUNG WINNEMUCA-THE SHOSHONES-ATTACK ON WILLIAMS' STATION- ORGANIZATION OF FORCES-BATTLE OF PYRAMID LAKE-DEATH OF ORMSBY-MOVEMENTS OF TROOPS-FURTHER FIGHTING-CONTINUED TROUBLES-THE GOSH UTE WAR-TREATIES AND RESERVATIONS.
IN whatever part of the country the American trap- per has first come in contact with the aborigines, there has followed wars and extermination. Of the first conflicts between white men and the natives of Nevada I have spoken in the opening chapter of this history. The migration to California in 1849 was large; and during this and the following year the Indians were more bold, and the white men vengeful. Several trains were attacked in the Humboldt valley, and their cattle taken, leaving the emigrants on foot. Later companies coming up formed a pursuing party, and having a fight with the natives, killed thirty of them.1 This checked hostilities, but did not allay hatred. The notorious Bill Hickman shot down two Humboldt Indians who hung about his camp at Stony Point.2 On the same grouud reddened by the blood of his victims, a few months later three white men were killed by the Indians.'
1 Beatie's First in Nevada, MS., 5-6. The Sac. Transcript of Sept. 23. 1850, says that in the Carson valley constant skirmishing had occurred be- tween the immigrants and the Indians, and that in a battle with 400 or 500 of them they were victorious.
2 Cosser says Hickman pretended to no other reason for these acts than the pleasure in killing them.
3 A. Woodard of Sac., Oscar Fitzner, and John Hawthorne, carrying the mail from Salt Lake to Sac., were the victims.
(205)
206
INDIAN WARS.
From 1851 to 1857 there were many deeds of vio- lence on both sides. In 1856 a party of ten men led by Levi Hutton of Missouri were surrounded in camp on the Humboldt by sixty Indians well armed with rifles and revolvers. The party returned the fire of the Indians and retreated, dragging their wagon by hand, four of their horses being killed and others wounded. All that night and next day the Indians continued to harrass them. Hutton and Aleline, a Frenchman from St Louis, were killed. Two other men were severely wounded, Thomas Reddy from Leavenworth, and James Edwards from St Louis. Reddy became exhausted and urged the remainder of the party to leave him and save themselves, which they finally did, taking what provisions they could carry, and destroying all the arms they were forced to leave. The party of seven arrived in Carson val- ley October 25th, where Edwards had his wounds dressed, after a fatiguing journey of 200 miles. Thir- teen Indians were killed .*
In 1857 a party of twenty-two immigrants under Captain Pierson encountered on the Humboldt, near the mouth of Reese river, a large body of Pah Utes, with whom they had a severe contest. The place ob- tained the name of Battle Mountain, which name was retained when the country was settled, and given to a mining district on Reese river." John McMarlin and James Williams, in charge of pack trains from Mormon station to California, were killed by Washoes on the trial which crossed the mountains south of Lake Tahoe on the same day, one at Slippery Ford hill and the other on the summit. The settlers became alarmed and called upon the people of California for assistance.6 Arms and ammunition were tendered by the governor of that state ; the Pah Utes also offered their warriors to fight the Washoes.
4 Hayes' Scraps Mining, xi. 2, 3.
5 S. F. Alta, May 7, 1866; S. F. Alta, Aug. 2, Sept. 7 and 10, 1857.
6 A party of young men attempted to find and punish the offenders, but incautiously fired at some birds and discovered themselves to the Indians, who fled. Hawley's Lake Tahoe, MS., 4-S.
207
WASHOES AND PAH UTES.
Brigham Young, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for Utah, in the summer of 1857 sent Garland Hurt, Indian agent, to Carson valley, who made a treaty of amity with the Washoes.
In the summer of 1858 the Pah Utes gave consid- erable trouble in the Humboldt valley, and F. Dodge was sent to reside in Carson valley as Indian agent to endeavor to keep the peace. Early in the follow- ing year also, they, as well as the Pit river and Walker river tribes, displayed open hostility to pros- pectors and settlers. In March seven men, among whom was the well known pioneer Peter Lassen, were prospecting in the Black Rock country, on the immi- grant route of 1846, when they were attacked in camp and Lassen and another man killed. Other small parties disappeared never to be heard from, and their fate could be readily conjectured."
The winter of 1859-60 was one of exceptional se- verity, and the Indians suffered greatly from cold and hunger. So strong was their distrust of the white race that although some good men now endeavored to mitigate their misfortunes, building large fires and offering them food, they were but little benefited, many refusing to eat, lest the food should be poisoned, and attributing the extreme cold to the presence of the detested white man. Many children died of pri- vation. 8
In January 1860 the Pah Utes killed Dexter E. Deming, who lived on Willow creek, north of Honey lake, then thought to be in Nevada. A company, under Lieutenant W. J. Tutt, was ordered to pursue
7 Buckland's Indian Fighting, MS., 2-3; Kelly's Nev. Directory 1862, 33; S. F. Bulletin, April 21 and 28, and May 9, 10, and 11, 1859. According to the report of Dodge, Indian agent for Carson district, the Pah Utes num- bered about 6,000, the head chief, Winnemucca, residing on Smoke creek, near Honey lake. Small bands under sub-chiefs resided at the forks of Carson river, Gold Canon, Big Bend, sink of the Carson, on Walker river, at Big Meadows on Truckee river, at the lower crossing of Truckee, at the mouth of Truckee, at Pyramid lake, and Lower Mud lake. The Washoes numbered 900, and inhabited the country at the base of the Sierra Nevada, Washoe, and Eagle valleys, and about Lake Tahoe. Ind. Aff. Rept, 1859, 273-4.
8 Territorial Enterprise, Dec. 24, 1859; Hayes' Mining Scraps, xi. 40.
208
INDIAN WARS.
the offenders, who were traced to the Pah Ute camp. The governor then appointed two commissioners, William Weatherlow and T. J. Harvey, to visit Poito, the head chief, known as Old Winnemucca, to demand the criminals, in accordance with an exist- ing treaty. Winnemucca was found at Pyramid lake. He did not deny the governor's right in the matter, but refused to give the order for the surren- der, and demanded $16,000 for Honey Lake valley.
It was observed early in March that the Indians were withdrawing from the settlements. In the lat- ter part of April they held a council at Pyramid lake, and recited their grievances, a long enough list of insults and injustice, among which the encroach- ments of the white race upon their favorite lands, and the cutting down of the pine nut trees, which were their orchards, were mild charges. Every chief in the council except Numaga, known as Young Winne- mucca, although not related to the head chief of that name, which signifies bread giver, was in favor of war, he having mingled more with white people, and knowing their numbers and strength. The head chief, like Peupeumoxmox of the Walla Wallas was a shrewd politician, and, while secretly supporting the war movement, never committed himself openly to either party, but consented to be governed by the majority. Then there was a chief of the Shoshones who had married a Pah Ute, and another chief from Powder river, Oregon, a half Bannack, who were clamorous for war.'
Meanwhile Mogoannoga, chief of the Humboldt Meadows men, known to the settlers as Captain Soo, stole away from the council with nine braves to end
9 The Shoshone was killed a few years later, after a raid into Paradise valley, by some of his own people, near Battle mountain. They killed him because he kept them in perpetual trouble by his raids upon the stock of the settlers in Nevada and Oregon. The chief of the Smoke Creek Indians, a brother-in-law of Winnemucca, was slain by one of his own people for at- tempting to bewitch him. The chief of the Honey Lake band was also killed by his followers after years of war, to put a stop to hostilities; and another Honey Lake chief was killed by his people. A brother of Winne- mucca named Wahe was murdered by the Pah Utes at Walker river.
209
ATTACK AT WILLIAMS' STATION.
all discussion by opening the war. On the 7th of May they attacked Williams' station, on the over- land road, killed seven men, and burned the house. Then passing by the place of Samuel S. Buckland,19 they came to the farm of W. H. Bloomfield. They drove off the. stock and returned to Pyramid lake, sending one of their number in advance to announce to the council still in session that war had been be- gun. On the morning of the 8th, also, J. O. Wil- liams returned to his home to find it a smoking ruin, near which lay the dead bodies of his brothers, and among the ashes the bones of his friends. He fled to Virginia City, pursued a part of the way to Buck- land's, where he gave the alarm.
Like the bursting out of a long smothered confla- gration was the vengeful excitement which followed the news of the attack at Williams' station. Couriers sped in every direction, and at night, and by un- frequented ways, to warn camps of prospectors and outlying settlements of their danger. On the day of the attack John Gibson and seven others, sixty miles away, were also slaughtered; settlers were killed and houses burned at Honey lake, and two men killed on Truckee river ; war parties stationed themselves in the Humboldt valley, and in the mountains at Mono and Walker river. Intelligence was sent to Califor- nia with an appeal for arms and ammunition, to which the citizens of that state quickly and generously re- sponded. But without waiting for aid, the Nevadans immediately formed companies in all the towns, and proceeded on the 9th to Buckland's, en route to Wil- liams' station. They were divided into several de- tachments under leaders few of whom had any mili- tary knowledge, numbering altogether but 105 men. They were poorly armed and undisciplined.11. After
10 Buckland was a native of Ohio, born in Licking county in 1826. He came to Cal. in 1850, via Panamá, removing to Carson valley in 1857. In a manuscript by him in my library he states that the attack was brought on by the Williams brothers, who had imprisoned and violated a Pah Ute woman. 11 Under arms were: The Genoa rangers, Capt. Thomas F. Condon, C. E. Kimball, Michael Tay, Robert Ridley, Big Texas, M. Pular, J. A. Thomp- HIST. NEV. 14
210
INDIAN WARS.
interring the dead the volunteers proceeded to the Truckee river, where they encamped on the night of the 11th at the present site of Wadsworth, moving down next day toward the main camp of the enemy. About two miles from the foot of the lake the moun- tains approach closely to the river, leaving but a nar- row strip of bottom land, which constitutes a pass easily defended, and dangerous to an attacking force. No enemy appearing in sight, the volunteers marched on for a mile and a half. When they were well with- in the trap, about 100 Indians showed themselves on the ridge a little in advance. Major Ormsby gave the order for his company to charge up the slope. When they reached the plateau above, on still an- other ridge, another line was stationed in the same manner as the first, but more extended, and with their right and left almost touching the narrow valley through which ran an impassable river. Soon from every sage brush twanged an arrow or hissed a bullet, and the thirty men realized their peril. They made a hasty retreat to a piece of timber which came down toward the bottom on the west. But here they were met by the savages under the Black Rock chief Se- quinata, commonly called Chiquito Winnemucca, or Black Rock Tom, who forced them down toward
son, Lee James; Carson City Rangers: Maj. William M. Ormsby, John L. Blackburn, F. Steinger, Christopher Barnes, James M. Gatewood, William S. Spurr, Frank Gilbert, William Headley, F. Shinn, William Mason, Rich- ard C. Watkins, John Holmes, Samuel Brown, William E. Eichelroth, Anton W. Tjader, James J. McIntyre, Eugene Angel, William C. Marley, Lake, Abraham Jones, Charles Shad, Bartholomew Riley, and 5 discharged U. S. soldiers from Fort Ruby. Silver City guards: Capt. R. G. Watkins, Albert Bloom, Charles Evans, James Lee, James Shabel, Boston Boy, Keene, and a boy; Virginia vols. co, 1: Capt. F. Johnson, F. J. Call, McTerney, Hugh McLaughlin, Charles McLeod; John Fleming, Henderson (Greeks), Andreas Schnald (Italian), Marco Kneegiswoldt, and John Gaventi (Austrians), George (a Chileno), O. C. Steel; Virginia vol., co. 2., Capt. Archie McDonald, Wil- liam Armington, Charles W. Allen, G. F. Brown, Joseph G. Baldwin, Jr, D. D. Cole, A. K. Elliott, A. L. Grannis, Fred. Galehousen, F. Hawkins, Arch- ibald Haven, J. C. Hall, George Jones, Charles Forman, R. Lawrence, Henry Meredith, P. McIntosh, O. Spurr, M. Spurr, John Noyce, C. McVane, Pat- rick McCourt, S. McNaughton, Henry Newton, A. J. Peck, and Richard Snowden, Another company from Gold Hill contained J. F. Johnson, G. Jonner, James McCarthy, T. Kelley, J. Bowden, N. A. Chandler, A. G. B. Hammond, Armstrong, E. Millson, and 24 others.
211
THE WINNEMUCCAS.
the river, where they would be entirely at his mercy.
At this juncture Numaga or Young Winnemucca, threw himself between Chiquito Winnemucca's war- riors and the volunteers, and attempted to obtain a parley; but he was disregarded by the Indians, now in hot pursuit of Ormsby's men, who had been reën- forced by other companies from the valley, and were making a stand in the timber, where Ormsby by gen- eral consent took the command. When the com- mander comprehended that his force was surrounded he made an effort to keep open an escape by sending Captain Condon of the Genoa rangers, and Captain R. G. Watkins of the Silver City guards, the only veteran soldier among them,12 to guard the pass out of the valley. But a panic ensued. Seeing the hope- lessness of their situation, many turned and fled. Watkins returned to the bottom where the remnants of the commands were engaged in a life and death struggle with the Indians, who, flushed with victory, were sating their thirst for blood. The white men cried for mercy, but the savages said "No use now ; too late." 13 >> 13
The battle began about four o'clock in the after- noon. The bloodiest part of it was where the rear of the white forces, crowding at the pass in their efforts to escape, retarded the exit, and the Indians riding in amongst them hewed them in pieces. Just where Ormsby died his friends could not tell. He was shot in the mouth by a poisoned arrow, and wounded in both arms. The working of the poison caused him to fall from his horses. It was said that he besought his men to rally around him, dreading to fall into the hands of his enemies before life was extinct. The
12 Watkins was one of Walker's Nicaragua force, and had lost a leg in action. He rode a powerful horse, to which he was strapped.
13 ' White men all cry a heap; got no gun, throw 'um away; got no revol- ver; throw 'um away too; no want to fight any more now; all big scare, just like cattle; run, run, cry, cry, heap cry, same as papoose; no want lujun to kill 'um any more.
212
INDIAN WARS.
pursuit was kept up until interrupted by the darkness of night, and the fugitives scattered over the country a hundred miles from Virginia City.14 Comparatively few were wounded. The first effect of the defeat at Pyramid lake was to drive many out of the country. The women and children of Virginia City were placed in an unfinished stone house, which was turned into a fortress and called Fort Riley. At Silver City a for- tification was erected on the rocks overlooking the town, and a cannon made of wood was mounted at the fort to frighten away invaders. At Carson City the Penrod hotel was used as a fortification, after being barricaded, and pickets established. At Genoa the small stone house of Warren Wasson was taken for a defence, while Wasson rode through the enemy's coun- try 110 miles, to Honey lake, to carry a telegraphic order from General Clarke to a company of cavalry supposed to be at Honey lake, to march at once to Carson.
As I have before stated, the Californians responded quickly to the call for help. The news of the battle and the death of young Meredith aroused the citizens of Downieville, who within thirty-six hours raised and equipped 165 men, who marched to Virginia City on foot in five days. Sacramento, Placerville, La Porte, San Juan, and Nevada City sent volunteers to help fight the Pah Utes. San Francisco raised money and arms. General Clarke issued orders to Captain Stew- art of the 3d artillery stationed at Fort Alcatraz, and
14 The killed, besides Ormsby, were Eugene Angel, William Arrington, S. Auberson, Boston Boy, A. K. Elliott, Jolin B. Fleming, W. Hawkins, Wil- liam Headly, F. Gatehouse, John Gaventi, George Jones, Flourney Johnson, M. Kuezerwitch, James Lee, Henry Meredith, P. McIntosh, Charles McLeod, O. McNaughton, J. McCarty, Parsons, Richard Snowden, William E. Spear, Andrew Schueld, and others. One correspondent of the S. F. Herald gave the number of bodies found on the field and buried at 43, Hayes' Scraps Min- ing, xi. 104, and another says that on the 27th, two weeks after the fight, nearly 60 persons were still missing. See also Sac. Record, June 22, 1872; S. F Herald, May 14, 1860; S. F. Call, Jan. 26, 1879; Klein's Founders of Carson City, MS., 4; S. F. Alta, May 8, 1860; Hawley's Lake Tahoe, MS., 4-5; Cradlehaugh's New Biog., MS., 4-5; Hayes' Scraps Mining, xi. 61-83; S. F. Bulletin, May 14, 16, 17, 26, 29, 31, and June 5, 6, 7, 1860; Cal. Farmer, May 11, 1860.
213
HELP FROM CALIFORNIA.
Captain Flint of the 6th infantry, stationed at Be- nicia, to proceed at once to Carson Valley, the two companies numbering 150 men, and there establish a military post. Almost daily thereafter there were arrivals from west of the mountains, which gave much uneasiness to the divers Winnemuccas on the watch to see what turn affairs would take. By the last of the month there were about 800 troops in the field, of whom over 200 were regulars.1
On the 26th the united forces marched down the Carson Valley from Camp Hayes twenty miles below Carson City, with the understanding that they were to go to Pyramid lake, and if the Indians would fight, to engage them ; but if they could not be brought to battle, the volunteers were to disband in ten days, and leave the regulars to guard the passes into Carson valley. Thus the pony express, just established, as well as the settlers, might be protected. Every sta- tion was reported broken up as far east as Dry Creek and Simpson Park, in the eastern part of what is now
15 The Washoe regiment was officered as follows: Col commanding, John C. Hays; lieut-col, E. J. Sanders; maj., Dan. E. Hungerford; adjt, Charles S. Fairfax; actg-adjt of infantry, J. S. Plunkett; reg. quartermaster, Benj. S. Lippincott; asst quartermaster, John McNish; dept quartermaster, Alex. Miot; commissary, R. N. Snowden; A. C. S., Capt. H. Toler; surgeon, E. J. Bryant; asst-surgs, Ed. T. Perkins, C. R. Bell; serg-maj., R. Macgill. Co. A, Spy; J. B. Fleeson capt .; 15 men. Co. B, Sierra guards; E. J. Smith capt .; Ist lieut J. B. Preaseh; 2d lieut William Wells; 3d lieut J. Halliday; 46 men. Co. C, Truckee rangers; eapt. Alanson Nightingill. Co. D, Sierra guards; capt. J. B. Reed; Ist lieut N. P. Pierce; orderly D. Rals- ton; 14 men. Co. E, Carson rangers; capt. P. H. Clayton. Co. F, Nevada rifles; capt. J. R. Van Hagan. Co. G. Sierra guards; capt. F. F. Patterson; Ist lieut C. S. Champney; 2d lieut T. Maddux; 3d lieut A. Walker; 41 men. Co. H, San Juan rifles; capt. N. C. Miller. Co. I, Sacramento guards; capt. A. G. Snowden. Co. J; capt. James Virgo. Co. K, Virginia rifles; capt. E. T. Storey; 106 men. Co. L, Carson City rifles; capt. J. L. Blackburn; Ist lieut A. L. Turner; ord. sergt Theo. Winters. Co. M, Silver City guards; eapt. Ford. Co. N, Highland rangers; capt. S. B. Wallace (spy co.); 15 men; Ist lieut Robert Lyon; 2d lieut Joseph F. Triplett; 20 mnen. Co. O. Sierra guards; capt. Creed Haymond; Ist sergt George A. Davis; 2d sergt H. M. Harshberger; 9 men. Scouts Willlain S. Allen, Samuel Buckland, Benjamin Webster, and S. C. Springer. Teamsters and armned followers numbered 30 more. U. S. troops, officers: Capt. Jasper M. Stewart, 3d ar- tillery eommdg 82 men; lieut H. G. Gibson, with howitzers and 10 men; capt .; F. F. Flint, 6th inf .; lieut E. R. Warner; 62 men; lieut J. MeCreary, 6th inf .; 53 men; quartermaster, Capt. T. Moore; asst quartermaster, Ed. Byrne; surg., Charles C. Keany.
214
INDIAN WARS.
Eureka county. 16 On the 19th of June the express and mail were escorted from Carson City eastward by a picked company of twenty men, and the line re- established. While the volunteers were crossing the Twenty-six-mile desert, one of the scouts, Michael Bushy, was cut off by the Indians. His remains were found two years afterward near Williams' sta- tion, and the Indians who pointed them out said he had fought bravely for eight miles, turning on his pursuers and driving them to cover, but his horse gave out, the enemy surrounded him, and the end soon came.
The army found the Indians waiting for them at Big Meadows, in the neighborhood of Williams' sta- tion, where they engaged a detachment of scouts, under Captain Fleeson, whom they attempted to cut off. In the skirmish two volunteers were wounded, and six Indians killed. The enemy retreated when the main volunteer force came up. In this fight, as in the battle of Pyramid lake, the Indians had rifles of longer range than the volunteers. The regulars coming up two hours after the action at Big Meadows, the whole force moved on to the scene of the first battle, where they found and buried the bodies of the slain. From this point the Indians warily withdrew toward Pyramid lake, followed by the army, which could not bring them to any decisive engagement, but which was resolved to drive them beyond the lake, and then leave the regular troops to guard the passes, as previously agreed upon, hoping thus to starve them into subjection.
As the fatal pass was neared they found the bodies of those killed in the retreat of the 12th of May, which were interred, and camp was made on the 1st of June, about eight miles below the lower crossing of the Truckee river. On the afternoon of the 3d an order was issued to Captain Storey of the Vir- ginia Rifles with twenty men, Captain Wallace of the
16 Hayes' Scraps Mining, xi. 217, 221.
215
FORT STOREY.
Spy company with three men, Captain Van Hagen of the Nevada Rifles with twenty men, and Captain George Snowden, to make a reconnoissance toward the battle fleld. They approached near enough to count twenty-three bodies, when suddenly arose from the shadow of bush and rock a host of armed Pah Utes, and the detachment hastily retreated toward camp, pursued by the foe, which posted itself on a rocky ledge two miles from camp.
News of the attack being conveyed to Colonel Hayes and Captain Stewart, they hastened to the spot, and a battle three hours in length was fought, in which 200 volunteers and 100 regulars were en- gaged. They dislodged the Indians, pursuing them between four and five miles, killing twenty-five and taking fifty of their horses. In this action Captain Storey," was shot throngh the lungs, and died on the 7th. Privates J. Cameron and A. H. Phelps of his company were also killed. Four regular soldiers were wounded, and a private of the Nevada Rifles, Andrew Hasey, who charged with his company after being severely wounded in the hip. The pursuit was abandoned at sundown, the Indians fleeing to the mountains. Fortifications were constructed, and the name of Fort Storey given to the place.
On the 4th the march was resumed toward Pyra- mid lake. The Pah Ute valley was found deserted, the trail of the Indians appearing to lead north. From this point, where Captain Stewart remained and threw up earthworks, which he named Fort
17 Edward Faris Storey, after whom Storey county was named, was born in Georgia July 1, 1828, and was a son of Colonel John Storey, who com- manded a regiment during the Indian wars in the western part of Georgia, under Jackson's administratioh. He afterward removed to Texas, and with his three sons in 1846 enlisted in a company of Texas rangers under Capt. McCulloch. Of the sons only E. F. Storey survived the war. In 1848 he was elected lieut in a company of rangers under Capt. Jacob Roberts to quell outlaws. In 1849 he married Adelia Calhoun Johnson of Texas, by whom he had a daughter, later Mrs J. W. Williams of Visalia, California, which child, after the death of his wife in 1852, he brought to the Pacific eoast overland through Mexico, embarking at Mazatlan for S. F. He en- gaged in stock raising in Tulare co., removing to Nevada a short time before the Indian outbreak.
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