History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888, Part 52

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Victor, Frances Fuller, Mrs., 1826-1902
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: San Francisco : The History company
Number of Pages: 872

USA > Colorado > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 52
USA > Nevada > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 52
USA > Wyoming > History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888 > Part 52

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

26 This party consisted of R. A. Kirker, William Gant, Samuel McMillen, Louis Brant, James Brennan, and C. M. Defabauch. See Fossett's Colorado, a descriptive, historical, and statistical work of 592 pages, 8 mo, with maps and illustrations: New York, 1880; the most complete of the many books about the centennial state. Kirker was a resident of Park county, and active in exploring the mountains, particularly the Park range. A. Thornton was a prospector in this region about this time.

27 I have several times had occasion to refer to Hayden's researches in the course of this work. The reports of Hayden, Endlich, Peale, Gannett, and Holmes were of great service in making known to the world the mineral

519

PROSPECTING EXPEDITIONS.

first who came and stayed were of a date at least con- temporaneous with the government explorations just recorded.

In 1872 a party of prospectors returning from the San Juan country, where they were unwelcome, passed up the Gunnison river, and examining the old diggings on Rock creek, discovered a number of sil- ver lodes in the vicinity.28 A company was raised in Denver the following spring to visit the alleged dis- covery, among whom were John Parsons, Lewis Wait, and Thomas Croider. They went and returned by the old Washington gulch pass, via Red mountain, Twin lakes, Buckskin Joe, and Fairplay, bringing a

wealth of western Colorado. See Hayden's U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of Colorado and Adjacent Territory, 1874, p. 515, Washington, 1876. In Hay- den's letter to the secretary of the interior, which serves as a preface, he names the assistants with him in Colorado as follows: first division crossing the mountains by the Berthoud pass, explored in 1861 by Berthoud while looking for an overland mail route by the way of Denver, consisted of A. R. Marvine geologist, S. B. Ladd topographer, Louis Chauvenet asst topographer, M. L. Ward and W. S. Holman meteorologists, E. A. Barber botanist, W. W. Wil- liams asst, 2 packers, cook, and hunter. The second division consisted of Henry Gannett topographer, Fred Owens asst topographer, A. C. Peale geol- ogist, Frank Kellogg, asst, Arch. R. Balloch asst, 2 packers and a cook; field, the Grand river. Third division consisted of A. D. Wilson topographer, F. Rhoda asst, F. M. Endlich geologist, Gallup meteorologist; field, the San Juan country. With Hayden were G. B. Chittenden topographer, W. H. Holmes geologist, W. H. Jackson photographer, Anthony asst, Ernest Inger- soll naturalist, Frank Smart asst, 2 packers and a cook.

The geographical surveys west of the 100th meridian, conducted by George M. Wheeler of the corps of engineers for several successive years, were of unusual interest. He had under his orders a party of engineer officers, and accompanying him a number of specialists. John J. Stevenson, geologist, in 1878 examined the coal-measures at the east base of the Rocky mountains, particularly from Trinidad south to Santa Fé. The reports down to 1884, which have been published, show a vast area of research for all the several branches of the survey, but they are for the most part too labored and tech- nical for the general reader. There are few Hugh Millers in geology, and until there are more, that science will remain a dense and tasteless topic which should glow and sparkle with suggestion and meaning to the commonest understanding. A little in these reports concerning the effect of certain rock formations on the aspect of a country, its soils, rivers, and vegetable produc- tions, both before and after it comes under improvement, would prove an attractive feature in geological works. The paleontology of Colorado is remarkable and interesting, as shown in the Bulletins of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Second Series, No. 1, containing descriptions of fossil fishes and mammalia. This subject, combined with an intelligent study of the rocks, and the interest attaching to the relics of a long-past semi-civilization in Colorado, should furnish a fascinating field of observation to the ordinary mind as well as to the specialist.

28 The names of some of this company were Douglas Mclaughlin, James Brennan, and George Green (colored).

520

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT.

report so satisfactory that an expedition was immedi- ately organized to return and explore the whole Gun- nison country. It consisted of thirty men with eight wagons and a pack-train, which proceeded to cross the mountains by the South park, Poncho, and Cochetopa passes. The geologist of the expedition was Sylvester Richardson, the metallurgist Richard Cook, and the botanist Parsons, the recognized leader. On arriving at the Indian agency of Los Pinos, they were forbidden by the assembled Utes, numbering 1,500, to continue their journey. But upon holding a council, and taking the sense of the meeting by vote, it was found that there was an equal division, when the head chief, Ouray, gave his voice in favor of allowing the party to proceed

The company proceeded to the junction of Tomichi creek and Gunnison river, where they met a couple of white herders in charge of the government cattle belonging to the agency, and who conducted the wagons to a ford of the river. On the site of Gunni- son City Richardson took an astronomical observa- tion, and being satisfied that they were on the east side of the 107th meridian, determined to there found a town, and occupy the beautiful valley of the Gun- nison. After several more days of toilsome road- building and travel, the expedition arrived at the head of Rock creek, and at once erected a small smelter, near where the town of Scofield was subse- quently located. In two months a sufficient test had been made, and the company returned to winter at Denver, the wagon-train by the same route by which they came, and the pack-train by the Washington gulch trail.

Arrived at home, Richardson made his report to persons interested, residing in Chicago, Quincy, and Denver, which being favorable, furnaces and machin- ery were purchased, and all things placed in readiness to commence mining in Gunnison county as soon as spring should open. Before spring arrived a panic

521

GUNNISON COUNTY.

had occurred in business circles, which put an end to the schemes of the Parsons company. But Richard- son, remembering the beauties of Gunnison valley, and being resolved to locate himself there, called a meeting at Denver, and proceeded to organize a joint stock company for the purposes of settlement. About the 1st of March the company was incorporated, with

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Richardson president, George Storm vice-president, Charles A. Beale secretary, and a board of directors consisting of these persons and J. B. Outcalt, John Spradling, George W. Hughes, and Doctor Knowles. The colony arrived at Gunnison river April 21, 1874. The land was surveyed into quarter sections ; each colonist drew 160 acres by lot, and a town was laid off on Richardson's portion, and named Gunnison, after Captain Gunnison, who first surveyed this valley.

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT.

In the autumn dissensions arose in the company, some members of which abandoned their interests and went prospecting to the north. Alll returned to Den- ver to winter, and of the thirty original members only three resumed their occupancy in 1875, namely Rich- ardson, and John and William Outcalt. Gradually settlers, especially cattle-owners, came to remain. In 1876 a new town company was formed, which took possession of the present site of Gunnison, outside of Richardson's claim. But this company also quar- reled and dissolved. In 1879 there were two rival organizations-the East and West Gunnison town companies. The Denver and Rio Grande railway was being pushed westward with a purpose to develop the country, and the west Gunnison town company by liberal donations of land secured the station and car-shops.

In March 1879 the legislature established the county of Gunnison, and attached it to Lake for rep- resentative and judicial purposes. Its boundaries commenced on the summit of the Saguache 29 range, between the headwaters of the Arkansas and Colo- rado, where the south line of Lake county crossed the divide, extending along the said summit to the north line of Lake county, thence west to the west boundary of the state, and south to the north line of Ouray county, this being the north boundary of the San Juan purchase, thence east to the west line of Saguache county, following the boundary of this county to Saguache range, and north along its sum- mit to the south-west corner of Lake county, embra- cing more than 10,000 square miles.3º Settlement and discovery progressed slowly. In 1877 the Jen- nings brothers located a mine of bituminous coal at Crested Butte mountain, and the following year How-

29 An Indian word, pronounced sí-watch, meaning blue stream. Richard- son's Hist. Gunnison Country, MS., 15.

30 Gen. Laws Colo, 1879, 213-16; Fossett's Colorado, 565. Pitkin county was taken from the north-east corner of Gunnison and Montrose, Delta and Mesa from the western portion,

523

GUNNISON SETTLEMENTS.

ard F. Smith purchased some coal interests and started the village of Crested Butte. The existence of coal of a good quality was of itself a reason for extending railroads in this direction.31 But pros- pectors from Lake county, the overflow of Leadville, began pouring into the Gunnison country early in 1879-so early, indeed, that they had to tunnel the snow in one of the passes of the mountains. Rich discoveries in gold and silver were made, and the usual sanguine expectation was aroused.

The first important discovery of silver was of the Forest Queen, in the summer of 1879. The history is simple and romantic, A Maryland man, W. A. Fisher, who had driven an ox-team across half the continent, became fastened in the mire of the moun- tains and was helped out by a spectator, O. P. Mace, whereupon Fisher gratefully promised him a half-inter- est in the first mine he should find. A few days later Mace was informed of the discovery of the Forest Queen lode, half of which he received from Fisher under the name of Ruby camp, and which he almost immedi- ately sold for $100,000.32 The village of Ruby a few miles west of Crested Butte became a dependency of the mine. Other discoveries, and other incipient towns followed ; namely, Aspen, Gothic, Schofield, Elko, Bellevue, Irwin, Pitkin, Virginia, Tin Cup, Ohio City, Hillerton, Massive, and Highland. But in the midst of hope and promise the brightest, a thunderbolt fell. The Utes, viewing the gradual, but sure encroachments upon their reserved territory, turned in their rage and slaughtered, not the intrud-

31 A well-known mineralogist is reported to have said that while a pound of Penn anthracite will make 25 pounds of steam, a pound of this bitumi- nous coal will make 23 pounds; but while one pound of eastern anthracite is burning, two pounds of this will burn. Therefore, while the pound of Penn. anthracite is making 25 pounds of steam, this coal will generate 46 pounds. Ingersoll's Crest of the Continent, 257.

32 Grayheard's Colorado, 82. 'Graybeard ' is John F. Graff, and his book series of letters to the Philadelphia Press, being notes of a journey to Den- ver and back, in the autumn and winter of 1881-2, p. 90, 1882. It is a superficial but pleasantly written view of the country, gathered chiefly from conversations with men.

524

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT.

ers, they were too many and strong, but their best friend, the philanthropist Meeker, and his family, at the agency, as I have related. This outbreak was an interruption, but not a long one. The rush to the Gunnison country in 1880 was greater than ever before, being a repetition of the Leadville excitement. A region was explored fifty by a hundred miles in extent. The mineral formation while similar to that of California gulch was less of the carbonate charac- ter, and consequently more difficult of reduction, sometimes requiring roasting. Yet, as the mines were frequent and rich, the Gunnison country, on account of its extent, was regarded as the great treasury of the state. In July 1881 the Denver and Rio Grande railway was extended to Gunnison city, and in the latter part of November to Crested Butte. Before this, however, smelters and mills had been erected. Such marvels of progress were seldom witnessed as this mining and railroading progress in the heart of the mountains; nor could it have been possible, no matter how great the skill, without the native wealth to sustain the outlay. 33

33 Some facts with regard to Gunnison mines are here given. The forma- tion of the mineral bearing country is generally porphyry, quartzite, and limestone, or decomposed granite. Among the noteworthy lodes near Pitkin are the Fairview, Silver Islet, Silver Age, Terrible, Old Dominion, Green Mountain Group, Silver Queen, Silver King, Western Hemisphere, Black Cloud, Merrimac, and Silver Point. The Fairview averaged in the early period of its development, 160 ounces of silver per ton, with 38 per cent of lead; and a large amount carried 450 of silver per ton. Silver Islet samples of dressed ore averaged 450 ounces, undressed, 275, with 25 per cent of copper. It belonged to C. C. Puffer, who sold it for $30,000 before much work had been done on it. Gov. Routt bought the Red Jacket, a 4-foot vein, for $20,000. Near Ohio City were the Ohio, Dodson, Grand View, Ontario, Gold Point, Humboldt, Tornado, Parole, Camp, and Gold Link. Free milling quartz and gold were found near the surface, changing to silver below. Near Hillerton the Prince mine, on Gold Hill, showed five feet of carbonates, carrying silver 272 ounces to the ton, and traces of gold. The Royal Oak Mining company of New York owned mines in this section. Tin Cup, Silver Cup, Gold Cup, Golden Queen, Hirbie Lee, Allentown, Anna, Dedricka, Mayflower, Red Lion, Thompson, Little Anna, and Big Galena, were among the prominent mines about Tin Cup. The Golden Queen was one of the few true fissure veins, assaying $60 per ton, mostly in gold, and showing cube galena. The Tin Cup, Gold Cup, and Silver Cup were on one lode or deposit, being carbonates, in limestone, worked by the Bald Mountain co., and paying well in silver. Highland Mining district on Roaring fork and Castle creek contained a belt of limestone 18 miles long by 3 miles in width, between these streams in which

525

GUNNISON MINES.

I have now given the principal history of silver and gold mining in Colorado for the first twenty years, from 1859-60 to 1879-80. A detailed account of all the minor discoveries would be more tedious than interesting. In the following chapters a sum- ming of results, brought down as nearly to 1886 as amid transition so rapid it will be possible to do, will conclude the history of this portion of the state.3

an immense amount of mineral was found. The Monarch lode cropped out of the earth 20 feet in height and 25 feet in thickness, averaging 60 ounces of silver to the ton. The Smuggler, Spar, Cphir, and Richmond yielded hand- somely-the Ophir $500 per ton, the Richmond, owned by Stevens and Leiter, from $70 to $100 per ton. The Smuggler, the oldest location near Aspen City, carried from 70 to 100 ounces of silver per ton. The ore of the spar was heavy baryta, with masses of copper and chlorides yielding richly. The Sil- ver Bill lode showed native silver, and milled 94 ounces per ton. The Little Russell milled $300 per ton. Massive City is in the centre of a carbonate belt. Ruby was regarded as the point of convergence of three mineral belts, and the richest of all the districts. Among its notable inines were the Forest Queen, Lead Chief, Bullion King, Independence, Monto Cristo, Ruby Chief, Little Minnie, Silver Hill Crystal, Zume, Justice, Bobtail, Hopewell, Pickwick, Fourth of July, Eureka, and Old Missouri. The ore of the first 7 named yielded from $200 to $2,000 per ton. The Good Enough Smelting co. erected in 1880 a chlorodizing and amalgamating mill, the machinery of which filled 25 railway cars. W. H. Webb, J. R. T. Lindley, S. L. Townsend, and M. B. C. Wright were owners in this plank. The Fireside, Ruby, Equator, Morning Star, Dictator, Capitol, Hunkidori, and Hub are in this district. The first location, the Ruby Chief, was made by James Brennan. It carried ruby mineral. The Forest Queen in 1879 shipped 24 tons of picked ore to Pueblo and Denver that yielded $10,800. Crested Butte had a smelter in 1879 though there are no silver inines in its immediate vicinity. Gothic district, 7 miles north of Crested Butte, is located on Copper creek and East river. Its business center is Gothic City at the foot of the Gothic mountain. Among the noted mines are Independent, Silver Spence, Rensselaer, Vermont, Jenny Lind, Keno, Wolverine, Triumph, and Silver Queen, which carries 350 ounces of silver per ton of gray copper. Goodwin & Co. own the mine. The Silver Spence has a vein of galena, antimonial silver, native and ruby silver and sul- phurets, from 4 to 20 inches in thickness. The Evening Star lode, on the same creek, is of fine-grained galena ore intermixed with white feldspar. There were four smelters in the Gothic district in 1880, within a radius of ten miles. On Rock creek were also many argentiferous veins and a smelter. The Sil- ver Reef, three feet wide, was purchased by T. Foley of Leadville and E. B. Craven of Canon City. Discoveries had been made the same year on Grizzly creek, 30 miles within the Indian reservation.

3+ Some of the authorities consulted for this chapter and not previously noted, are: New Colorado and the Santa Fe Trail, by A. A. Hayes, Jr, which, while it touches on the subjects herein contained, is chiefly a humorous view of unfamiliar scenes, and of little value as an authority. The Footprints of Time, and a Complete Analysis of our American System of Government, p. 738, by Charles Bancroft, Root publisher, Burlington, Iowa, 1877, is as its name implies a compedium of facts relating to our govermental system, and con- tains a brief outline of the history of each state and territory. A useful book of reference. Summering in Colorado is a volume of 158 pages published at Denver in 1874, by Richards & Co., with the design of attracting tourists to the grand and romantic scenery of the Rocky mountains. It is descriptive, with

526

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT.

a few photographic views, and a table of altitudes and distances. Colorado and Homes in the New West, by E. P. 'Tenney, president of Colorado college, p. 118, Boston, 1880, is probably intended to advertise the college; at the same time it gives a pleasant impression of Colorado as a whole, and is a readable book on a plane above comicality, at which it is fashionable to strain in mod- ern travels. Two Thousand Miles on Horseback, by James F. Meline, p. 317, New York, 1867, is the narrative of a journey to Santa Fé and back in 1866, but contains more than the ordinary amount of information to be found in such books, and for the date at which it was published was interesting, while much that it contains is still of value. Meline was a contributor to the Catholic World, in which the above narrative first appeared. He died at Brooklyn, Aug. 14, 1873, aged 60 years. The Mines of Colorado, by Ovando J. Hollister, editor and proprietor of the Colorado Mining Journal, is a vol- ume of 450 pages, devoted to a brief historical sketch of the discovery of the mines previous to 1867, with a description of the different districts as they then existed, for which reason it deals more with gold than silver mining. It is sufficiently practical and scientific together to be intelligible to the gen- eral reader.

The Colorado Mining Directory and Mining Laws, 1883, p. 908, contains a description of every developed mine in the state at the date, arranged by counties, with the statutes on mining, an admirable authority for its pur- pose. On the Plains and among the Peaks, or how Mrs Maxwell Made her Natural History Collection, by Mary Dartt, Philadelphia, 1879, furnishes lit- tle that is available for the historian, but is in a measure authoritative as to the fauna of the country. Mrs Maxwell's collection of Colorado mammals and birds was exhibited in Washington in 1876-77, and received much praise. Hist. Colorado, MS., by Carlyle C. Davis, Leadville, treats of the history of the Chronicle, and other newspapers of Leadville, the early history of the town, and its present prosperity and peculiarities. Davis was born at Glen Falls, N. Y., in 1846, and came to Colorado in Oct. 1878, as one of the pro- prietors of the Chronicle, which became a leading journal in the state. Towns about Leadville, MS., by James N. Chipley, gives a brief account of the rise of the mining towns in Lake co., and the history of leading mines. The Robert E. Lee mine took out in one day, according to Chipley, $118,000, and many days $50,000. Chipley was a native of Mo., born in 1854, and came to Denver in 1873; thence to Leadville in 1878. The Flush Times in Colorado, MS .. by Charles Boettcher, Leadville, is a narrative of the author's migra- tions, and incidentally a history of the places where he has tarried for certain periods; at Cheyenne, in Wyoming, Greeley, Boulder, and Leadville, in Col- orado. Boettcher was born in Germany in 1852, immigrating to the U. S. in 1867, and to Wyoming in 1868, whence he came to Colorado in 1871, and to Leadville in 1878. Smelting in Colorado, MS., by Franz Fohr, contains some loose statements concerning smelting; as, for instance, that at Denver, Pueblo, Canon City, and Leadville, such works exist; and that the output of Lead- ville alone, not including outlying camps, was in ISS4, 1,000 tons of bullion daily. Progress in Colorado, MS., by Charles I. Thompson, who had charge of the St Louis smelting works, and the Leadville Improvement company's property, gives a history of the troubles of the latter corporation with squat- ters, as well as many items of general information. Thompson was born at Newburg, N. Y., in 1836, removed to Ohio in his childhood, to Kansas City in 1865, and to Leadville in 1878. Business in Leadville, MS., by Charles Mater, is a view of early mining, supplemented by the crowning fact that Leadville Iron and Silver Consolidated mines have yielded $30,000,000 annu- ally ever since 1879, with many more general items of interest. Mater was born in Germany in 1835, and came to the U. S. in 1853, migrating to Colo- rado in 1869. Notes on Colorado, by William Gilpin, pp. 52, is a pamphlet descriptive and geological, issued in 1870. Milwaukee Monthly Magazine, June 1872, 203-10, descriptive. San Juan and Other Sketches, MS., is a com- pilation of historical articles, made for this work. The Mines of Colorado, by Samuel D. Silver, MS. deals with early times in California gulch, and the

527

BIBLIOGRAPHY

subsequent discoveries. Silver was born in Fort Wayne in 1840, and came to Colorado in 1872. Karl's All the Year Round in the Recesses of the Rocky Mountains, pp. 20, descriptive, illustrated.

Journalism in Colorado has always ranked high, many of the weekly and daily publications being of an order to do credit to cities much older than Denver. On the 23d of April, 1859, two newspapers were issued at Denver, then Auraria, the Rocky Mountain News and the Cherry Creek Pio- neer. The latter was issued by John Merrick, on a cap-size lever press, and suspended after the first number. The News, which was owned by William N. Byers and Thomas Gibson, continued to appear weekly. In July 1859, Gibson sold to John L. Dailey, and he in 1870 to Byers, who conducted the business alone for 8 years, when he sold to K. G. Cooper and associates, who in two months sold to William A. H. Loveland and John Arkins, or the News Printing co. In politics the News was republican until it came under late management. The Rocky Mountuin Gold Reporter was started in July 1859, at Central City, by Thomas Gibson, who published it about three months, when he returned to Nebraska. The press he used was that brought out by Merrick, and after his departure it was taken to Golden City, where it served the Boston co. to print the Western Mountaineer, which flourished for one year under the conduct of George West, the material and press being sold in Dec. 1860 to Mat. Riddlebarger, who took it to Cañon City. Early in the spring of 1860 H. E. Rounds and Edward Bliss came from Chicago with a newspaper outfit, which Byers & Dailey managed to consolidate with the News. In the mean time Gibson had returned to Denver with another press, and on the Ist of May, 1860, began the issue daily and weekly of the Rocky Mountain Herald, the first daily in the territory. The News soon followed with a daily edition, and also published the Bulletin, for circulation among immigrants, which was discontinued in a few months. The News and Herald were active rivals. Both maintained pony-express lines to the principal min- ing camps, delivering the daily in 3 or 4 hours-25 cents a copy, $24 a year. But this was not all the extra outlay required. There being no U. S. mail for nearly two years, the mails from the east came by express, at 10c. a news- paper and 25c. a letter, which, with the heavy freight and express charges on material, made newspaper publication not so profitable as it seemed. As soon as the telegraph was completed to Fort Kearny, the rival papers began taking despatches forwarded by express daily, and, when the news was im- portant, by pony, at a heavy cost. After the destruction of the News office, in 1864, Byers & Dailey purchased the Herald to continue business. The publication of the Herald was resumed, in 1868, by O. J. Goldrick. Late in 1860 a third daily was started at Denver, called the Mountaineer, by Moore and Coleman. It was strongly confederate in sentiment, and was bought out and silenced by Byers & Dailey in the spring of 1861. During this year there were two ephemeral publications at Central City, the most notable of which was the Mining Life, by L. M. Amala, a native of the Sandwich islands. The little press which had done duty in Central and Golden was used in the winter of 1860-1 in starting the pioneer paper of southern Col- orado, namely, the Cañon City Times, owned by H. S. Millett and Riddle- barger before mentioned. It ran but a few months, disappearing with the population, and following it into South park, where already there had been a paper, called the Miners' Record, started by Byers & Dailey, in July 1861, at Tarryall, which was discontinued after the political campaign of that year was over, in which it played an important part. . During the summer a sheet called the Colorado City Journal was published in Colorado City, but printed in Denver, on the Commonwealth press, and partly made up from that paper. It was also a republican paper, edited by B. F. Crowell, and was discontin- ued when the campaign ended. In the spring of 1862 there was a newspaper published at Buckskin Joe, on the Times press, brought from Canon City, which, like its predecessors, soon succumbed to changes in population and business. On the 26th of July, 1862, Alfred Thompson established the Miners' Register at Central City, a tri-weekly, printed on a Washington hand-

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History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888, Part 52

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Victor, Frances Fuller, Mrs., 1826-1902 Publication date: 1890 Publisher: San Francisco : The History company Number of Pages: 872

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Victor, Frances Fuller, Mrs., 1826-1902
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: San Francisco : The History company
Number of Pages: 872