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161
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
Royal Highness's Commission, which hath often been read CHAR. IV. unto them."*
1669.
In the spring of this year a Mohawk embassy asked Courcelles, at Quebec, that other missionaries might be mwk Mis- The Mo- sion.
sent to assist Pierron, and that their nation might be pro- tected from the Mahicans by the King of France, to whom their country now belonged " by the force of arms." Fa- ther Francis Boniface was accordingly selected to help in the mission, the prosperity of which, piously attributed to the death of Jogues at Caghnawaga, seemed to verify the words of Tertullian, that " the blood of martyrs is the seed of Christians."+
But the Mohawk country was a battle-ground. At day- 18 August. break, toward the end of summer, three hundred Mahican Mahican warriors attacked the palisaded village of Caghnawaga, hawks .. the Mo- which the Mohawks bravely defended, while their squaws made balls for their firelocks. The news was quickly car- ried to Tionnontoguen, and at eight o'clock a large force, accompanied by Pierron, set out to relieve their beleaguer- ed friends. The enemy had retired, however, after two hours' fighting ; and the Mohawks, descending the river in canoes, hid themselves below the Mahicans in an ambus- cade which commanded the road to Schenectady, at a place called " Kinaquariones." A conflict followed, in which the Mohawks put the Mahicans to flight. The Mohawks then 19 Argh ... induced the Oneidas, Onondagas, and Cayugas to make common cause; and four hundred confederate warriors went to surprise a Mahican fort "situated near Manhat- fan." But this enterprise failed, and the Iroquois came home with two wounded. They quickly appealed to Love- stouts lace, who-anxious that they should hunt beaver rather ; mf Win. than fight-endeavored, in concert with Winthrop, to make m. peace between them and the Mahicans.
Fremin, the New York Jesuit superior, now summoned his missionary brethren to meet him at Onondaga. Pier- run from the Mohawks, Bruyas from Oneida, Garnier and
. Court of Avizes, IL., 298-234; Journals Leg Council. i., Introd., vi, vii. ; Wood, 91 ; Thereon, 1 , 145, 146; Dunlap, i., 120; ante, p. 33, 66, 6).
: Krition, 1009, 2-6; Shea. 264; an'e, 129 ; i., 423.
: Relation, 1670. 23-97; 1071, 17 ; Col. MISS., xxii, 132; Court of Assizes, ii., 426; Or!, Were. etc., IL. 485; Mundell. iv., 10, 20; Masa. II. S. Coll., i., 166, 167; xxx. 10 ; 1/ h. 1, 25/; Col. Rec. Conn , il., 549. II .- L
162
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. IV. Millet of Onondaga, and Carheil from Cayuga, accordingly 1669. 29 August. Jesuit council at Onondaga. 6 Septent. Garnier with Fre- min among the Sche- cas. met Fremin, from the Senecas, in council. After deliber- ating for a week, the superior detached Garnier to assist him among the distant Senecas, leaving Millet alone in charge of the Onondagas. On reaching their remote sta- 27 Septem. tion, Fremin assigned Garnier to the village of Gandachi- ragou, himself remaining in charge of the mission of "Saint Michael," at Gandagarac. This village was composed of refugees from three different nations, the Neutres or Atti- wandaronk, and the Hurons, which had been conquered by the Iroquois."
15 May. Talon in I'mnce.
Talon now went for a short visit to France, where he in- duced Colbert to instruct Courcelles to visit the Iroquois country at least once in two years, with all his forces, so as to impress the savages with respect for the French. Six companies of the Carignan regiment, which had returned with Tracy, were also ordered back to Canada.t
Jesuit ex- plorations in the West.
Meanwhile Talon's energy had aroused enterprise in Canada. The Jesuit Father Claude Allouez had, in 1665, visited Lakes Huron and Superior, or Tracy, by way of the Ottawa River, and had heard of "the great River called Messipi." In 1667 he was again on his way to the West with Father Louis Nicolas. The next year Nicolas return- ed; and Allouez, after a short visit to Quebec in 1669, went back to the Falls of Saint Mary, accompanied by Fa- ther Claude Dablon, where, with Father James Marquette, who had meanwhile arrived there from the Ottawas, they established a mission among the Chippewas .;
Up to this time the disciples of Loyola had been the pi- oneers of western exploration in New France. Their hon- ors were now to be shared by others. A young man of a good family at Rouen, Robert Cavelier de la Salle, after studying with the Jesuits, had emigrated to Canada in 1667, and had established himself on a fief granted to him,
· Relation, 1641, 72; 1031. 4 : 1670, 26, 45, 46, 60. 72-77; Shea, 279, 200, 201. In Barber and Howe's N. Y. Ili.t. Coll., 393, and Clark's Onondaga, i., 194, is au extract from Governor Clinton's Memoir, giving an account of the massacre of a French and Spanish party at the Butternut Creek, near the present village of Jamesville, on the first of November, 1669. The story resta on the traditionary statements of some Onondaga sachems, and is not al- luded to in the contemporary Relations of the Jesuite.
t Col. Doc., Ix., 62, S6, 787; Charlevoix, ii., 166, 153, 159: Garneau, i., 198-201.
# Relation, 1063, 2-26; 1668, 21; 1669, 17-20 ; Charlevoix, ii., 16 :- 176, 186, 187 ; La Po- therie, il., 124; Bancroft, ifi , 142-152; Shea's Missions, 357-301; Discovery of the Mise., xxiv., xlvii., 67, 63, 00; Sparks's Life of La Salle, 2, 3.
103
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
which he named Saint Sulpice, at the head of the Rapids of CHAP. IV. Saint Louis, just above Montreal." Enterprising, medita- tive, and abounding in courage and resources, La Salle 1669. thought that there must be a route to China and Japan through the Saint Lawrence and the unknown countries to the south and west of the great lakes. Ile talked so much about discovering it, that his home on the Saint Lawrence got the derisive name of " La Chine," which it bears to this la Salle day. Champlain had early heard of a great dividing cat- Chine." at . L.t aract ; and in 1641 the Jesuit missionaries had argued that if the French were once the masters of the shore of Lake Ontario nearest to the Iroquois, they could easily go up by the Saint Lawrence beyond " Onguiahra" to the farther savage tribes. The information which La Salle gained from " many savages of different nations" satisfied him that " by means of a great River, which the Iroquois call Ilohio, emptying into the Meschasipi (which in the Illinois The www. tongue signifies Great River), one could penetrate even to Great Rhv. chasipl,"or the sea." In the summer of 1669, La Salle, encouraged "". by Courcelles, joined the Sulpitian fathers François Dol- lier de Casson and René de Galinée, of Montreal-whose brethren had already established a mission at Quinté, on the northern shore of Lake Ontario -- " in an expedition to 6 July. explore a passage which they expected to discover, com- Pollies, municating with Japan and China." They proposed tos e;la
and Gali. visit " divers Indian nations situated along a great River, Mario and called by the Iroquois, Ohio, and by the Ottawas, Missis. Hra. sippi." Ascending the Saint Lawrence in canoes, they coasted along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and vis- ited the Seneca village just at the time Fremin was absent Asget. at Onondaga. After observing the Falls of Niagara. La Salle was seized with a violent fever, which obliged him to septto. return to Montreal. Dollier and Galinec, however, con- tinued their explorations, and visited the country between Lakes Ontario and Erie, of all of which they took possession Pwwnebo talenty in the name of the king. The royal arms were erected, the and a map was prepared showing the new discoveries. Freta h.
* La Salle does not appear to have actually entered the Society of Jesus, Mr. Shen in. ! **** me that Father F. Martin, of Quebec, could not find La Salle's name in the Catalogue4 " Order, all of which he examined. See also Shea's note to his " Early Voyages." .b .: 3. 5.1. 1-01. Faillon, iii., 229, says that La Salle was a " novice," by becoming which he ket bb patrimony.
.
164
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. IV. These events occurred while Talon was yet in France. But the act of possession, drawn up by the Montreal Sul- 1669. pitians, was held to be good evidence of the French title to the countries around Lakes Ontario and Erie."
Jegow'sinn at Lazy Point, on the Dela- ware.
21 May.
2 August. Delaware affairs.
more's clai.n.
Intercourse overland with the Delaware had become so constant, that a grant was obtained in 1668 from Governor Carteret by Peter Jegow, who had been a member of the New Jersey Assembly of that year, to take up the land at " Lazy Point," now known as Burlington, opposite Mattine- cunk, or "Chygoes" Island, and keep a house there for the entertainment of travelers. Lovelace now ordered that all the inhabitants on the Delaware should take out new pat- ents from himself. William Tom, who had come over with Nicolls, and who had served as commissary there, was appointed collector, and families from Maryland were encouraged to settle on the creek near Apoquinimy. This, however, excited the jealousy of the Maryland authorities, and White, their surveyor general, coming to Newcastle, Lord Balti- laid claim " to all the west side of Delaware River, as be- longing to the Lord Baltimore." Maryland also sent per- sons to exercise jurisdiction at the Hoarkill, but none of the inhabitants would submit to it until the matter should be decided in England. Nicolls had written that the ques- tion about the Delaware territory, which was to be trans- ferred to Berkeley and Carteret in exchange for New Jer- sey, would be settled " in some short time ;" and Lovelace 15 October. now dispatched to the duke " the original claim" made by White in behalf of Lord Baltimore by a ship " bound away for London."t
Disaffection had meanwhile appeared among the people on the Delaware. A Swede, whose real name was Marcus
· Faillon, ill., 151, 150, 229, 229, 284-307, 312-314; Col. Doc., ix .. 66, 80, $1, 138, 305. 335, 382, 706, 797, 750 ; Champlain's Map, 1662 ; Relation, 1641, 71, 72; 1663, 4; Hennepin's Desc. de la Louisiane, 2, 3; Charlevoix, ii., 263, 264; Catalogue of Library of Parliament, Canada, p. 1615; Raynal. viii , 145; Kalm, in Pinkerton, xiii., 699; Bancroft, iii., 122, 129, 162 ; Sparks's Life of La Salle, 5-7; Shea's Desc. Miss., S3, 84, 100; note on Washington's Diary, 1753. $20; ante, p. 119; vol. i., p. 341. The statement in Col. Doc., ix., 235, and Doc. list., i., 150, that In Salle visited Niagara, and "established quarters and some settlers there," iu 1668, seems to be a clerical error for 1678.
t Records of U'pland Court, 140, 141: Elizabethtown Bill, 4; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 234. 267, 268. 960 : Col. Doc., ill., 185. 186 ; Col. MISS., xx., 2, 3; S. Hazard, 373, 374, 396 402. 44", 466; Gordon, 22 ; Gazetteer, 112, 113; 8. Smith, 69, 74, 93; ante, p. 150 ; vol. i., 153. It ap- pears that New Jersey was under-tood to be restored to New York, from Newark Town Rec- ords. p. 21, that on 25th July, 1662, the town appointed Crane and Treat "to goe over to York, to advise with Col. Lovelace concerning our standing, whether we are designed to te part of the Duke's colony er not :" compare Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 319.
165
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
Jacobsen, but who pretended to be a son of the famous Crap. IV. Count Königsmark,* went about uttering seditious speech- es, and with Henry Coleman, a Finn, endeavored to excite 1669. an insurrection against the English authority. "They pre- Königy- l'evolt of tended an expectation of some Swedish ships to come and reduce that place." The news reaching New York, Love- lace ordered the arrest of the ringleaders, and the confis- 2 August. cation of Coleman's estate if he should abscond among the Indians. Jacobsen, or " the long Swede," was soon taken, 15 Septet. and kept in custody until he and his associates could be tried by special commission from New York. "For the rest of the poor, deluded sort," added the governor in his Lovelecd's directions to Carr, " I think the advice of their own coun- orders. trymen is not to be despised, who, knowing their temper, could prescribe a method for keeping them in order, which is severity, and laying such taxes on them as may not give them liberty to entertain any other thoughts but how to discharge them."t "I perceive the little Dominet hath played the trumpeter to this disorder. I refer the quality of his punishment to your discretion."
The council at New York ordered that although " the 15 October. long Swede" deserved to die as a rebel, yet, as others were involved with him, he should be whipped, branded, and sold at Barbadoes. Secretary Nicolls and some others were commissioned to go to the Delaware and try the : Nem insurgents. This they did, and brought back to New York & then Jacobsen, the ringleader, in irons, who was temporarily so przer imprisoned in the City Hall. The next month " the long 1670. Swede" was sent to Barbadoes and sold as a slave. Cole- femme. man, his accessary, lived for several years among the In-bart dians, and afterward became a landholder in Delaware.g
Another troublesome person, William Douglas, was sent William Douglas,
* Evelyn, li., 168. 174; Reresby. 130-143; Kennett, ill., 402; Rapin, il., 726; Hargrave's State Trials, ilf., 406.
+ It appears from this that the Swedes themselves advised severity and heavy taxes ar A means of preserving order on the Delaware. Yet Wood (95), Thompson (i., 142), Dunlap (. 121), and Bancroft (ii., $21) give Lovelace the credit of the idea, and seem to make the *prise instructions which he gave to Carr at Newcastle his general principle of government ia New York.
: " The little Domine" here referred to was Laurentius Carolus Lokenins, the Lutheran t.Inf-ter of the Swedish Church at Crane Hook, near Wilmington : ante, p. 1 00; vel. i . p. 241. 696. 016. 334
! Omacil Minutes. ifi., 12-16; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 500, 503-506 : Court of Assizra, !!.. 401. 100. 404: Col. MISS, xx .. 4-9; xxviii., 163; Col. Doc., ill., 186. 343 ; S. Smith, 83. 54, 4. Hazard, 3Th 379 : Dunlap, il., App. cxvii. ; G. Smith's Del. Co., 93.
marke, or " the Long Swede."
166
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
29 Feb'y. " Febr'y. 15 March. Customs the Dela- ware. 22 October.
CuAr. IV. to New York, whence he was banished to New England, and warned not to come again within the duke's territories. 1670. A court was also established at the lloarkill, and Martin Kregier appointed collector of the customs there, which were fixed at ten per cent. This duty, however, was soon abolished, upon condition that liquors were to be sold to the Indians very cautiously, and no prejudice be done to the trade at Newcastle, where Carr was directed to be vig- ilant, and send at once to New York for assistance in case of need."
16 Novem.
Lovelace now accomplished " the most memorable act" of his administration. After the return of Nicolls to Lon- don in the autumn of 1668, Staten Island having been "ad- judged to belong to New York," Lovelace took measures for its settlement, as it was considered " the most commno- diosest seate and richest land" in America. Its chief sach- em, in the summer of 1669, had solemnly renewed the cov- enant between its aborigines and the English and the Iro- 7 April. quois. Several of its sachems, however, insisted that they were " the very true, lawful, and sole Indian owners" of the island, who were told that their predecessors had sold it to Staten Ist- the Dutch. To quiet their claims, satisfactory presents and pur- chu-ed from: the Indian+ f the duke. 13 April.
were promised ; and they accordingly executed a deed by which, for a quantity of wampum, coats, kettles, guns, powder, lead, axes, hoes, and knives, they conveyed to Lovelace, in behalf of the Duke of York, "all that Island lying and being in the Hudson's Rivert - commonly call- ed Staten Island, and by the Indians Aquehonga Manack- nong -- having on the south the Bay and Sandy Point, on the north the River and the City of New York on Manhattan's Island, on the east Long Island, and on the west the main- land of After Coll, or New Jersey." Possession was for- mally given " by turf and twigg;" and it was covenanted that on the first of May in each year the Indians should go to Fort James and acknowledge their sale; which was done.
* Council Minutes, fli., 17, 32 ; Court of Assizes, ii., 475, 611 ; S. Smith, 55, 56; Hazard's Reg. Penn., i., 10; Ann. Penn., 379, 380, 332; Proud, i., 130; Whitehead, 60, note. It seems that Douglas, not liking his banishment into New England, returned to Newcastle in 1672. whence he was sent to New York, and from there was shipped in February, 1673, to Barba- does, to be sold : Gen. Ent .. iv., 244; Council Minutes, iii., 131; S. Hazard, 403.
t By this it appears that the New York Hudson was then understood to encircle Staten Island : in other words, that " the Kills" north of that island were a part of the great IInd- son River.
$ Mass. II. S. Coll , xxxvii., 315, 317 ; Munsell, iv., 9 ; Chalmers's Ann , i., 500 ; Council
1
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167
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
As soon as the river opened, Captain Dudley Lovelace, Cuar. IV. with Cortelyou, Beekman, Beresford, and Pawling, met at 1670.
Kingston, under a commission of the governor, and grant- 17 March. ed lands at Hurley and Marbletown, chiefly to the dis- 30 Marel. charged soldiers, who were required not to sell them for affaire. Esopus three years. Town boundaries were established, local reg- ulations were made, and Beresford was sworn chief officer of Hurley and Marbletown. At the adjournment of the 11 April. commission the laws were read, and an artillery salute was tired "when the president took horse to depart for New York."*
Captain Baker had meanwhile behaved so badly that he was bound over to answer at the Assizes; but the govern- or, finding it "not only difficult, but too tedious" to decide the case at New York, referred it to the Albany magis- Commis- trates, with Delavall and Lovelace as commissioners. The sent to .A !. sionere- latter were instructed, among other things, to make a peace 11 April. hany. between the Mohawks and Mahicans, arrange the garrison, the excise, and the Indian trade, and inform the magis- trates that the governor looked upon the Dutch Church and ministry, which was "found established" by Nicolls and himself, as the parochial church of Albany, which was to be maintained at their discretion, by tax or otherwise, "and that no inhabitant, of what opinion soever, be ex- empt, but bear his proportion."
The result of Baker's case was his dismissal from mili- 1: May. tary employment "at Albany and elsewhere." As his place was one of the most important in the province, the governor promoted Ensign Sylvester Salisbury to fill the !; vacancy, with a commission as lieutenant of infantry; and neleh Dudley Lovelace naturally succeeded to Salisbury's ch- signey on the duke's establishment.+
Minutes, ili., 19-25; Court of Assizea, ii., 51S; Land Papers, i., 34; Patents, iv., 69; Val. Man., 1557, 544-547 ; Hist. Mag., x., 375-377; Dunlap, ii., App. cxviii .; Whitehead. 15, 1 ?. 216; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 41: Col. Doc., ii., 706; ili., 304, 352, 254; ante, p. 149, 150; vol. 1., 13, 202, 203, 525, 641, 642, 602. It does not seem that there could have been a better Eu- r jean title to Staten Island than that now held by the duke as proprietor of New York Yet Carteret's heire afterward suggested that it belonged to New Jersey.
· Court of Assizes, il., 476, 451, 452, 581 ; Col. Mass., xxii., 92, 100; Patente, iii., 43; l'1- ster IL. S. Coll., i., 51, 32; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (18GS), 155.
* Or l., Warr., Lett., ii., 514-516; Court of Assizes, ii., 418, 489, 400, 500; Council Mia . (fi .. 87; Col. MSS., xxii., 78-94, 104; S. Hazard, 373; Munell, iv., 9, 12, 13, 14 ; vit .. 101: A:>t. Mag., iv., 50; i. (ii.), 223 : Val. Man., 1847, 354, 561. After his disgrace Biker app *** to have sought a refuge at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in which he had a joint istores' : CAL Inc., il., 571; ante, p. 42.
168
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. IV.
1670. 27 June. Trading vessels on the Hud- sco Hiver.
The Corporation of New York, jealous of any infringe- ment of the ancient " staple right" of Manhattan, now rep- resented that many vessels not belonging to the province " do frequently go up Hudson's River to Esopus and Al- bany, there to trade and traffic, contrary to former consti- tutions and customs." Lovelace accordingly ordered " that no stranger or strange vessel shall be permitted, from and after the date hereof, to pass up the said River to either of the places aforesaid, there to trade or traffic, upon any pre- tence whatsoever. However, such vessels, unloading their goods in this city, and paying the duties required, the own- ers of such goods have liberty to transport them into these parts in any other vessels belonging to this port, and may go up themselves, with leave to negotiate there, having first obtained the privilege of being free Burghers of this city."*
24 March. New York -
There was, at this time, no exchange or place of meeting for the merchants of New York. Lovelace therefore di- rected that they should come together every Friday, be- Exchange tween eleven and twelve of the clock, at the bridge which crossed the canal.+ The governor also gave by patent, to 10 Feb. Bark mill. Adriaen and Christofell van Laer, the exclusive privilege of maintaining a rasp mill to grind the bark used in tan- ning leather in the city.# Another order of Lovelace di- 19 Angust. rected that " Love Island," in the bay, owned by Isaac Bed- low, alderman, counselor and comptroller of the revenue, should be a privileged place, where persons were free from warrants of arrest.§
Their war with the Mahicans prevented the Mohawks from reaping all the advantage expected from the pres- ence of Pierron and Boniface. Yet many converts were
' Court of Asalzes, il., 550 ; Mun-ell, iv., 18, 19; ante, vol. i., 243, 625.
t Court of Assiz-s, il., 478, 479; Dunlap, ii., App. cxvii .; Hist. Mag., x., SS1. This place was at the corner of the present Bridge and Broad Streets : see Val. Man., 1862, 515, 555. The canal or creek at that time ran up from tide-water through Broad Street as far as "Verletten Berg," or "hindering hill," which the unknowing English, who caught the sound, but not the meaning, nonsensically called " Flattenbarrack Hill," and which is now known as " Exchange Place." It was a favorite sport of New York boys to " coast" on their sledgre from Broadway down the steep descent of Verletten Berg.
$ Court of Assize, il., 471-474; Val. Man., 1851, 401, 102.
$ Court of Assizes, 1 , 576; Dunlap, ii., App. cxvii. Governor Nicolls granted this isl- and to Captain Needham on the 23d of December, 1667, and he sold it to Bedlow, after whom it was named. Bedlow's widow soll it to James Carteret on 20 April, 1676. In 1500 the State ceded to the United States jurisdiction over it, and Ellis or Oyster, and Governor's Idlands in the bay, provided that New York process, civil or criminal, should still continue to be executed on them : Benson's Mem., 121 ; 1 R. L., 1813, 150, 100; Col. MISS., xxv., 102.
170
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1670. French ex- plorations.
3 Septem. Copper mines on Lake Su- perior.
CHAP. IV. Gabriel de la Ribourde, and by some companies of the Carignan regiment. Delighted with the progress of West- ern discovery during his absence, Talon dispatched two "persons of resolution," La Salle, to explore farther in the southwest, and his own deputy, Saint Lusson, to the north- west. They were encouraged by the promise of the king to reward nobly him who should reach the Pacific. Saint Lusson was instructed to go to Lake Superior, and "make search and discovery there for all sorts of mines, particu- larly that of copper ;"# take possession of all the countries through which he might pass, and plant the cross, with the escutcheon of France, in confirmation of the king's domin- ion. The Intendant's deputy was accompanied by the ex- perienced interpreter Nicholas Perrot, who was directed to visit the Northern nations, and invite them to meet, the next spring, at the Falls of Saint Mary, the delegate of the 10 October. Great Onnontio. Talon also sent to Paris the maps and 10 Novem. French project . on Lakes On- tario and Erie. records made by Dollier and Galinée, as evidences of the French title to the regions round Lakes Ontario and Erie, and proposed that a galley should be maintained on Onta- rio to secure the fur trade, as the English at Boston, and the Dutch at New York, now drew to themselves more than twelve thousand livres of beaver " trapped by the In- dians in the countries subject to the King."+
The movements of the French among the Iroquois were 3 October. reported to Lovelace, who wrote to Secretary Williamson Jealousy of Lovelace. that four Jesuits, with their servants, in all eleven, had "set- tled themselves on this side the Lake of Irecoies. They pretend it is no more but to advance the kingdom of Christ, when it is to be suspected it is rather the kingdom of his most Christian Majesty." The "legionary soldiers" whom Louis was sending over might be dangerous to the English Plantations, and should be looked after in Europe.
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