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180
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Cuar. IV. selves to make the others take up arms whenever we please."#
1671. 11 March. Colbert's orders to
When he wrote to Talon, Colbert also instructed Cour- celles that he need not visit the Iroquois, and, as troops Courcelles. could not be sent from France, he and the Intendant might do as they thought best on Lake Ontario. This piqued the governor, whom Talon had represented as being slug- gish. He therefore determined to make a showy voyage up the Saint Lawrence; to strike terror into the Senecas and other remote tribes ; to establish a post which would prevent the Iroquois -- who had exhausted the country south of Lake Ontario, and were now hunting elk and beaver among the Hurons and Ottawas-from taking their peltries to the Dutch and English ; and to ascertain wheth- er a colony near the foot of Lake Ontario would not aid fu- ture explorations of his countrymen toward the Mississippi. A large plank bateau was accordingly built at Montreal, in which Courcelles proposed to ascend the Rapids of the Saint Lawrence, to convince the savages-who thought that their own light bark canoes could alone perform the feat-" that the French could accomplish something they were incapable of." In spite of all sneers, a flat-boat of two or three tons burthen was loaded with provisions, and thirteen Indian canoes carried the rest of the expedition, which was fifty-six men in all. Courcelles embarked at La Chine, accompanied by Perrot, the governor of Mon- treal, and other French officers, and by the Sulpitian Fa- ther Dollier - who had already visited Ontario with La Salle-as chaplain. With great labor the heavy bateau was dragged up the several rapids as far as " Otondiata," now called Grenadier Island, a few leagues above Ogdens- burg. There it was left under a guard, while Courcelles went in his bark canoe through "beautiful tranquil waters almost without a ripple," past the "Thousand Islands," to the mouth of Lake Ontario, which appeared " like an open sea without any bounds." Charles le Moyne, the inter-
3 June. Cour- celles's voyage to Lake On- tario. 10 June.
11 June,
* Col. Doc., Ix., 72, 73, 27, 304, 333, 626, 790, S03, S04: Relation, 1671, 96-28, 31, 35, 42, 43; La Potherie, il., 121-130 ; Charlevoix, il., 234-238 ; Hist. Mag., ix., 206; Bancroft, iii., 154, 155; Faillon, lil., 507, SOS; Shea's Missions, 361-365; Disc. of Miss., 62. On this visit, Per- rot appears to have discovered the long-talked of Ontonagon copper mines near Keewena Point, on Lake Superior, which Colbert and Talon were so anxious to find out, and which have since developed such wonderful riches : see Relation, 1001, 8; 1670, 53-56; 1071, 25; 1072, 2; ante, 170.
181
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
preter, soothed by judicious presents the jealousy of some' CHAP. IV. Iroquois who were catching eels, which abounded there ; and letters were sent by them to the missionaries, direct- 1671. 12 June. ing that the reasons of Courcelles's voyage should be pub- lished in the several villages. After enjoying the aston- ishment of the savages at the sight of his heavy bateau tri- 13 June. umphantly reposing at Otondiata, the governor safely de- scended the rapids; and in three days reached Montreal 15 June. without the loss of a man. The flat-boat of Courcelles was the first European-built vessel which ever accomplish- ed the adventure, now safely performed every summer's day in vast steamers, guided by the confidence of prac- ticed skill. The effect of the expedition was at once ap- Effect of parent. Several of the missionaries, on their return from celles's ex. the Iroquois country, reported that it had alarmed the ! cantons so much that they recalled their warriors from an gueis. expedition against the Andastes, and resolved to send an embassy the next spring to learn from Onnontio the rea- sons of his voyage, and what they must now expect."
Conr- pedition on
The influence of Courcelles's expedition was not con- Effect of fined to the savages. Exaggerated accounts of it were cell "sev. Cour- sent to New York, where a panic broke out, and some pre- New York. Pedition : pared to move away before the French could reach them. Lovelace, returning in haste from Staten Island, where he was looking for a mill-seat on his farm, wrote to Delavall & Juty. at Albany that, as there was peace in Europe, Courcelles would not dare to " commence a warr on his own head." A fortnight afterward, the governor, having appointed Steenwyck to act in his absence, left the fort in charge of 1/ 3dy. Manning, and went up to Albany. Various arrangements were made for its better government. Deputies from the e Aug at. several Iroquois nations having arrived there, peace was mana tir Pesce le made between them and the Mahicans ; which, however, sat MAL .. proved to be as annoying to the French as it was welcome to the English.t
* Col. Doc., ix., 70, 71, 75-$5, 96 ; x., 349 ; Relation, 1671, 2; Charlevoix, il., 1SS, 120, 191; v., 456 ; Gent. Mag., xxvii., 74; Sauthier's Map in Doc. Hist., i .; ante, 162. Charlevoix efronently dates Courcelles's voyage in 1670 instead of 1671. It was my good fortune to Herover, in the Royal Library at Paris, the original and very interesting account of this arraen, by Dollier, of which a translation is printed in N. Y. Col. Doc., is., 75-55: He also 1 % !! . n. iil., 331-336.
1 Cart of As-izes, il., 739; Gen. Ent .. iv., 10, 282-931; Mansell, iv., 21, 24-26 : Relativa, :471, 17; 1672, 21; Faillon, ili., 826 ; Douniol, 1., 4, 5 ; Shea, SS1; Mass. H. S. Coff, 4, 10);
182
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Cuar. IV.
1671. 0 March. North Hiv-
Notwithstanding the orders of the previous year, vessels not belonging to the city of New York continually went up the North River to trade at Esopus and Albany; and the governor, on the complaint of the metropolitan burghers, renewed the prohibition, with directions to the custom- house officers to take a strict account. As a special favor, Counselor Willett's sloop was declared a privileged vessel, although it had not been built in the province. Isaac Grevenraet, who had just been appointed to succeed Beek- man, as sheriff of Esopus, was directed to keep an account of all vessels coming there."
12 July.
According to the Duke's laws, the high-sheriff of York- shire was to be appointed every year from each of the rid- ings in turn. Warned by the recent exhibitions of the temper of the Long Island people, Lovelace thought that this office should now be held by one of his own immedi- ate dependents. He accordingly commissioned Captain John Manning in place of Robert Coe. The captain, who had been sheriff of the metropolis since 1667, was succeed- ed in that office by Allard Anthony.t
7 Septem. Manning high-sher- iff of York- shire.
13 Noven Fordham patent in West- chester.
John Archer, of Westchester, having purchased a part of the old estate of Van der Donck, built a new village "near unto the passage commonly called Spiting Devil;" the place being "the road for passengers to go to and fro from the main, as well as for mutual intercourse with the neighboring colony" of Connecticut. Lovelace therefore mnade Archer's property an enfranchised township, with the usual immunities, by the name of the Manor of Fordham, upon condition that its inhabitants should always send for- ward to the next town all public packets and letters com- ing to New York, or going thence to any of Ilis Majestie's colonies.
The Peace of Breda brought advantage to the banished New Netherland Counselor, John de Decker, whom the
Colden, 1, 35; Col. Doc., ii., 580. It is a hardly excusable blunder in Dunlap, i., 125, 126, to make Lovelace go to Albany in 1671, to meet Kendall and Littleton, of Virginia, who did not visit that place until September, 1679 : Colden, i., 42, 43.
* Court of Assizes, ii., 559, 657, 639, 660; Gen. Ent., iv., 3; Val. Man., 1SC0, 540; Val. N. Y., 72, 153; Munsell, iv., 18, 21, 22; ante, 163.
t Court of Assizes. il., 051; Gen. Ent., iv., 26, 201: Council Min., iii., 143; C. Wolley, SO; Val, Man., 1553, 328, 820; N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 3S5; Wood, 150; Thompson, i., 294; ante, 70, 15S.
# Patents, iv., 79-$2 ; Bolton, li., 179, 320-322; Col. Doc., ili., 303; ante, vol. i., 421, 561; ii., 124, note.
881
183
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
Duke of York referred to Lovelace for the redress of any Cuar. IV. grievances he might have suffered. De Decker's case was accordingly considered by the governor, who gave him, as 9.j 1671. January. a peace-offering, a tract of land on Staten Island. The De Deck. settlement of Deckertown, in Sussex County, New Jersey, er's case. perpetuates the name of Stuyvesant's honest, and perhaps too patriotic commissioner."
Perhaps the most interesting domestic transaction of this year was the purchase by Lovelace of the greater part of " the Domine's Bouwery," or about sixty-two acres of land, between the present Warren and Christopher Streets, in the city of New York, which had formerly been in the possession of the Dutch Domine Everardus Bogardus and his widow. This property had been confirmed to their heirs, by Nicolls, in 1667. It adjoined the old West India Company's farm, which the duke now held by virtue of its confiscation by Nicolls. But in the spring of 1671 several 9 March: of the heirs of Bogardus and his wife sold the old domine's vi the estate to Lovelace, who appears to have held it for some Bammerv" time in his own right. It was afterward vested in the lice. by Love- Duke of York, and then in the crown; and, by a curious train of events, the original Bouwery of the Dutch clergy- man of Manhattan at length made part of the estate now enjoyed by the corporation of Trinity Church.+
Purchase " Domioe',
The new year was marked by an impressive local event. 1672. Since his return from Holland, Stuyvesant had remained for four years quietly at his " Bouwery," taking no part in public affairs. Having made his will, the veteran cahaly died at the age of eighty years, and was buried in a vault february under the little chapel he had built near his country house. Harry. Thath of Crowded thoroughfares now surround the spot where his ashes rest ; and a pear-tree from the fatherland, planted by his own hands, until recently put forth its annual foliage, amid the hum of busy multitudes .;
· Court of Assizes, ii., 635, 636; N. Y. Surr. Rec. Wills, i., 52, 53; Val. Man., 1517, 309, 070; O'Call., ii., 305; Gordon's Gaz. of N. J., 127; ante, 46.
t Rec. Clerk's Off., City and County of N. Y. ; Val. Man., 1855, 531, 532; 1800, 545; Val- estine's N. Y., 132; Sandford's Chancery Rep., iv., 633, 726; Paige. iv., 178; Hoffman's Treatise, i., 116, 117 ; ii., 180-152; Col. Doc., iii., 226; ante, vol. i., 266; ii., SO.
: N. Y. HI. S. Coll. i. (if.), 899, 400, 454: N. Y. Surr. Rec. Wills, i. ; Smith, i., 33 ; Dunlap, L, 11>: Thompson, i., 129, note; Val. Man., 1852, 413 ; 1861, 532; Barber and Howe's N. Y. Call., 632. The pear-tree, surrounded by an iron railing, stood at the corner of Third Vyr- Ane and Thirteenth street. until it was destroyed in February, 1867. The io-criptben c4 the tablet In the wall of Saint Mark's Church, over the vault in which Stuyvesant was
184
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. .
CHAP. IV.
1672. 8 March. Lovelace visits the Delaware. 12 March,
17 May.
Affairs on the Delaware requiring his personal attention, Lovelace set out overland, with an escort of horse, under the command of Captain Nicolls. Passing in great state from Neversink through New Jersey, he crossed the Dela- ware at Jegow's new house, near Mattinicunk Island, and reached Newcastle. On his return to New York, New- castle was incorporated as a bailiwick; English laws were established on the Delaware; and the officers at the Hoar- kill were directed to oppose all pretenses of the Maryland authorities, and obey only the orders of the Duke of York's governor, " until His Majesty's or His Royal Highness's pleasure be signified to the contrary.""
26 Febr'y. Military arrange- ments in New Yor 24 April.
Rumors of a new war in Europe now made Lovelace take special care for the defense of New York. A third company of foot was organized in the city, which Martin Kregier was commissioned to command. A volunteer troop of horse was also raised, of which Cornelis Steen- wyck was appointed captain, Dudley Lovelace lieutenant, and Gabriel Minvielle cornet ; and the new forces were ordered to be ready for the next General Training in May.t
There was need of precaution. Charles the Second dis- liked the Triple Alliance; he hated the Dutch, who had burned his ships at Chatham; he wanted money for his pleasures, and was restive under the restraint of the House of Commons. The Duke of York, who had become a Ro- man Catholic, encouraged his brother to carry on a clan- destine negotiation with Louis, and a secret treaty was signed between them in May, 1670, by which, among other things, the King of England agreed to profess the Roman faith, and join the King of France in making war against the Protestant Dutch Republic. In return for this, Charles was to receive enough money from Louis to make him in- dependent of Parliament. Another treaty was openly ne- gotiated in January, 1671, by which it was stipulated that England was to annex Zealand, and France all the other Dutch provinces except Holland, which was to be the
England and France unite against the Dutch.
buried, erroncon-ly states that he died in " August, A.D. 1682," instead of February, 1672. An epitaph on Stuyvesant. written by Domine Selyne, is in Murphy's Anthology of New Netherland1, 160.
* Council Min., ill., 92, 23. 94. 97; Gen. Ent .. iv., 110-114, 184; Col. MISS., xx., 26-35; S. Hazard, 505-SOT, 4Mi; ME. Bill, 4 : Bancroft, il. 319; ants, 164.
+ Gen. Ent., iv., 105, 125; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., SO; arte, vol. i., 031, 605, 712, 724.
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£
185
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
share of the Prince of Orange if he would come into the CusP. IV. arrangement. William-who had been declared entitled to precedence next after the Duke of York, " as nephew to 1672. Ilis Majesty, and a grandchild of England"-was invited Prince of William, to London, where his birthday was celebrated with extra- Orange. ordinary pomp. A marriage between him and his beauti- ful cousin Mary was projected. But the Dutch prince was not to be bought. "The King of England," wrote Colbert de Croissi from London, to Louis, in December, 1670, "is much satisfied with the parts of the Prince of Orange. But he finds him so passionate a Dutchman and Protest- ant, that even although your Majesty had not disapproved of his trusting him with any part of the secret, those two reasons would have hindered him." Temple was now re- called from the Hague, and in July, 1671, was replaced by Downing, the mean-spirited enemy of Holland. It was agreed that the Dutch should mainly be fought by England at sea, and by France on land. To obtain money for equip- ping his fleet, Charles adopted the iniquitous expedient, ? Jan'y. foreseen by Ashley, suggested by Clifford, and recommend- Exchequer English ed by the "Cabal," of closing the English Exchequer, and closed. seizing the moneys loaned to the nation by its confiding creditors .*
With characteristic perfidy, the English captured the Dutch Smyrna fleet, which was coming home, unconscious of danger. "No clap of thunder on a fair day," wrote Temple, " could more astonish the world." But the cap- tors received "little save blows, and a worthy reproach." 3 Mars A few days afterward Charles declared war against the # My Dutch ; and Louis soon followed. The young Prince of : Ate. Orange was made captain general of the Dutch army ; but ant Fix !* their navy was intrusted to the veteran skill of De Ruyter. noi.n.t James, Duke of York, and Lord High Admiral of England,
' Temple, i., 463; ii., 173, 178, 180, 181, 251 ; Reresby, 18; Dalrymple, i., 42-47, 96-120 ; (larke's James II., i., 440 -- 457 ; Courtenay's Temple, i., 271, 335-352, 415; it, 451; Bas- nagy, il., 59, 60, 98-107, 110, 116-119, 133-141, 182-192: Kennett, iii., 279, 284; Burnet, i., 50-508: Rapin, ii., 655, 656, 660 -. 662; Anderson, ii., 522: Evelyn, il., 76; Davies, ill., 11- Sở; Lavallée, iii., 219, 220; Martin, i., 306-319 : Lingard, xii., 239-976, 869-380 ; Hume, vi .. 433-440, 445-41S: Mackintosh, 314-319; Macaulay, i., 204-216; King's Life of Locke, 35, 54: Campbell's Chancellors, iii., 305. It has been commonly supposed that the word "( ... til" was derived from the initiale of Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauder- Auto, who were the ministers of Charles the Second in 1672. But that term was used in Lu- Mand as early as 1665, to signify what is generally called " the Cabinet :" Pepys, li., 21 :; EL, 029; ante, 5.
186
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. IV. commanded its fleet, while the French ships were led by 1672. 25 May. 7 June. Battle of Solebay. D'Estrees. De Ruyter quickly attacked the combined En- glish and French fleet lying in Southwold Bay, or Solebay, on the coast of Suffolk. A bloody, but indecisive action followed. The Duke of York was attended on board his flag-ship by Colonel Richard Nicolls, his late governor of Death of New York, who was killed by an avenging Dutch cannon Neolls and Wren. ball. The duke's secretary, Matthew Wren, was mortally wounded at his side. The Dutch had the advantage; and the French prudently looked on while the naval rivals de- stroyed each other. Yet all this carnage was caused, said the calm and candid English Evelyn, "for no provocation but that the Hollanders exceeded us in industry, and in all things but envy."*
30 July. 1671. 4 April. 26 May. New Plan- tation Council in England. 21 Junc. 3 August.
In the mean time, Charles, " very intent" about the set- 1670. tlement of his American colonies, had appointed a new Council for Foreign Plantations, and made the Duke of York and others, of whom one was John Evelyn, addition- al members. The first inquiry of the council was into the condition of the "peevish and touchy" colonies in New England. Colonel Cartwright, Nicolls's old colleague, gave the council " a considerable relation of that country ;" and it was determined to send new commissioners, with secret instructions, to ascertain whether those colonies were able 12 August. to resist the king and " declare for themselves as independ- ent of the crown."
1672.
12 Feb'y.
3 July.
The Dutch war, however, postponed action on this point; although orders were sent to the plantations that none of their ships should venture home without convoys; and it was considered who would be fit commissioners to go to New England. The affairs of New York were also no- ticed. Dissatisfied with Lovelace's government, Easthamp- ton, Southampton, and Southold represented to the king that they were more heavily taxed than his subjects in New England, were not represented by " deputys in Court,"
· Basnage, il., 192-900 : Sylvius, i., 191-208, 243-240 ; Clarke's James II., !. , 456-451; Evelyn, i., 335, 402 ; il., 75, 76, 80, 82 ; Pepys, il., 361; iv., 235; Kennett, iii., 285, 287, 258; Rapin, if., 662-664; Lyson's Mag. Britt., i., 39; Davies, iii., 90-104 ; Lingard, xii., 265-283 : Ilume, vi., 449-456; Anderson, il., 522; Martin, 1., 327, 328. In the Ampthill Church, Bedfordshire, England, is a mural monument to Richard Nicolls, on which is represented a cannon ball, with the inscription " Instrumentum mortis et immortalitatis." A copy of Nicolla's epitaph is in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc. for 1844, p. 117. It is a curious coincidence thas the conqueror, Niculls, should have followed Stuyvesant to the grave within a few months.
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187
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR.
and were obliged to obey laws imposed by others, who in- CHAP. IV. sulted over them, and threatened to cut down their timber. As they had purchased their lands from Lord Stirling's 1672. The Long deputy, and had formerly been under Connecticut, they Island prayed that they might " be continued under the Govern- tion disre- ment and. Patent of Mr. Winthrop, or else that they may England. garded in be a free corporation as ITis Majesties subjects." The king referred the petition to the Plantation Council for a report, and directed that notice should be given to the Duke of York's connmissioners that they might attend when it should be considered. The council accordingly read Lord 19 July. Stirling's conveyances, on which the petitioners relied ; but as the whole of Long Island was clearly within the Duke of York's patent, no farther action appears to have been taken .*
The next autumn the supervision of trade and com- 27 Septen. merce was added to the former functions of the Plantation Council. Of this new council the versatile Ashley, recent- ly created Earl of Shaftesbury, was made president; and, through his influence, John Locke, "an excellent learned 24 October gentleman and student of Christ Church," at Oxford, Was Evelyn in Locke and appointed its secretary, while Jolm Evelyn continued to be the En- glish Plan- a member. The first business of the council was to warn Council. tatiun the governor of Jamaica of a design of the Dutch against that island.t
Meanwhile the king had directed Lovelace to take care 10 March. that all ships bound for Europe should sail in company, in tions in the Precau- March, June, and September, that an additional battery American English should be made at New York, and that the whole govern- dex !. ment should be put in a condition of defense. As soon as war was declared, the several colonies were warned against : Ap:b. the private men-of-war which were being prepared in Hol- land and Zealand, and were directed to take effectual pre- cautions for their own safety, as well as to seize all Dutch ships and property within their territories.t
When the king's letter reached Lovelace, prompt meas-
· Col. Doc., ill., 21, 22, 190-193, 197, 10S; Sainsbury, 1, 208; Evelyn, il., 60, 62-06, : :; Palfrey, fil., 23, 273, 274 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxii., 2S5; xxxvii., 316; ante, 158.
1 Col. Doc, ilf., 228; Evelyn, ii., 83, 85, 86; Anderson, il., 522, 523; Palfrey, if., 33. Tørke gave up his secretaryship when his patron, Shaftesbury, quarreled with the court in A .vaiaber, 1673. King's Life of Locke (Bohn's ed.), 34: Evelyn, il., 74, 94 95; post, p. 210. : Evelyn, il., 74; Council Min., iii., 99, 100; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 559, 560.
representa-
9
188
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1672. 24 May. 30 May. Lovelace's action in New York. 24 June. 3 July. 11 July.
CHAP. IV. ures were taken for defense. Younge, at Southold, was warned to be on his guard. Instead of a compulsory tax, a contribution, or " benevolence" from each town, was asked by the governor for the repair of Fort James. Thomas Lovelace, High-sheriff Manning, Allard Anthony, Captain Richard Morris." Thomas Gibbs, and Francis Rombouts were appointed commissioners to receive and expend the moneys collected. On the king's declaration of war coming to hand, it was proclaimed at the Fort Gate and the City Hall, and the fortifications vigorously pushed forward. Counselors Delavall and Steenwyck were dis- patched to put Albany in a state of defense. Already the commerce of New York suffered; and Lovelace's own ship, the " Good Fame," with three others belonging to the port, were seized in Holland.+
6 July.
1S July.
The restriction of the navigation of the Hudson to New York vessels brought up an interesting question. Massa- chusetts had insisted, in 1659, that her territory extended as far as the Hudson, and Stuyvesant had distinctly reject- ed her claim. But the Massachusetts governor now wrote 13 March. Territorial question between New York and Ma-sa- chusetts. 8 August. to Lovelace, desiring that her boundary might be settled, and free passage up and down the Hudson be allowed to her people. This letter was brought to New York by John Paine, of Boston, who was interested in the Massachusetts grant of 1659. Lovelace, however, declined to recognize any rights claimed by Massachusetts, which ought to have been settled by the royal commissioners; and he referred the whole subject to the Duke of York. On his re- 23 October. turn to Boston, Paine obtained the grant of a tract of land ten miles square, "at or near Hudson's River," and free trade with the Indians forever. But, as Massa- 1673, chusetts vessels could not navigate that river, and " be- 7 May. cause a hill of a vast extent impedes the passage to that
" Captain Richard Morris died soon after this, leaving an only son, Lewis; and adminis- tration of his estate was granted to Secretary Nicolls and others, by whom word was sent to Lewis Morris, of Barbadoes, an elder brother of the deceased : N. Y. Surr. Rec. Wills, 1., 173; Bolton, iL. 257, 288 : Col. Doc., if., 595, 617 ; ante, 140, note.
t Council Min., ill., 99, 100, 103, 114, 115; Gen. Ent., iv., 57, 159, 148, 149, 156, 161, 165, 170: Col. MISS., xxii., 130, 134; Thompson, i., 150; Col. Doc., iii., 185; ante, 152. The declaration of war against the Dutch was proclaimed at Boston on the 25th of May, 1072, the first instance of such a measure; Connecticut called a special court for 26 June, and Rhode Island took similar precautions : Mass. Rec., iv. (it.), 517 ; Hutch., 1., 283, 284; Coll., 441; Palfrey, iii., 120; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 180-153, 559-501; Mass. II. S. Coll, xxx., 52, 83; R. I. Rec., il., 461-464.
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