USA > New York > History of the state of New York. Vol. II, Pt. 1 > Part 36
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The next weck Andros sailed for Sandy Hook, accom- 27 May.
* Col. Doc., iii, 258, 250, 266, 267; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 2S7, 2SS; Whitmore's Andros,
13, 20; Macaulay, i., 248, 390, 580 ; iv., 249; antr, $2, 290-292.
t Col. Doc., iii., 215, 280, 260, 268; ante, ST, 202. The first part of the Duke of York's Admiralty Commission to Andros (in Latin) is recorded in N. Y. Patents, iv., 146-153. The record is not complete, nor does the date appear ; but it is entered next after a local patent, dated 20th October, 1078.
eion in Ad-
318
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VII. panied by several residents of New York, among whom
Andros re- turna to New York.
1678. were William Pinhorne, James Graham, and John West. all of whom became prominent in the affairs of the prov- ince. The Reverend Charles Wolley, a recent graduate of Cambridge University, whom the duke had appointed chaplain to the forces in New York, also came out with the governor. After a nine weeks' voyage Andros reach- ed port, and the next day landed in the metropolis .*
7 August.
S August.
8 August. Albany The first business of Andros, on resuming his govern- trade. ment, was to order that none but New Yorkers should trade at Albany. The commissioners for Indian affairs there, having complained of the French intrigues among 22 .August. the Mohawks, were also directed to do every thing to en- courage the New York savages.t
flour.
Another measure, necessary to help the provincial trade, was met by remonstrances from Albany, Esopus, and other inland towns. The previous direction that all flour ex- Bolting of ported from the city of New York should be bolted fine, and the barrels branded, appears to have been evaded, and the reputation of its great staple was jeoparded in foreign 24 August. ports. The Council therefore ordered that no inland towns should " trade over sea," and that no flour should be inspected within the province except in the metropolis. Honest manufacture was thus secured; and, for some Condition of the me- tropolis. years, " no bad commodity was suffered to go out." At this time the city contained three hundred and forty-three houses, each of which, on the average, had ten inhabitants, making its whole population three thousand four hundred Population and ship- ping. and thirty. There belonged to the metropolis three ships, seven boats, and eight sloops. Four hundred beeves were killed for its yearly supply. The whole revenue of the province was about two thousand pounds. But, from the time of the metropolitan flour-law, the revenue of the city, as well as that of the proprietor, began to improve .;
An interesting incident now occurred. After his theo- logical defeat in 1676, Leisler went to trade in Dela-
* C. Wolley's Journal (Gowans's ed., 1860), 10. 21, 65, 63, 69, 70; Dankers and Sluyter, 14S; Col. Doc., iii .. 271, 803, 057, 716; iv., 847: General Entries, xxxii., 1 ; ante, 45, note. t Col. MISS., xxvii., 175, 187 ; Council Min., ili. (ii.), 179, 180; Col. Doc., nii., 315.
$ Warrants, Ord., Passes, ill., 40, 287; Col. MSS., xxvi., 147; xxviii., 3. 78, S3, 95. 99 ; xxix., 20, 32; Col. Doc., iii., $15, 30S, 797 ; iv., 333, 375. 461, 1103; v., 57; Minutes of Com- mon Council, i., 143. i. : Dunlap. il., App., exlvii. ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 507. 509; Vil- entine's New York, 180: compare Andros, in Col. Doc., iii., 260-262, and ante, 313.
318
319
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
ware, Maryland, and Virginia, and afterward sailed in his CuAp. VII. " Fincke" for Europe, with several other New Yorkers. On their way they were taken by the Turks, whose cor- 1678. sairs commanded the ocean, and Andros at once ordered 17 August. "that a brief be granted for the Church officers (and favor of Letter in recommended by the ministers) to collect the benevolence the Turks. captives by of well-disposed persons in this Government toward the redemption of these captives." This was an imitation of the familiar practice in England, where such letters are usually issued by the sovereign. The appeal was effectual, and the captives were soon redeemed; Leisler paying two thousand pieces of eight (or Spanish dollars) for his own ransom .*
Pursuant to his new commission and the duke's special warrant, Andros now appointed the mayor, Stephanus van 5 October. Cortlandt, to be judge, and the aldermen of the city of Court in New York to be assistants of the Provincial Court of Ad- miralty. Samuel Leete, the city clerk, was likewise ap- pointed register, and Sheriff Thomas Ashton the marshal of the court. This organization substantially existed for several years, the mayor of the city, for the time being, al- ways receiving a commission as judge in Admiralty.+
Affairs in Pemaquid seemed now to require the govern- Pemaquid or's presence; but, by the advice of his Council, Andros afinirs. deferred going thither until the spring. Knapton, his commandant at Fort Charles, had diligently exeented his instructions, to the discontent of Massachusetts; a vessel belonging to which had been seized for illegally trading within the duke's territories. It was accordingly ordered 23 August. in Council that the former regulations should continue in force, and that " no Indian trade be admitted at Pemaquid but from and to this place, to prevent inconvenience."}
On the Delaware, Billop, the commandant, had miscon- ducted himself, so that Andros was obliged to order him 3 septem.
* Ord., Warr., Pa-se, ili., 219; Council Min., ili. (ii.), 178; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 05; Col. MISS., xxvii., 179, 189; xxviii., 26, 27, 30; xlix., 138; Mass. Bec , v., 28) : Col. Doc., ill., 717; Doc. Hist., ii., 2; iii., 253; Laws of Maryland, 1681. A surplus of this collection remained after the captives were redeemed, and this Andros directed to be applied toward the build- ing of a new Dutch Church in New York : Col. Doc., ill., 717.
1 Minutes of Common Council, i., 122, 124 : Gen. Ent., xxxii., 4; Col. Doc., iii., 268; Dun- lap, ii., App , cxxviii. : Daly's Sketch, 30, 51. D. Javall having succeeded Van Cortlandt as mayor on 14 October, 1673, was commissioned judge in Admiralty in his place.
$ Col. Doc., ill., 272; Council Min., iii (ii.), 180, 151 ; Col. MISS .. xxvii., 2, 5, 63, 64, 125, 126, 143 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxviii., 398; Pemaquid Papers, 9-14, 15, 16, 23-33; ante, 310.
Admiralty
New York.
320
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VII. back to New York, leaving Alricks in charge. On huis re- turn to the capital, Billop was dismissed his military em- 1678. Delaware affairs. 24 Septem. ployment, for " extravagant specchies in public," at the Cus- tom-house. This action of Andros was approved by the 1679. duke, who ordered the vacant commission of lieutenant in 10 March. the regular service to be given to Salisbury ; and Billop re- tired to his plantation on Staten Island to nurse his anger against the governor."
1678. Notwithstanding his experience at New York, Fenwick, on his return to Salem, persisted in acting as an independ- ent proprietor. He was complained of to the Council, who 2º May. Fenwick's case. directed "that, according to his parole, he forbear the as- suming any power of government to himself on the east side of Delaware River, or any where else in those parts." 3 June. This he refused to do, alleging that he was answerable only to the king, and was again arrested and sent to New York. His case was considered by the Council, which de- 22 August. nied his appeal to the king, but referred him to the judg- ment of the Court of Assizes. This being adverse, the October. governor appointed six commissioners to act at Elsingburg, or Salem, in subordination to the court at Newcastle. The 28 October. Newcastle court was also instructed to take care that the inhabitants of the east side of Delaware River " be not dis- turbed in their possession upon any pretence whatsoever by the said Major Fenwick, or others."+
24 July.
5 Sept.
The governor's attention was quickly called to the rela- tions between New York and New England. The commis- sioners of the three Eastern United Colonies, meeting at Hartford, complained to him of the "frivolous answers" which their agents, Ely and Wayte, had received from the Mohawks at their recent visit to Albany. Andros re- 25 Sept. New York and New England colonies. proved them for treating surreptitiously with the New York Indians, but offered to give full liberty to talk with the savages " through the government," and proposed a . meeting at New Haven "to advise on the matter," if it be "necessary for the public good of these colonies." Leete 9 October. and Allyn, on behalf of Connectient, thought the proposed
' Col. Doc., iii., 276, 284, 350, 256; Col. MISS., xxvii., 9, 11 ; xxviii., 13; Council Min . ifi. (ii.), 185; S. Hazard, 443-458; Newcastle Rec. ; Upland Rec. ; Chalmers, i., 363, 815; An- derson's Col. Ch., ii., 395; ante, 306.
t Council Min., ill. (ii.), 1S0; 'S. Hazard, 452-450 ; N. J. Hist. Soc. Proc., ii., 12-21; Col. MSS., xx., 145, 140, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155, 150; xxvil., 106; xxviii., 1; un'e, 502, 306.
:
321
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
meeting " will little avail," and that the conferences at Al- CHAP. VII. bany, if not known to Andros, had been with the "privity and allowance" of Salisbury, his subordinate there .* 1678.
In his letters to Secretary Blathwayt, Andros dwelt on the relations between the duke's province and its eastern neighbors, and insisted that troubles with the savages must be expected "so long as each petty colony hath, or as- 16 Sept. sumes, absolute power of peace and warr, which cannot be managed by such popular governments ; as was evident by the late Indian wars in New England." He charged the Puritan colonies with making the New York Indians " lie, 12 October. if not insolent, which they never were afore; nor did I plaints of Com- ever make treaty with, bat dealt with them as being un- England. Andros to der, or part of the Government." All his hope now was, "regulations and orders from the king, as the only means to keep us well in peace, and preserve or defend us of wars." These opinions had much effect in England, where measures for the reform of the Massachusetts corporation were at this moment under consideration.t
Jacob Milborne, who, after his theological trouble in 1676, had left the province in November, 1677, now re- turned, on his way to Boston, where his brother William was an Anabaptist preacher. Behaving himself " scandal- ously and reproachfully in relation to the Government," he was desired to attend the governor, " to give an account of 26 Decem. his coming," as was the usual custom. But Milborne r'c- Jacob Mil- Case of fused, saying that " he had nothing to do with the Govern- borne. or or Government." Mayor Delavall accordingly brought him before the Council, who, finding him to be " a trouble- some and mutinous person," committed him to the sheriff. º7 Decem. The next day Milborne was set at liberty, and soon after- ward returned to London, where he annoyed Andros.}
* Gen. Ent., xxxii., 1; Col. Doc., iii., 273-276; Col. MISS., xxvii., 154, 155, 160, 167, 163; Col. Rec. Conn., ili., 258, 250, 490, 491, 494, 495, 503 ; Mass. Rec., v., 209, 300; ante, 312. t Col. Doc., ili., 272, 276. Blathwayt, who had been secretary to Sir William Temple in Holland, raised himself from humble circumstances, and was "a very proper, handsome person, very dexterous in business :" Temple, ii., 140, 176, 201; Evelyn, ii., 279.
# Col. Doc., ill., 277, 300, 301, 552, 621, CS ); Doc. Hist., ii., 42; Col. MISS., xxvi., 139; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 13; ante, 196, note, 300. Andros's warrant of 27 December, 1678, di- rected Sheriff Ashton to take into his custody Jacob Milborne, " for clamoring and writing scurrilously against the magistracy and government of this place, particularly at his going off in November, 1075, and afore and since, without any complaint or known cause given, and now being arrived in the Beaver as a passenger to Boston, and upon examination by and before the Governor concerning the above, showing no cause or reason for his so doing, but giving further occasion by his comport."
II .- X
322
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CBAr. VIL
1078.
12 May. Canadian affairs.
The English claim of sovereignty over the Iroquois. which Andros had asserted in the spring of 1677. sou-ed Louis. In the unsettled condition of European politie -. the French king could not take a decided stand about hi- interests in America. Nevertheless, he wrote to Fronte- nac, " I am well pleased to learn that you have always maintained my authority in the different treaties you have made with the Iroquois and other Indian tribes ;-- and in regard to the pretension of the English Major General [Andros], my intention is that you always contribute what- ever lies in your power to maintain peace between the two nations, without, however, allowing any thing to be under- taken against the countries under my dominion." In the same spirit, Colbert instructed Duchesnau that French ex- plorations toward Hudson's Bay were advantageous for the king's service, " in order to be able to contest the title thereto of the English, who pretend to take possession of it, although it lies within the limits of the countries apper- taining to the Crown.""
15 May. Hudson's Yay.
La Salle again in l'aris.
La Salle had meanwhile satisfied Colbert that a great trade might be established for the benefit of France in buffalo skins-called by the Spaniards "Cibola," after the town of that name on the Gila-one of which he brought to Paris as a sample, and from which hats were soon made "as beautiful as those from beaver." The only difficulty was that of transportation, for these skins were too bulky to be profitably carried in canoes through the Ottawa and the Saint Lawrence to Quebec. They must be shipped to Rochelle by a more direct route. La Salle therefore peti- tioned the king to let him " go and discover the mouth of the great River Meschasipi, on which vessels might be built to come to France." As he had been at great expense in maintaining Fort Frontenac, he also asked the exclusive 12 May. La Salle privilege of trading in buffalo skins. Colbert gladly coun- authorized tersigned the decree of Louis, which authorized La Salle to explore the Miseis- pippi. "to labour in the discovery of the western part of New France," and build necessary forts; and likewise granted him the monopoly of the buffalo fur trade.t
* Col. Doc., ix., 129. 268, 104; La Poterie, i, 110, 143; Charlevoix, i., 200_216;
t Col. Doc., ix., 127, 795; Hennepin's Louisiane, 14, 15; Sparks's La Salle, 12, 13, 1-1
323
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
with Tonty
At the request of the Prince of Conty, who had be- CHAP. VII. friended him at court, La Salle took into his enterprise Henry de Tonty, a son of the famous Italian author of the 1678. system called "Tontine," and who had served in the French army until its reduction at the Peace of Nime- guen. Embarking at Rochelle with Tonty, and La Motte 24 July. as his lieutenant, and with abundant means of equipping embarks La Salle vessels on the lakes, La Salle safely reached. Quebec. and La His arrival startled the New York authorities, who heard & August. that he had brought over five ships and two thousand men. Materials and artisans were quickly sent up to Fort Frontenac, where the Franciscans Hennepin, Membre, and Watteau now joined Ribourde and Buisset. An advanced party was dispatched to Michilimackinac, and one of La Salle's barks was sent with Tonty, La Motte, and Henne- 18g Nov. pin to Niagara. Sailing along the north shore of Lake Ontario - which the Iroquois called "Skannadario"- they entered the Niagara River on Saint Nicholas's Day, 6 Decem. when a Te Deum was sung, and thanks were offered to French at The God. The Senecas, who inhabited a little village on the Niagara. shore of the green, deep river below the cataract, wonder- ed at the " great wooden canoe" in which the strangers had come, and gave them three hundred delicious whitefish just taken from the lake. La Salle's vessel was secured 11 Derem. from the floating ice ; the first mass was said by Hennepin; and a bark cabin was built near the present village of Low- 13 Decem. iston, under the awful roar of the falls."
In executing his combined scheme of discovery and trade, La Salle now made the decisive mistake which pro- La Salle's duced most of the troubles he afterward suffered, and in- his route. fluenced, perhaps unhappily, the colonization of Western New France. A fort or magazine at Niagara was, of course, necessary. But the exploration of the Mississippi down to its mouth would have been most readily effected by descending the Alleghany from its near head-waters, and then the Ohio, which it was long ago known emptied
183; Louisiana Hist. Coll., i., 35, 36; Shea's Discovery, 18, SS; ante, 308. The account in Charlevoix, ii., 265, is full of errors.
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 15-30 ; Nouvelle Découverte, 62-77; New Discovery, 40-51, 63 ; Col. MSS., xxvii., 177, 178; She's Discovery, 50, 90; N. Y. HI. S. Coll .. ii., 219-230; Louisi- ana Ilist. Coll., i., 52, 53, 79, 196; Charlevoix, iii., SS1, 385; Sparks's La Salle, 13-19, 203, 204; ante, i., 612; ii., 999.
mistake in
324
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VII. into the Great River. Instead of this, La Salle adopted
Jolliet's roundabout plan, and resolved to build a search
1678. above Niagara, to traverse the upper lakes, and bring back thither cargoes of furs from the neighborhood of Chicago."
27 Dec.
La Motte and Hen- nepin among the
Sonecas.
1 Jan'y.
Conference
with the Seneca3.
To quiet the jealousy of the savages, La Motte and Hennepin, with seven men, visited the Senecas. After five days' march over the snow and through forests, they reach- ed the great village of "Totiakto," or "Tegarondies."+ 1679. On New-year's day Hennepin preached in the bark chapel of the Jesuits in presence of the fathers Garnier and Raf- feix. A conference was then held with the great Seneca Council, which, in its gravity, resembled the Venetian Sen- ate. Before any thing was said, La Motte declared that he would enter into no particulars in presence of Garnier, " whom he suspected." The Jesuit was ordered to with- draw, and Hennepin went out at the same time, "to bear part of the affront put upon him." After handsome pres- ents, the Senecas were told that the French intended to build " a great wooden canoe" above the falls, by means of which they could be supplied with European commodi- ties cheaper than by Boston and New York. A blacksmith and a gunsmith would also be settled at the mouth of the Niagara River. The Senceas replied, apparently approv- ing the French proposals. But they really had a greater inclination for the Dutch and English, who afforded them European goods at cheaper rates. After witnessing the torture of a prisoner, whom one of the Seneca war-parties had taken "towards Virginia," La Motte and Hennepin re- traced their way through the woods to the Niagara River.4
2 Jan'y.
14 Jan'y. 20 Jan'y. La Salle at Niagara.
La Motte now returned to Canada, and soon afterward La Salle's cheerful voice was heard again at Niagara. Ile
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 2; Nouvelle Découverte, 25; Col. Doc., ix., 60, SO, S1, 750 ; Shes's Discovery, xxxv., xxxvi. ; ante, 163, 241.
t Nouvelle Decouverte, S1; New Discovery, 53, and Map; Pownall's Map of 1776. I.s Hontan, i., 101, calls the village "Thegaronhies." I think it must be another name for the chief Seneca village of Todehaeckto or Totiakto, or Conception, near Mendon, in Monrvs County ; although Mr. Marshall refers it to Gannagaro, or Saint James, near Victor, in On- tario County : ave N. Y. I. S. Coll . i. (ii ), 160, 162, 150, 191; Marshall's "Niagara Frin- tier," 14; Col. Doc., ix., 834, 304-367 ; Col. MAS., xxxv., 160; ante, 179.
# Hennepin's Louisiana, 31-40; Nouvelle Decouverte, 78-92; New Discovery, 20-61: Lou. Hist. Coll., i, 197-199. With his constitutional tendency to falschood, Hennepin ftp- resents the Falls of Niagara to be " more than five hundred feet," and " above six hundred . foot high." The exaggeration is copied in the spurious work attributed to Tonty, in N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 208. The Jesuit Relation of 1049. p. 40, described it, thirty years bef To. " une cheute d'eaux d'une effroyable haukur." The actual average height of the catara 1 is one hundred and sixty feet.
3
25
-
S
1-88
AT& ANT TO THOTaUI
325
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
had come from Fort Frontenac in one of his barks with CHAP. VII. supplies for his projected vessel on Lake Erie, but he had been wrecked by his pilots within two leagues of the mouth 1679. of the river, at a place which his sailors named the " Mad C'ape." On his way La Salle revisited the Senecas, and gained them so that they consented to his designs. Yet " certain persons" made it their business to thwart him, and filled the savages with such jealousy of a fort, that La Salle was obliged to content himself with "a habitation encompassed with palisades." With a fine harbor and ex- Fort cellent fishing, it commanded the New York side of the Conty: Niagara River mouth, and was named Fort Conty. La Salle then went two leagues above the cataract, and laid out a dock in which to build his vessel, upon a stream flow- 22 Jan'y. ing into the river on its west side, now known as Cayuga Creek. The keel was quickly laid by La Salle, who, leav- 26 Jan'y. ing Tonty in command, hurried back over the snow to Fort Keel of a vessel laid Frontenac. During the rest of the winter, which was not agara. above Ni- half as severe as that in Canada, bark cabins were built by Mahican savages who had accompanied Hennepin. One of these was used as a chapel, in which, for the first time on Chapel. the western border of New York, Gregorian music was given by practiced European tenors, with the tremendous bass of Niagara."
The Senecas, who had faithfully reported La Salle's Enmity of movements to Andros, now refused to sell corn to the cas. the Senc- French, and threatened to burn their little ship in her dock. This quickened Canadian work ; and, under IIen- nepin's blessing, the singing of "Te Devin Laudamus," May. and the firing of guns, the first European vessel built in Western New York was launched on the upper Niagara. Launch of It could carry sixty tons, and it was named the "Grif_ the Grifin fin," to compliment Frontenac, whose armorial supporters were two griffins. Amazed to see this brigantine afloat, the savages pronounced its French builders "Otkon," which meant, in their tongue, most penetrating wits. Pictorially they described the vessel as "a moving fort."
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 25, 31, 32. 41, 42 : Nouvelle Decouverte, 93-96; New Discovery, 50,61-63: Lou. Ifist. Coll., i., 198; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii .. 230; Col. Doc., ili., 510; v., 633; ix., 335, 361, 882; Doc. Hist., ill., 726 ; Marshall's Niagara Frontier, 28, 29; Bancroft. iii .. 163; Sparks's La Salle, 20, 21, 22 ; ante, 163, 164. The name of La Salle is commemorated in that of the village at the month of the Cayuga Creek, in the County of Niagara : and the dock which he built there is still known as " the old ship-yard."
326
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
27 May. LA Salle among the
Senecas.
3 July.
CHAP. VII. Hennepin now hastened to Cataracouy to bring some of 1679. his Franciscan brethren ; and Ribourde, Membre, and Wat- teau accompanied him to Niagara. La Salle followed them in a canoe along the southern shore of Ontario. On his way he visited the Seneca villages again, where he met Garnier and Raffeix, and learned that the Miamis and Fa- ther Allouez were endeavoring to rouse the Iroquois to war with the Illinois. This purpose was checked by the timely presents of La Salle. On reaching the Niagara River, he stationed the Father Melithon Watteau at the magazine there. Meanwhile the Griffin-completely equipped, and armed with five small guns-had been towed up to the outlet of "the beautiful Lake Erie," where the savages " cried several times Gannoron, to signify their admiration." News of the event was quickly sent by them to Andros at New York. At length, all things being ready, La Salle went on board with Hennepin, Ribourde, and Membre, and thirty others ; and the Griffin set sail with a favorable wind up Lake Erie, which was now named " Conty," in honor of the great French subject who had befriended the enter- prise at Paris .*
7 August. La Salle embarks on Lake Eric, or Conty.
25 April.
6 Novem. Frontenac complains of Andros.
Louis now directed Frontenac again to "constantly main- tain peace, friendship, and good correspondence with the English and Dutch, without, however, foregoing any of the rights and advantages appertaining cither to my crown or my subjects in that country." In his reply, the governor complained of the intrigues of Andros among the Iroquois to make them "break" with the French, and of his efforts to thwart La Salle. At the same time, he urged that a French garrison should be maintained at Chambly, through which almost all the communication was carried on be- tween Canada and the English colonies. As there were now rumors of fresh hostilities in Europe, Duchesnau, the intendant, sent an interesting dispatch to Seignelay, who had succeeded Colbert, his father, in the ministry of the colonies, showing that a war with New York and New En- gland would be to the advantage of Canada.t
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