USA > New York > History of the state of New York. Vol. II, Pt. 1 > Part 34
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The " Residence" of the Prairie de la Madeleine had Pmairie de prospered, and Bishop Laval visited it in great state. But, leine. la Made- as the land was not fertile, the mission was, in 1676, re- moved farther up the St Lawrence, near to the rapids of St. Louis. There a new village was founded, which the French named "St. Francis Xavier du Sault ;" while the Iroquois proselytes, remembering their old home on the Mohawk, called it " Caghnawaga," which in their language ga, on the means "the rapids," or " a carrying-place." A stone church rence. St. Law-
dastes con-
* Col. Doc., ix., 119, 119, 120, 122-125, 126, 213, 216, 794; Charlevoix, ii., 256, 265 ; Faillon, iii., 472, 473, 474, 537 ; Hennepin's Louisiana, 2, 3, 7-14; New Discovery, 7-16; Hist. Coll. Louisiana, i., 195, 196; Sparka's La Salle, 8-17, 151; Shea's Disc. Misa., 78, 84, S5, SO, 103, 147, 159, 265, 266; Missions, 200, 412 ; Bancroft, iii., 162 ; Garnean, i., 237; ante, 99, 241. + Relation, 1673-2, 140, 194, 195, 204; Douniol, il., 10, 35-45, 99, 106-114, 197 ; Shea, 252, 274, 277, 285, 280, 292, 293; list. Mag., ii., 207; Col. Doc., ix., 227, note; ante, 100, 193, 235-210.
Caghnawa-
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1102111700 7
£
300
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. was soon built at this Residence, which was put in charge of the fathers Frémin and Cholenec .*
1676. 13 Angust. Domine Nicolaus van Rens- selaer's case.
This year marked the domestic annals of New York. Domine Nicolaus van Rensselaer, whom Andros had in- stalled as colleague of Schaats in the Reformed Dutch Church at Albany, was accused of "false preaching" by Jacob Leisler, one of the deacons in the Dutch Church in New York, and Jacob Milborne, a young Englishman, who had formerly been the book-keeper of Thomas Delavall. On their complaint the Albany magistrates imprisoned Van Rensselaer for having uttered " some dubious words." An appeal was taken to New York, where the case was heard 23 Septem. before the governor and council, the mayor and aldermen, and the "ministers of the city," and sent back for the au- thorities at Albany to determine. Domine Schaats ac- cordingly proved his colleague's heterodoxy. Yet the Al- 2S Septem. bany court thought it best that all differences "should be consumed in the fire of love," and enjoined perpetual for- bearance on both sides, " for edification to the Reformed Religion." Their action was confirmed by the governor, council, aldermen, and "ministers of New York," who or- dered Leisler and Milborne to pay all costs, " as giving the first occasion of the difference."t
23 October. Leisler and Milborne.
10 Novem. New dock in New York.
The increasing commerce of the metropolis requiring larger accommodation, a mole or dock was built under the encouragement of Andros. Its expense was paid by a city tax levied on the residents, and timber was furnished by the North and West Ridings of Long Island. The "Heere Gracht," or canal in Broad Street, was also filled up and leveled, and a market-house was established at the "plaine afore the fort."#
* Relation, 1673-0, 231-210 ; 1676-5, 122-145 ; Douniel, ii., 49-70, 167-179, 217-227; Shea, 29S-304. 307, 308 ; Co1. Doc., iii., 251; ix., 95, 116, 130; Index, 283; C/Iden. i .. 54; Smith, i., 69; Charlevoix, i., 352; ii., 258; v., 261; list. Mag., x., 322, 323 ; ante, vol. i., 423, 050 ; ii., 120, 178.
. t Council Min., iii. (ii), 118-125, 131, 132; Doc. Ilist., ii., 42; iii., 527-530; Smith, i., 50; Col. MSS., xxv., 106; xxvi., 139; Col. Doc., iii., 801, 650, 727, 755; N. Y. Christ. Int., 2 Nov., 1865; ante, 196, note, 272. Domine Van Rensselaer acted as one of the managers of Ren -- selaerwyck after the death of his brother Jeremias in 1674. In 1677 Andros deposed him from his ministry "on account of his bad and scandalous life." The domine died the next year ; and his widow, Alida Schuyler, married, in 16-3, Robert Livingston, the astute you: # Scotch town clerk of Albany : Cor. CI. Amst., Letter of Domine Van Zuuren, 30 Sept., 1677: Holgate, 42, 163 ; O'Call., i., 122, 212 ; il., 177, 552; Col. MISS., xxiv., 158; xxv., 145; xxxi .. 90; xxxii., 115; ante, 287, 2SS.
# Col. MSS., xxv., 98, 155; Col. Doc., ili., 303, 309, 313, 314, 412 : Min. of N. Y. C. C., i .. CI: Val N. Y., 1$1; Dunlap, ii., App. exxv .- cxxvii. ; Hoffman's Treatise, ii., 5.
008
301
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
At the Court of Assizes, William Loveridge, who had CHAP. VI. been arrested for slandering the Dutch at Albany, was fined twenty beavers, and allowed six months to make 1676. 7 October. good his charge against Arnout Cornelissen Viele, the in- Loveridge. terpreter. Several of the inhabitants of Hempstead, hay- 25 October. ing entered into an unlawful combination, were tried, con- stead. Hemp- victed of riot, and variously sentenced. George Heath- cote, the Quaker ship-captain, being charged with talking Heathcote. seditiously, was also heavily fined."
Southampton and Southold, which for ten years had re- fused to take out new patents according to the Duke's Laws, were now obliged to submit. They sent up various 28 Septem. reasons for their contumacy, which Andros treated more cavalierly than Lovelace. The Court of Assizes gave judg- ment that Southampton and Sonthold "for their disobedi- 7 October. ence have forfeited all their titles, rights and privileges to ton and the lands in said township;" but a fortnight was allowed Southold. them to acknowledge their faults and obey. This was de- 31 October. cisive, and the towns prudently obtained new patents.t. 1 Novem.
Southamp-
The Delaware territory, after the governor's visit in the Delaware spring of 1675, had been disturbed by Ogle and the Lu- affairs. theran minister Fabricius. They were cited to appear be- fore Andros at New York, and it was ordered that Fabri- 15 Septem. cins, " in respect of his being guilty, and his former irregu- Fabricius. lar life, be suspended from exercising his functions as a minister, or preaching any more within this government, either in public or private." This sentence appears to have been modified, and the Lutheran clergyman preached for several years in the church which Andros directed to be built at " Wickegkoo."#
In the mean time, Fenwick, to whom Lord Berkeley 1675. conveyed his undivided interest in New Jersey, had quar- Jersey. reled with Byllinge, for whom he was trustee, and this Quaker dispute had been arranged by William Penn. 10 Feb'y William Berkeley's grantees assigned their estate in North America Penn.
* Col. MISS., xxv., 90, 154, 185, 211, 220, 226-241 ; ante, 287, 292. On the 25th of Sept., 1676, Andros wrote (in French) to Commander Binckes that he had supplied one of his ships with provisions, and thanked him for having reported favorably of him to the Prince of Or- ange : Col. MSS., xxv., 171 ; ante, 223, note.
+ Col. MSS . xxv., 173-176. 222; Patente. iv., 103, 105 ; Thompson, i., 146, 234, 835, 584. 355; Dunlap. ii., App. xxxviii. ; ante, 110, 173, 975.
$ Council Min. (iii.), il., 53; S. Hazard, 417, 419, 420, 438; G. Smith's Delaware County, 102, 115, 124; ante, 255, 279.
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108
302
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. to William Penn, Gawen Laurie, and Nicholas Lucas, all
25 June. Fenwick Fails to the Delaware.
5 Decem.
1675. of whom were Quakers. Under their auspices Fenwick sailed for the Delaware with his family and some colonists, and landed at the old " Varcken's Kill" of the Dutch and "Elsingburg" of the Swedes, which he named "Salem." Cantwell, the New York sheriff at Newcastle, reported this intrusion to Andros, who directed that as Fenwick had not produced any authority, he "was not to be received :tr owner or proprietor of any land whatever in Delaware. but to be used civilly, paying all duties as others Ilis Maj- esty's subjects ;" and that, " as to any privilege or freedom of Customs, or trading on the Eastern Shore, none to be allowed in any case to the smallest vessel, boat, or person." The same duties levied at New York were to be exacted ou the Delaware .*
10 Decem,
1676. 23 Septem. Collier command- er in Dela- ware. £5 Sept.
Captain John Collier was not long afterward commis- sioned as the New York commander and sub-collector on Delaware Bay, and carefully instructed as to his duties. Three subordinate local courts were also established at Newcastle, at Upland, and at Hoarkill. The Duke's Laws, with certain exceptions, were directed to be enforced, and Cantwell was made high sheriff.1.
25 Sept. Fenwick contuma- cious. 3 Decem.
7 Decem.
8 Decem. 1677. 12 Jan'y. Fenwick imprisoned in New York.
In spite of Andros's warning, Fenwick, "a litigious and troublesome person," continued to act as proprietor at Sa- lem, and was summoned to answer at New York, but he refused to obey. Collier was then directed to send him to Fort James; and he accordingly visited Fenwick, who de- nied that the governor of New York had any thing to do with him. The recusant was brought to Newcastle, whence he was conveyed a prisoner to New York. At a special Court of Assizes Fenwick was fined, and ordered to give security for his good behavior. Refusing to do this, he was kept in custody.#
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), 71, 72; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 163; Dankers and Sluyter, 242, 243; I.eaming and Spicer, 05; S. Smith, 70, SO; Hazard's Ree. Penn., vi., 182; Proud, i., 136, 137; Dixon, 137; S. Hazard, 410, 419, 421, 422; N. J. HI. S. Proc., ii., S, 9; ante, vol. 1., 322, 338, 380; il., 266, 278.
t Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 115, 116, 211-213; Col. MSS., xx., S4-9S; Ilazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 57; Ann. Penn., 425-429 ; G. Smith's Del. Co., 105-107; Upland Records, 65-43. This last book was published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Scholars must regret that its editor, Mr. Edward Armstrong, has so carelessly repeated the stale errors that De Vries visited the Delaware in 1630, whereas it was Heyes ; and that Lovelace succeeded Nicoll- in May, 1667, whereas it was in August, 166%.
# Ord., Warr., Passes, iii., 231; Col. MSS., xx., 102, 103 ; xxv., 242; xxvi., 11, 12, 14; S. Smith, 94; Haz. Ann., 420-434, 453; N. J. Proc., ii., 9-11, 17; Dixon, 136; Eliz. Bill, S.
808
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303
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
Meanwhile Philip Carteret had quietly governed that CHAP. VI. part of New Jersey north of Barnegat and the Renkokus Creek, which the Duke of York had conveyed, in severalty, Carteret's 1676. to Sir George Carteret. James, however, did not suppose govern- ment in New Jersey.
that his new deed of lands transferred to his grantee the "full and absolute power and authority" which the king had vested in him personally. The most important sov- ereign prerogative which Charles had delegated to his brother was that of taxing the inhabitants of a British- American province for the support of its government. To this end the duke's governor had ordered that all vessels trading within his original territory should enter at the New York Custom-house. After Andros reached New 1675. York, James's secretary wrote him that nothing had been Customs' done in England toward "adjusting Sir George Carteret's levied by New York pretensions in New Jersey, where, I presume, you will take on New care to keep all things in the same posture (as to the Duke's Jersey im- prerogatives and profits) as they were in your predecessors' portations. time, until you shall hear of some alterations agreed to here." This led to a "bickering" between Collector Dyer and Governor Carteret, who was made to pay duties to the duke on "a present" sent to New Jersey, and was " ob- structed" by Andros from clearing a sloop from Elizabeth- town to Carolina .*
The subordinate title to New Jersey, however, had now become so doubtful that its various claimants found it nec- cssary to make a compromise. This was accomplished " after no little labour, trouble, and cost ;" and, as is said, through the interposition of the Duke of York, who in- duced Sir George Carteret to relinquish his separate own- ership. A "Quintipartite" deed, in partition, was accord- 1July. ingly made between Carteret, and Penn, Laurie, Lucas, and partite Quinti- deed for Byllinge, by which it was agreed that their division line East and should run from Little Egg Harbor to the northernmost Jersey. branch of the Delaware River, in forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude. All the territory north and east of this line, called " East New Jersey," was vested in Carte- ret. All the remainder, to the south and west of it, named "West New Jersey." was conveyed to Penn and his associ-
1676.
West New
" Leaming and Spicer, 91-111; Eliz. Bill. S; Col. Doc., ill., 229, 240, 316 : iv., 282 ; Chal- mers's Annals, i., 617, 818: Grahame, i., 468 ; S. Smith, CS; Whitehead's East Jersey, 66, 60, 70, 190, 191; ante, 267, 268, 277.
304
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Cuar. VI. ates. Yet this famous instrument was based wholly of 1676. the king's effete patent to the Duke of York in March, 1664. It did not allude to the Dutch reconquest in 1673; nor to the Dutch reconveyance of New Netherland to Charles the Second, by the Treaty of Westminster, in Feb- ruary, 1674; nor to Charles's second patent to his brother in the next June; nor to the Duke of York's release of a part of New Jersey to Sir George Carteret, individually, in the following July .. In these respects the "Quintipar- tite" New Jersey deed of 1676 is perhaps the most faulty English secondary parchment in American annals .*
31 August. The Duke of York maintains his prerog- ative.
Two months afterward Secretary Werden wrote to An- dros that the duke was not "at all inclined to let go any part of his prerogative, which you and your predecessors have all along constantly asserted in his behalf; and so, though at present, in respect to Sir George, we soften things all we may, not to disturb his choler (for in truth the pas- sion of his inferior officers so far infects him as puts him on demands which he hath no colour of right to), I verily believe, should his foot chance to slip, those who succeed him must be content with less civility than we show him in this point; since then we should exercise that just au- thority His Royal Highness hath without such reserves as, though intended but as favours now, may, if confirmed, re- dound too much to the prejudice of your Colony."
7 May. .James con- templates a new patent.
Indeed, James now contemplated obtaining a new pat- ent, "either for the better ascertaining the boundaries, or for any other cause," which should confirm to him Dela- ware, as well as the region eastward as far as the Connecti- cnt. But the duke's political situation in England did not permit him to move in the matter at this time; although 1677. his secretary informed Andros that "a time may come. either upon a regulation of matters in New England, when Ilis Majesty shall please to take that into his consideration, or some other way, when His Royal Highness may without scruple thinke it convenient to insist on all those rights that were intended him by his Patent from the Crowne."t
The Quintipartite deed, however, induced Governor Carteret to claim a distinct port and custom-house in New
* Leaming and Spicer, 61-72 ; Eliz. Bill, p. 8; Answer to Bill, p. 18; S. Smith, SO, $2, 516. 549; Gordon, CS; Proud, i., 142; Dixon's Penn., 138; Whitehead, 6T, GS: ante, 200, 201, 265-208.
t Col. Doc., ill., 237, 239, 240, 247 ; Chalmers, 1., 613.
408
305
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
Jersey. The New York authorities resolved " That they CHAP. VI. find no port or harbour granted to Sir George Carteret 1677. (distinct or independent from this); but all ships or vessels, uly. as hitherto, to enter and clear at the Custom-house here, or refuses subordinate officers thereof, with due regard to Governor New Jersey Carteret's or others' authority, for the duties on tobacco port.
a separate and other produce of America, according to acts of Par- liament and orders thereupon.""
Penn and his co-proprietors of West Jersey, having pre- 3 March. pared some "Concessions and Agreements," dispatched commissioners to organize its government and arrange Jersey. matters with Fenwick. As the ship Kent, in which they were embarked, was lying in the Thames, King Charles came alongside in his pleasure barge, and seeing a great many passengers, and learning where they were bound, "asked if they were all Quakers, and gave them his bless- ing." After a tedious voyage the Kent anchored at Sandy Ilook, and the commissioners went up to New York to wait on Andros. "He treated them civilly, but asked August. them if they had any thing from the Duke, his Master ? treatment Their They replied, Nothing particularly ; but that he had con- veyed that part of his country to Lord Berkeley, and he to Byllinge, etc., in which the Government was as much con- veyed as the soil. The Governor replied : All that will not clear me ; if I should surrender without the Duke's order, it is as much as my head is worth ; but if you had but a line or two from the Duke, I should be as ready to surrender it to you, as you would be to ask it. Upon which, the commissioners, instead of excusing their impru- dence in not bringing such an order, began to insist upon their right, and strenuously to assert their independency. But Andros, clapping his hand on his sword, told them, that should defend the government from them, till he received orders from the duke, his master, to surrender it. He, however, softened, and told them he would do what was in his power to make them easy till they could send home to get redress ; and in order thereto, would commissionate the same persons mentioned in the commission they produced. This they accepted, and undertook to act as magistrates un- 5 August. der him, till further orders came from England, and pro-
Quaker eni-
ranta to West New
by Andros,
* Warrants, Ord., Passes, iil, 63, 103, 251; ante, 276, 277.
II .-- U
306
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. ceed in relation to their land affairs according to the meth- 1677. ods prescribed by the proprietors." The Kent then went on to Newcastle. A site for a new town was chosen near 16 August. 14 Novem. " Jegow's Island," or Mattiniconk, which was leased to Robert Stacey, and a village soon arose, at first called Burlington founded. "New Beverley," and then "Bridlington," or "Burling- ton," after the town in Yorkshire from which some of the emigrants came. Fenwick was at the same time released from his imprisonment and allowed to return to Salem upon promising to appear again at New York in the fol- lowing October. This he honestly did, and Andros then 14 August. set him free. The governor also appointed one of his mander on lieutenants, Christopher Billop, now of Staten Island, to Billop com- the Dela- ware. succeed Collier as commander and sub-collector for New York, on Delaware Bay and River."
Among other reasons for a new patent, the Duke of York desired more definite limits for his province, which he considered as having always been bounded northward by Canada, " the Dutch having ever claimed and never lost the possession of the same." "As for the northern i May. Boundary between New York da. bounds," wrote Werden to Andros, more explicitly, " there is no question but they have always been esteemed to ex- and Cana- tend as far as the Lake (or River of Canada), and the French have no colour to pretend right of conquest from any of their invasions there, unless they had such posses- sion before the Dutch were settled in Albany, which I believe is nothing soc."t
Knowing the duke's views as to territory, Andros was sorely annoyed at the presence of the Jesuit missionaries among the Iroquois, of whom John de Lamberville at Onondaga had now become superior, in place of Bruyas at Tionontoguen. Indeed, the French fathers were all jeal- ously watched as intruders within the province of New York. Salisbury, the commander at Albany, was instruct- ed "that the Maquas Indians and associates on this side the Lake (having been always under a part of this gov- ernment) have nothing to do with the French, only as
12 March. Andros as- serts En- glish sover- cignty over the Iro- quois.
* Warrants, Ord., Passes, ifi., 250, 263: Council Min., ili. (ii.), 166-168; Col. MSS., St .. . 130, 140; xxi., 25, 112; xxvii., 6; Col. Doc., ill., 221, 239, 249, 276; Dankers and sluyter. 174, 235: Leaming and Spicer, 382-409; S. Smith, 69, 90-94, 99, 521-558 ; Proud, 1, 1:4. Gordon, 22, 33, 39; Gaz., 112, 113; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 57, 73; Ann. Penn .. 372, 374. 390, 443, 441, 453, 466; Thomas's West Jersey, 14, 15: N. J HI. S. Coll., ii., 17 : Upland Es .. 140, 141 ; ante, 104, 154, 205, vol. i., 183.
+ Col. Dec., ill., 233, 237, 942 ; v., 531 ; ix., ,
:
008
MIOTZIH
307
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
they are friends, but in no case are to be commanded by Char. VI. them. And that the Commissaries do send for the Ma- quas Sachems and Father Bruyas, and signify this to the 1677. said Sachems before him, and to the said Father that the Governor desires, and does not doubt, his comport accord- ingly, for the quiet of these parts, pursuant to the friend- ship of our Kings at home.""
Andros's messengers found Bruyas entertaining as his guest the Franciscan Father Hennepin, who had walked over the snow from Fort Frontenac, and tarried to copy " a little Iroquois Dictionary" which the Jesuit had com- piled. When the Dutch envoys heard Hennepin, who was a native of Hainault, speak Flemish, they showed him much friendship, and invited him to return with them to April. Albany, where they wished him to settle, " for the spiritual among the Hennepin consolation of several Catholics" from the Netherlands Mohawks. who lived there. They even alighted from their horses to induce the father and his companions to mount in their places and go back with them. Hennepin would willing- ly have yielded to their urgency had he not feared giving umbrage to the Jesuits and injuring the Canadian fur trade. He therefore "thanked these estimable Hollanders," and, bidding farewell to Bruyas, returned to Cataracouy.t.
The territorial pretensions of New York were not, how- ever, recognized by Louis, who insisted that the expedi- tions of Champlain, Courcelles, and Tracy, followed by the submission of the savages and the settlement of Jesuit missionaries among them, had given him the sovereignty over the Iroquois. But it was not the time to bring this 28 April. question to an issue. Louis, still at war with the Dutch, denies En- France and anxious for the friendship of Charles, directed Fronte- eignty over glish sover- nac "to cultivate a good understanding with the English, quois. the Iro-
* Council Min , iti. (ii.), 135; Col. Doc., ix., 171, 720; Douniol, ii., 195-205; Shea, 274, 286; ante, 204. Mr. Shea, in a note to the reprint of the first edition of Colden's Five Na- tions, 139, erroneously attributes to Dongan the assumption of English sovereignty over the Iroquois which was due to Andros : compare Hist. Mag., x., 263, note.
t Hennepin's Nouvelle Découverte, 10, 25-30; New Discovery, 16-20 ; Col. Doc., fv., cs ?; Ix., 720: Shea's Discovery, 104; Catholic Missions, 274; Sparks's La Salle, 17; ante, 209. Bruyas's Dictionary, or " Racines Agnieres," was published in the Appendix to the Report of the Regents of the University of New York of 15 April, 1803 : Senate Document, 1863, No. 115. The general opinion, derived from the English translation (1699) of the "Nouvelle Découverte," is that Hennepin visited Albany : Sparky's La Salle, 17; Shea's Di-covery, 104. A careful examination of the French original, however, convinces me that Hennepin did not go to Albany, but returned from Bruyas's cabin at Tionnontoguen directly to Fort Frontenac: see Hist. Mag., x., 20S.
308
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. and to be careful not to give them any cause of complaint ; without, however, permitting any thing contrary to the 1677. treaties I have concluded with the king their master.""
LA Salle builds barks on Lake Ontario.
La Salle had meanwhile built at Cataracouy three barks with decks, the first ever seen above the rapids of the Saint Lawrence, intending to use them for trading on Lake On- tario. But Jolliet's accounts of the vast buffalo countries
in the West convinced him that a more lucrative and di- rect traffic with France than that through Canada could be opened by way of the Gulf of Mexico, into which it was supposed the Mississippi emptied. La Salle had already attempted to reach that river by way of the Ohio in 1669, and he now burned to demonstrate the truth of De Soto's early discovery, and extend actual French exploration from the mouth of the Arkansas down to the open sea. But 1676. Louis having declared himself against "new discoveries," 1% April. and instructed Frontenac not to countenance them "with- out urgent necessity and very great advantage," La Salle determined to revisit France and impress his own views on 1677. the court. The jealous policy of Andros in prohibiting 16 May. French traffic with the Iroquois south of Lake Ontario was November. another reason. As soon as his fort at Cataracouy was La Salle returns to France. walled up, La Salle returned to France, carrying the warm- est letters from Frontenac.t
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