USA > New York > History of the state of New York. Vol. II, Pt. 1 > Part 32
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29 Jan'y. John Sau- saman murdered.
An unexpected event precipitated the crisis. Sausaman, reclaimed from his apostasy by Eliot, revealed Philip's plot to the Plymouth governor. Not long afterward the in- former's body was found under the ice in Assawomsett Pond, midway between Plymouth and Rhode Island. It was suspected by the English that the savages had punish- ed, after their own laws, a renegade and a traitor. Three S June. Indians tried and executed at Plym- outh. of Philip's subjects were accordingly tried at Plymouth ; convicted of the murder of Sausaman; and executed. The Wampanoag chief now remained on guard within his strong-hold at Mount Hope, near Bristol, in Rhode Island. There he soon gathered seven hundred warriors, the youn- ger of whom were eager to avenge the death of their three countrymen by the forms of Puritan law, which they did not recognize. They were restrained from attacking by a belief that the side which shed the first blood in the strife would be conquered. t Hoping to prevent hostilities, John Easton, "Deputy Governor," and several magistrates of Rhode Isl- and magis- Philip. Rhode Island-which colony had always been friendly trates visit with the Indians-visited Philip at the Ferry. "We sat," wrote the honest Quaker, " very friendly together. We told him our business was to endeavour that they might not receive or do wrong. They said that was well : they
* Bradford's Plymouth, 94-97; Hutch. Mass., i, 275-255; Colden, i., 40; Mather's Mas- nalia (ed. 1853), il., 429, 430, 434, 553, 559; Mather's History of New England (ed. 1961), 226-234; Easton's Narrative of Philip's Indian War (ed. 1558), viii .- xii., 3, 6, 12-14, 33-32 ; Court of Assizes, il., CTS; Holmes, i., 325, 369, 383; Belknap, i, 102-107; Bancroft, ii., 92- 100; Palfrey, iii., 141-151, 218, 221, 228; Arnold's Rhode Island, i., 23, ST, 219, 330, 287-393: Plymouth Col. Rec., v., 7G-S0 ; Hazard, ii., 531-534; Moore's Notes on Slavery in Mass., passim; ante, i., 171 ; il., 155. 156, 254.
t Hutchinson, i., 286, note, calls this "a whimsical opinion." It certainly was the coli- verse of the angury prevailing in the Highlands of Scotland :
" Which spills the foremost foeman's life,
That party conquers in the strife."-Lady of the Lake, Canto iv., vi
.
283
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
lad done no wrong ; the English wronged them. We said, CUAP. VI. we knew the English said the Indians wronged them and the Indians said the English wronged them; but our de- 1675. sire was the quarrel might rightly be decided in the best way, and not as dogs decided their quarrels." The Indians then asked "how right might take place ?" The Rhode Islanders proposed arbitration. The Americans replied that all the English were "agreed against them," and would insist upon English arbitrators, by whom they al- ready had much wrong. The Rhode Island men suggest- ed that they might choose an Indian king, and the English the governor of New York, both of whom would be indif- ferent. This pleased the savages; and "if that way had been tendered, they would have accepted." Philip then told the grievances of his people. When the first colonists came, his father, Massasoit, " was as a great man, and the English as a little child," to whom he freely did good ; but now the Americans were insulted and cheated in bargains, until " they had no hopes left to keep any land." Again the Rhode Island men urged the Indians to accept the ar- bitration of Andros and a native king; to which they did Arbitra- not object. Easton and his friends then endeavored to pored. tion pro- persnade them "to lay down the war ; for the English were too strong for them." With logie as keen as it was just, Philip replied, " then the English should do to them as Philip's they did when they were too strong for the English." So reply. ended this memorable interview. It was a virtual protest, by Rhode Island and Philip, against the doctrine of the Puritan colonists of New England, that they were the sole judges between themselves and Americans. If those colo- nies had accepted the arbitration of Andros and a native chief, justice might have been done, and war avoided .*
Philip's young men could not be restrained. Some of them plundered a house at Swansey, within the Plymouth 20 June. government, and one of the marauders was killed by an begin.
' Plymouth Cel. Rec., v., 167-174; Mather's Early History, 235-237 ; Mather's War, 4S- 33; Magnalia, il., 550, 560; Hutch., i., 284-286; Bayley's Plymouth, ii., 27 ; Easton's Nar- :ative, by Hough, 1-15; " A true Relation, " etc., in N. Y. Col. MSS., xxv., 29. This Rhode I-land negotiation with Philip is not noticed by most New England writers. Mr. Palfrey, Iii., 150, note, pronounces that Easton's Narrative adds " nothing of importance" to our his- torival knowledge ; and in a note to page 227, he says of the speech of Philip to John Bor- den, given in Arnold, i., 394, 895, "I have made no account of it. It is no material for his- tory." Perhaps a New Yorker may venture to dissent from this Massachusetts judgment.
Hostilities
.
284
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1675. 24 June.
CHAP. VI. Englishman. This made the savages hope that they would triumph in the end, because the English had shed the first blood. Swansey was attacked, and several of its inhabit- ants killed. Massachusetts and Plymouth called out large forces. An express was sent to Hartford for aid, and Win- throp dispatched the news to Andros at New York .*
20 June.
1 July.
4 July. Action of New York.
4 July. Andros's letter to Winthrop.
The Metropolitan Council thought " that Connecticut doth not expect nor desire assistance from us in relation to the Indian disturbances at this time." But it was "Re- solved that the Governor do proceed on his intended voy- age to Connecticut forthwith, and do take a force with him to be in a capacity to protect that part of His Royal High- ness's Government, as there may be occasions." So, An- dros wrote to Winthrop :- " I am very much troubled at the Christians' misfortunes and hard disasters in those parts, being so overpowered by such heathen. Hereupon, I have hastened my coming to your parts, and added a force to be ready to take such resolutions as may be fit for me upon this extraordinary occasion, with which I intend, God willing, to set out this evening, and to make the best of my way to Connecticut River, His Royall Highnesses bounds there."t
7 July. Action of Connecti- cut.
Andros's letter made great trouble at Hartford. The Council of War hastened Captain Thomas Bull to Say- brook, and recalled the forces sent forward to fight against Philip. Bull's instructions were cunningly drawn. He was to keep Saybrook and its neighborhood from any ene- my, "by force of arms," if necessary ; and while his or- ders appeared to require him to repel the savages only, they really meant that the officers of the Duke of York were to be treated as the special foes of Connecticut.}
S July. Andros at Saybrook.
The next morning, Andros, with three sloops, appeared off Saybrook, and desired a " direct and effectual answer" to his former letters. Meanwhile the Hartford authorities had ordered their subordinates at Saybrook to " carry it warily and prudently" with Andros, forbid his landing, and advise him to send his forces eastward and assist the
* Mather's History, 53-58; Magnalia, il., 561; Hutch., i., 286, 257; Hough's Easton, 16- 21, 40-43; Barry, i., 410, 411; Ma-s. H. S. Coll .. xxx., 117, 118 ; R. I. H. S. Coll., iv., 121 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 119, 121; Col. Rec. Conn., il., 332, 579 ; Palfrey, iii., 129, 155.
t Council Min .. iii. (ii.), 44; Warr., Ord., Passes, ili., 117 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 121 ; Hough's Easton, 44-48; Col. Rec. Conn .. ii., 579; Col. Doc., ill., 254, 264; Palfrey, iii., 129. # Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 333, 57 ?.
188
ZMOTIΗ
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 285
"good people" at Seaconk or Swansey. The next day they CHAP. VI. wrote to Andros himself, resenting his " hypotheticall ex- 1675.
pressions and injurious imputations," and desiring him not 9 July. to "molest" the king's good subjects in Connecticut, or put Connecti- cut pro- them " into a discomposure, at such a time as this." They tests against
also drew up " a Protest," denouncing the governor of New discompos- York as a disturber of the king's peace, and appealing to dros. ure by An- the Connecticut charter as their warrant for refusing obe- dience to the duke's representative .*
Andros had meanwhile remained quietly at Saybrook, anxious about his suffering countrymen at the East, to whom he sent forward a sloop with supplies ; and wonder- ing that the Connectient forees did not move to their re- lief. When the dispatches from Hartford were communi- 13 July. cated to him, the governor landed, with his attendants, and lands at. Andros was received by the Connecticut officials, who desired " to tender him a treaty." This Andros declined ; but he or- dered the Duke of York's patent and his own commission to be read ; which was accomplished, while the Connecti- His com- mission
Saybrook.
cut officials " withdrew a little," declaring that they " had read. nothing to doe to attend it." Andros then told them that he had now done, and would sail immediately unless they desired him to stay. The Connecticut officers answered that they were not ordered to ask him to remain; and they then read the protest of the Hartford authorities. This The Hart- Andros at once denounced as "a slander, and so an ill requital for his kindness ;" and being refused a copy of it, he went on board his sloop again, and sailed to Long Isl- and, whence he intended to send a force to Martin's Vine- vard, and then to return to New York. As he passed be- low the fort, salutes were fired on both sides.t
€
ford protest a Alno- der."
The Hartford authorities regretted that their subordi- 14 July. nates at Saybrook had not interrupted Andros "in com- Connecti. manding there so usurpingly ;" which " might have been cut. done by shouts, or sound of drum, etc., without vio-
Action of
' Col. MSS , xxiv., 121; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii .. 118, 119: Hough's Easton, 49-56; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 200-263, 334, 335, 579, 580, 581; Trumbull, i., 329, 330; Talfrey, iii., 129, 130; ante, 280.
t Col. Rec. Conn .. ii., 533, 553, 534 ; Col. Doc., ili., 251, 264, 415; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 119, 120; Hough's Easton, 56-60; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 137; Palfrey, iii., 130, 131. The romantic account of this transaction, which the Reverend Doctor Trumbull has dressed up in his History of Connectient, i .. 325 -- 330, is so erroneous that Mr. Palfrey is " obliged to orusit some striking circumstances in the sketch by that usually cautious historian :". Hist. N. F., iti., 151, note.
-
286
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VL lence."* An elaborate "narrative" of the Connectient version was sent to Major Robert Thompson, of Newing-
1675.
24 July. ton Green, near London, with a request for his help against Andros, who, it was thought, " must be necessitated to mis- represent" the colony.t
14 July. New York soldiers sent to Martha's Vineyard and Nan- tucket.
24 July. Long Ist- and In- dians.
Andros, meanwhile, went over to Southold, whence he dispatched a sloop, with some soldiers and ammunition, to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. "To satisfy the great jealousy" of his neighbors, the governor came through Long Island to New York, disarming the Indians every where, and reviewing all the militia. On his reporting " the several passages of his voyage," the council resolved that the several towns on Long Island should maintain a good watch, and take care that the disarmed Indians " be not any wise injured, but assisted, upon any occasion re- quiring it."}
23 July. New Jersey Indians.
The governor also sent for all the Indian sachems of New Jersey and other parts, most of whom had been with him before, and they all "again renewed their submissions and engagements."§
At the same time, Andros did not neglect the immediate interests of the province. Accordingly, the council, "upon a proposal to give public notice what encouragement will be given to persons that shall come out of Europe hither, to inhabite and plant in this His Royal Highness's Prov- 5 August. New York ed to emi- grants from Eu- rope. ince, Resolved that every freeman shall have for himself lands offer- the proportion of sixty acres of land of inheritance, and for his wife and every child fifty acres per head ; and ev- ery working servant that shall be brought over shall have each of them fifty acres after the expiration of their serv- ice, according to the custom of the country." A copy of this order was sent to England by the ship Good Hope.
* Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 335, 5$1. It would seem that this hint was remembered in 1493. when Fletcher, one of the successors of Andros, visited Hartford ; although the " tradition" related by Doctor Trumbull, i., 393, does not agree with the official account in Col. Doc., is .. 69-11.
t Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 96, 103, 263, 261, 338-344: iii., 261; Trumbull. i., 331 : Mass. Rer., v., 408, 409, 426, 467 ; Hutch. Coll., 449, 463, 460, 473 : Col. Doc., iii., 355. Winthrop, who intended to take the Connecticut " Narrative" to England, died at Boston on the 5th (! April, 1676: Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 273: Palfrey, iii., 233-238.
$ Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 119, 120, 121; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 44; Houph's Easton, 51. G4: Col. Doc., iii., 254, 564. On the 21st of July, Governor Coddington, of Rhode Island !. complained to Andros of the invasion of its territory by Massachusetts and Connecticut : Col. MISS., xxiv., 12S.
& Col. MSS., xxiv .. 117, 100 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 44; Dunlap, i., App., cxxii. : C.I. D.r . iii., 254; Hough's Easton, 76.
1-40 YH012IH
287
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
Captain George Heathcote, a Quaker, who had been im- Char. VI. prisoned at Boston by Governor Bellingham "for deliver- ing him a letter, and not putting off his hat."* 1675.
The intrigues of the French missionaries, Bruyas and Lamberville, among the Iroquois, having caused com- plaints, the council resolved that the Mohawks should be 16 April. encouraged to friendship, and the Jesuits be sent for, to explain themselves at Albany. Leaving Brockholls in charge at New York, Andros now went up the river. Aft- er regulating affairs at Schenectady, he visited the " most 30 Angust. warlike Indians near one hundred miles beyond ;" and at its the Mio- Tionnontoguen, the third castle of the Mohawks, he ac- ceives hawks, and cepted the name of " Corlaer," who, they told him, was " a of "Cor- the name man that was of good dispositions and esteemed deare laer." amongst us."+ On his return to Albany, the Five Iro- quois nations applied to Andros " declaring their former alliance, and now submitted in an extraordinary manner, with reiterated promises." Perhaps the governor's most important measure at this time was to organize a local board of commissioners for Indian affairs, composed of Indian some of the Albany officers.# Of this board he appointed sioners at conunis- as secretary the town clerk of Albany, Robert Livingston, R. Living- Albany. a shrewd young Scotchman, who had come over from retary.
Andros viz-
ston, sec- Rotterdam the year before, and who was destined to be- come prominent in colonial affairs.§
The Council now " Resolved that we ought not to break 10 Septem. with our Indians upon account of the war between our ders. Indian or- neighbors and their Indians." The selling of powder to
* Connell Min., iii. (ii.), 45, 46; Col. MISS., xxiv., 127 ; xxv., 25-42, 221, 235-241; Farmer and Moore's Coll., iii., 190; Besse, ii., 259; C. Wolley, 12, 97 ; Holmes, i., 377.
t This name "Cor'aer" was given by the Iroquois to the governors of New York, until, in 1003, they made a special one for Fletcher: compare Col. Doc., iii., 254, 322, 327, 355, 550; iv., 22, 85; Colden, i., 32, 41 ; ante, 121.
# Warr., Ord., Passes, ill., 77, 122, 125, 126, 129, 924, 225 : Council Min., iii. (ii.), 34; Col. Doc., ill. , 254, 323, 559 ; Hist. Mag., ii. (i.), 301. Regular minutes were kept of the transac- tions of the Albany commissioners, beginning with 1675, which in 1751 were bound up in four large folio volumes. But they have disappeared from our State Archives : see Colden, i., Preface, ix., 94; Smith, i., 251, note; Col. Doc., i , Gen. Introd., viii., xxxi. ; v., 983, note ; vi., 439, 731, 730.
$ Col. MSS., xxiv., 140. Robert Livingston was born on 13 December, 1054, at Ancram, in Roxburghshire, Scotland, where his father, the Rev. John Livingston, was the Presbyte- rian minister. After the Restoration the father went to Rotterdam, where he died on ?th of August, 1672. After his father's death, Robert, who had learned the Dutch language, came to Albany, probably accompanying Domine Van Rensselaer thither in the autumn of 1674: ante, 272. There is a biographical sketch of him in D'oc. Hist., fii., 434: see also Col. Doc., iif., 315, 401, 699 ; iv., 203, 251, 253, 720; v .. 196; Smith, i., 142, note; Sedgwick's Life of W. Livingston ; Hunt's Life of E. Livingston.
A CXUMGIRL
288
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. the savages was "regulated as formerly;" each town was 1675. to provide a block-house as a refuge for women and chil- dren ; and all New York Indians were to be "friendly 16 Septem. treated, and have equall justice according to law." A New York sloop was also ordered to cruise in the Sound ; and, as the sloop in the Sound. 28 Septem. Guns sent to Martha's Vineyard and Nan- tucket. natives were very strong near Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, great guns were sent to each of those islands. These measures, however, made Connecticut fear that An- dros would again threaten Saybrook .*
Domine Nicolaus van Rensselaer, who had come from London under the special patronage of the Duke of York, was soon afterward inducted by Andros to minister in the Reformed Dutch Church at Albany, as a colleague of Case of Domine Nicolaus van Rens- selaer. Domine Schaats. This was done without regard to the Classis of Amsterdam, which governed the Reformed Dutch churches in New York, under the eighth article of the capitulation of 1664, confirmed by Andros's stipula- tion with Colve. It occasioned much ill feeling, and Van Rensselaer was forbidden to baptize children in the me- tropolitan Reformed Dutch Church by Domine Van Nieu- wenhuysen, who denied the lawfulness of his induction at Albany. Instead of showing that he had been ordained as a minister in Holland, Van Rensselaer complained to An- dros that the Church of England and the Duke of York's recommendation had been contemned. Van Nieuwen- 25 Septem. huysen was summoned to explain himself before the Coun- 30 Septem. cil. Ile admitted the validity of English Episcopal ordi- 1 October. nation, but insisted that every minister serving any Re- formed Dutch congregation in the king's dominions must promise conformity to the Holland Church. This explana- tion was accepted ; and Van Rensselaer, having solemnly promised to conduct his ministry "conformably to the pub- lic Church service and discipline of the Reformed Church of Holland," the question was satisfactorily adjusted.t
2 October.
* Council Min., ilf. (ii.), 50, 51, 52, 57; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii , 132, 133, 134; Col. MISS., xxiv., 138, 130, 141; Hongh's Philip's War, 71-82; Nantucket Papers, S3, S9; Rec. Conn., IL, 360-371; C. Wolley, 95; ante, 275.
t Corr. Cl. Amst., Letter of Van Nieuwenhuysen of 30 May, 1676, and Inclosures ; Council Min , iii. (ii ), 54-50; Doc. Ilist., ili .. 526, 527; Col. Doc., iii., 225; Col. MSS., xxiv., 15 .; Yonkers Gazette, 21 October, 1565; Hist. Mag., ix., 353, 353; N. Y. Christ. Int .. 2 Novem- ber, 1865; ante, 270, 272. The account of this matter in Smith, i., 49, 50, is very erroneous. Domine Van Rensselaer improved his visit to New York by procuring Andros to appoint him director of Rensselaerwyck in place of his deceased brother. Jeremias : Col. MSS .. xxiv. , 15 .; xxv., 145. The domine married Alida, daughter of Philip Pietersen Schuyler, of Albany, 374 died there in November, 1078 : ('Call., i., 212; ii., 552; Holgate, 40, 42, 163; ante, 1., 500.
889
289
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
At the first regular session of the Court of Assizes un- CHAP. VI. der Andros, the case of Steenwyck and his Dutch associ- ates, who had been bound over for " sedition," was taken 1675. 6 October up, and De Peyster was acquitted on his taking the oath. to 13 Oct. 12 October. The other seven were convicted of "not being obedient to His Majesty's laws," in having traded without taking the and lus Steenwyck cath, in violation of the act of Parliament. Their goods sociates. were accordingly forfeited; but eventually all penalties were remitted upon the prisoners taking the required oaths. : Novem, Thus ended the question; and on the proclamation of the 50 October. new mayor, William Dervall, the inhabitants of the me- tropolis who had hitherto refused, came forward and swore allegiance to English authority."
Among other things, the Court of Assizes-upon the pe- 13 October. tition of the coopers of South and East Hampton, on Long setts coop- ers not
Massachu- Island, that, owing to their " great deceipt," stranger coop- liked on ers should not come from Boston and work there in the and. Long Ist- winter -- Ordered "that noe cooper shall be admitted to make casks without the consent of the magistrates" of the respective towns. A yearly fair for grain, cattle, or other Fair at produce, was established " at Breucklyn, neare the ferry."" Br oklyn. By reason of its separation by water, it was ordered that "Staten Island shall have a jurisdiction of itself, and to Staten I.l. have noe farther dependence on the courts of Long Island ;" John and John Palmer was appointed its "Ranger." Palmer ranger. was an English lawyer, who had recently come to New York from Barbadocs. A double rate was also levied Church "upon all those townes that have not already a sufficient rates. maintenance for a minister."+
The New York Court ordered all canoes east of Hell 6-11 Oct. Canoes out Gate to be laid up, because the savages were said to be the Soundl plotting to attack the English as far west as Greenwich. up. to be laid Brockholls was also sent to Albany with "reiterated or- 10 October. Brockholl: ders" for the advantage of Connecticut. The burning of sent to Al- Hadley, Deerfield, Northfield, and Springfield induced An- 19 October.
· Col. MSS., xxiv., 172-178, 186, 196 ; xxv., 1, 2, 5-14; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 142, 157 ; Bfin. of Common Council, i., 9-11; Col. Doc., iii., 233, 257, 230; ante, 277, 278. Dervall now succeeded Nicolls as mayor of New York, and John Sharpe was made sheriff; Samuel Leete was appointed clerk of the city and of the Court of Assizes : Min. of C. C., i., 1, 2, 9; Val. Man., 1945, 309, 831. 232; ante, 252, 253.
t Col. MSS .. xxiv., 164, 155; xxv., 50; xxvi .. 155; xxvii . 35, 36, 57, 57; Warr , Ord., Passes, ill., 190; N. Y. I. S. Coll., i., 425-428: Val. Man., 1441-5, 310, 311; Yonkers Ga- zette, 25 Nov., 1-65; Stile''s Brooklyn, i., 158. Palner afterward roze to distinction in New York and New England, in both of which he was ma le a judge.
II .- T
290
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. dros to think of encouraging the Iroquois to attack the 1675. Eastern savages. But, as the Mohawks had renewed their former peace with the Mahicans "without leave," it was 24 October. ordered to be kept. It was farther directed " that there Orders about powder. be at this juncture a prohibition of selling powder and lead to any Indians whatsoever at Albany, unless it be to the Maquas and Senecas." The commander there might. however, allow a small quantity to be sold to any well known Mahican beaver- hunter. As the magistrates at Esopus had shown great apprehension of the Indians, they were reproved "for their needlesse feares." But they Esopus affairs. were required to explain what was meant by the savages offering to deliver up the articles made between Nicolls and them in 1665, and which had "been renewed with those Indians this very spring."*
2 Novem. New York sends sup- plies to
and.
The confederated colonies having declared war against the Narragansetts, Andros spontaneously sent six barrels of Rhode Ist- powder and other ammunition to Rhode Island, " which they thankfully accepted, and afterwards lent part of it to New England forces in want, at their fight in Narragansett 19 Decem. country." In this engagement nearly a thousand savages Narragan- sett fight. and two hundred English colonists were killed and wound- ed. The Rhode Island Quakers still desired the arbitra- tion of the governor of New York; thinking that Puri- tanic New England ministers had urged on hostilities, " and 1676. that the war had not been, if there had not been a hire- 9 Jan'y. Rhode Isl- and re- bukes Mag- ling, that, for his money, giving, what he calleth the Gos- pel, by violence." Governor Coddington, of Rhode Island. accordingly rebuked Massachusetts for having "departed from the Lord."+
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