USA > New York > History of the state of New York. Vol. II, Pt. 1 > Part 35
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In the mean time, Massachusetts and Connecticut had engaged some Mohawk warriors to help them fight the Eastern Indians, who were ravaging Maine. The Con- 19 March. nectient Council renewed their request for leave to treat directly with the Iroquois at Albany. Andros at once di- 23 March. rected the Mohawks to recall their parties from the East, and notify his officers if any Christians or Indians should 3 April. tamper with them. Ile also informed Governor Leete that he was going to Albany, where, "if you please to depute and send a fitt person, he may be present and say any thing [that] may be proper from yourselfe or colony to our Indyans, Maquas, etc." Pynchon and Richards were 10 April. accordingly appointed to make a treaty with the Mohawks
* Col. Doc .. ix., 126, 267, 204, 305, 890-392, 702, 703, 783-503.
t Hennepin's Louisiana, 2, 3, 8-15; New Discovery, 15-25, 40, 41, 41; Taillon, ili .. 4.2, 474: La Potherie, ii., 135; Col. Doc., ix .. 126, 213, 216; Council Min., iff. (ii.), 148; Ch .r.r. voix, ii., 264 265; Sparks's La Salle, 10, 11 ; Shea's Discovery, $4, S5, SS; Bancroft, IL, iv .: ante, 103, 241, 299.
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309
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
on the part of Massachusetts. and Connecticut, under the CHAP. VI. advice of the governor of New York, or, if he should " ob- struct," to take " what opportunity" they could to gain their 1677. end. Andros received the New England agents kindly at 25 April. Massachu- Connecti- cut agents setts and Albany; allowed them all freedom to speak "to what In- dians they pleased ;" and informed Leete that they had at Albany. been " denied nothing here to their content." .A handsome present was made by Pynchon, on behalf of Massachusetts, to the Mohawks, who covenanted peace with her friendly Indians. For the first time, New York permitted her Iro- quois to treat with a New England colony. The League was sealed with the characteristic gift of " a fish painted on paper" to the savages, who, according to their custom, dis- Conference tinguished their new Eastern friends, whom Pynchon rep- Iroquois. with the resented, by the descriptive name of " Kinshon."*
The subjugation of the Andastes or Susquehannas by the Senecas led to a correspondence between Andros and Governor Calvert of Maryland, in which the friendship of New York New York toward her sister English colonies at the South land. and Mary- was fully manifested; although Virginian historians have somewhat blamed her for the "rebellion" which broke out in the Old Dominion under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon. In their warfare the Iroquois did not always discriminate between their savage enemies and the English colonists around the Chesapeake, among whom they dwelt ; and both Virginia and Maryland felt the necessity of a peace with the Five Nations of New York.t
Charles Calvert, now Lord Baltimore, having returned to England, Notley, his lieutenant governor of Maryland, ac- cordingly commissioned one of her council, Colonel Henry 30 April. Coursey-who, in 1659, had hospitably treated the envoys of New Netherland-to go to Albany and " make a league
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), 140, 141, 144, 145: Col. MSS., xxvi., 46, 52; Col. Doc., i.i., 32S; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 453, 183, 450, 491-496, 507 ; Mass. Rec., v., 165, 167 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 318 ; Williamson's Maine, i., 543; Colden, i., 116, 150; ante, 296, 29S. As the Iroquois had no labials in their language, they were obliged to say "Quider" instead of " Peter :" Hen- nepin's New Discovery, 24; Colden, i., 16, 116. For this reason, I think it probable that "Kinshon" was the nearest they could come to " Pynchon." Being great generalizers of names, they used that of " Pynchon" to denote New England, just as they substituted "On- nontio" for Canada, and " Corlaer" for New York ; ante, 102. 287. Father Millet, in his let- ter of 6 July, 1091, p. 45, wrongly applies the name "Le Poisson," or "Kinshon," to New York instead of New England.
f Warr., Ord., Passes, ill., 152, 163, 164, 214; Col. MSS., xxv .. 124; Col. Doc., iii., 245; Hough's Philip's War, 124. 125; S. Hazard, 421-426; Beverley, 62, 63; Burk, ii., 156, 157 ; Force's Tracts, i., viii., ix. ; Douniol, ii., 41, 45, 99, 197 ; Hist. Mag., i., 65-73 ; ii., 297 ; Camp- bell's Virginia, 254-3:3; ante, 100, 193, 209.
310
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
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23 May. Coursey sent to New York. 16 May. Green- halgh's tour in Western
CHAP. VI. of friendship" with the New York Iroquois. After enter. 1677. tainment at Newcastle, Coursey was cordially received at Fort James. In anticipation of his coming, Andros dis- patched " two Christians," one of whom was Wentworth Greenhalgh, to summon the Senecas and their confeder- ates to meet Coursey at Albany, and announce the gov- ernor's intention to be there in August. When Coursey New York reached New York, another message was sent to hasten the 6 June. 21 July. Coursey at interview. This was accordingly held, and the agent of Albany. Maryland and Virginia, in several conferences with the Iroquois sachems, " had answers to his satisfaction."*
The savages in Maine were meanwhile doing great ) June. mischief. Andros therefore resolved " to take possession, and assert the Duke's interest at Pemaquid, and parts ad- jacent Eastward;" and that if New York should make peace with the Indians there, "the Massachusetts to be comprized, if they please." Brockholls, Knapton, and Sec- 16 June. Andros takes pos- session of retary Nicolls were accordingly commissioned to go to Pemaquid with four sloops, one hundred men, and a l'emaquia. framed redoubt, to be set up in the most convenient place. They were directed to make peace with such Indians as delivered up their prisoners, and to include the New En- gland colonies if they so desired. Any Mohawks who might come to them were to be received and used kindly, July. "as at Albany." The redoubt, which was named "Fort Fort Charles es- tablished. Charles," was quickly built at Pemaquid, mounted with seven guns, and placed under the command of Knapton, the brother-in-law of Andros, with a garrison of fifty men. Peace was arranged with the Indians, and several Chris- 2 August. tian captives rescued. Stringent orders were adopted in New York for the government of Pemaquid. None could treat with its aborigines except through the governor at 22 Septem. Regula- tions for the metropolis. The trading-place was to be at Fort Charles, where alone Christians were allowed to inhabit ; Pemaquid. and all entries were to be made in the New York Custom-
* Council Min., iii. (il.), 142, 147, 148, 151, 152, 160, 161, 164; Deeds, vi., 28; Col. MISS. xxvi., 66, 60; Col. Doc., ii., 94; ili., 250-252, 250, 321 ; ix., 227; Colden, i., 88; first ed., P. 31, 46 ; Chalmers, i., 364, 365, 366, 606-609 ; S. Hazard, 437, 438; Upland Rec., 49; Clint in. in N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 80; Davis's Day Star, 113; ante, i., 666. I am indebted to Mr. Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore, for the communication of interesting memoranda from the State Paper Office relating to Coursey's mission. Greenhalgh's Journal of his visit to the Five Nations, from 23 May to 14 July, 1077 (in Col. Doc., ill., 950-252, and Chalmers. i .. . 600), is the earliest English account we have of the strength and condition of the Iruquel ..
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EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
house. Fish might be cured upon the islands, "but not CHAP. VI. mywon the Maine, except at Pemaquid, near the fort." This 1677.
regulation mortified Massachusetts, which claimed that its 7 October. people should be allowed their ancient privilege "to im- Massachu setts of- prove themselves and estates in the honest and industri- fended. ous labour of fishing.""
Andros now went up to Albany and held another confer- 2S Angust. ence with the Iroquois. The Oneidas had been " diverted Albany. Andros at from the southward;" but they and the Mohawks still sus- pected the Mahieans. On his return to the metropolis Andros indignantly rebuked Connecticut for "falsely and 24 Septem. unchristianly" censuring his Indian policy. Not long aft- erward Massachusetts undertook to reprove the New York 12 October. savages for breaking the treaty which Pynchon had made tions Precau- with them in April, and suggested that they would do "an again-t tho acceptable service" if they should destroy " a parsell of In- glanders. dians who came lately from Canada," and attacked HIat- field on the Connecticut. A similar lecture was addressed to the New York commander at Albany. Andros accord- ingly instructed Salisbury to send any interfering stran- 20 October. gers who might come there, down to New York for ex- amination.t
This year witnessed fresh discoveries in the interior of New York. While Greenhalgh was exploring the West, nearer regions were not neglected. The search led by Louis du Bois after the prisoners captured at Wyldwyck in 1663 had revealed the beauty of the rich valley of the Wallkill, and a second exploration was made through the more rugged neighborhood of the river. A large tract of land was purchased from the Indians by Dubois, Has- brouck, and other French and German Protestants, to whom the governor gave a patent. The grant extended > Septent along the Shawangunk Mountains from "Mohunk" to New Paltz Patent for "Tower-a-tauch," and along the Hudson River from " Ra- poos" down to "Jeffrouw's Hook." Several of the grant- ees settled themselves at once on the tract, which was
* Col. Doc., iii., 248, 240, 256, 205; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 153, 163, 169; Warrant-, Ord., Passes, iii., 251; Col. MISS., xxvii., 130; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 14-23, 30, 259 ; Mass. Rec., v., 162, 164, 168, 169; Hutch. Mass., i., 325, 347; Williamson's Maine, i., 552 ; Belknap, i., 120; Palfrey, iii., 213; ante, p. 308.
+ Col. Doc., ill., 250; Col. MSS., xxvi .. 135, 136, 111; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 502, 503, 506, FA17, 508; Council Min., ill. (ii.), 150; Mazs. Rec., v., 165-168; Hetch., i., 348 ; Trumbull, 1, 351
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HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VI. named the "New Paltz," in memory of their former home 1677. in the Palatinate, which had just been so awfully ravaged by Turenne. The first settlement was made near an an- cient Indian mound on the Wallkill, where Dubois and his associates were required to build a redoubt " for a place of retreat and safeguard."*
2 Novem.
November. Customs' rates re- newed.
The provincial customs' rates, which had been establish- ed in November, 1674, were now renewed for three years, by a proclamation from the governor, under the duke's special instructions to " continue the same rates and other duties for three years longer, to commence from the end of these now running."+
7 May. Andros al- Meanwhile Andros had received permission to spend lowed to return to England. the winter in England, " to look after his own concerns," provided he took care to settle every thing during his ab- sence "in the best and safest manner." After advising with 7 Novem. Brockholls command- er-in-chief. his council, the governor commissioned Brockholls to be commander-in-chief, and Secretary Nicolls next in author- ity, with instructions to consult the council and the metro- politan mayor, Stephanus van Cortlandt, on extraordinary 16 Novem. occasions. He also gave his wife a power of attorney to manage his private affairs during his absence. Having 17 Novem. Andros sails for England. visited Carteret at Elizabethtown, Andros embarked from Staten Island for England, accompanied by William Nic- olls, son of the provincial secretary .;
After the governor's departure the affairs of New York were quietly administered by Brockholls, who was chiefly engaged in strengthening Fort James and remounting its Brock- holis's tem- guns. Correspondence with Frontenac in Canada, Lever- porary ad. ett in Massachusetts, Knapton at Pemaquid, Bruyas in the ministra- tion of New York af- fairs. Mohawk country, and Salisbury at Albany, also taxed the attention of the Duke of York's temporary commander-in- chief during the next winter and spring.§
* Patents, iv., 234; Warr., Ord., Passez, ili., 233; N. Y. HI. S. Proceedings for 1548, $1; Ulster II. S. Coll., i., 34, 35, 41-43, S0, 157-191; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 394; ante, vol. i., 712, 713. The New Paltz Academy, in Ul-ter County, now stands on the site of this old In- dian mound.
t Col. Doc., iii., 217, 246, 280, 292 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 1; xxvi., 5; Ord., Warr., etc .; xxxiik., 43, 44, 45; Council Journals, i., Introd., viii. ; ante, 263.
# Col. Doc., ill., 246, 256, 257, 700 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 175, 176 ; Warr., Ord., Passes iii., 236, 287 ; Col. MISS., xxvi., 151 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 508 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 73, 74; Thompson, ii., 391; Whitmore's Memoir of Andros, xix.
§ Col. Doc., iii., 307, 311; Col. MISS .. xxvi., 140, 150, 152, 161, 162; xxvii., 1-178; Council Min., ill. (ii. ), 176, 117; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 9-18, 23-32; Col. Rec. Conn., ill., 258; Muss. Rec., v., 300.
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313
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
New York, as described by Andros in London the next CHar. VI. April, contained twenty-four towns, villages, or parishes, in six precincts, or Courts of Sessions. Its population April.
1678. had increased of late, consisting of old inhabitants, chiefly New York as de- Dutch, with colonists from England, and " some few of all seribed by nations." Servants were mnuch wanted, there being " but Andros. very few slaves," most of whom were brought from Bar- badoes, and were worth from thirty to thirty-five pounds each. A. merchant having five hundred or a thousand pounds was thought substantial, and a planter worth half that "in moveables" was accounted rich. The value of Value of all the estates in the province was about 150,000 pounds. estates. From ten to fifteen vessels, of one hundred tons each, traded to the province each year from Old and New En- gland. Five small ships and a ketch belonged to New York, of which four were built there. The exports were chiefly provisions, furs, tar, and lumber ; and the imports commerce Ships and of English manufactures amounted to 50,000 pounds year- ly. The customs, excises, and quit-rents were all applied to the public charges ; but they did not suffice "by a greate deale." The chief trading-places were New York and Southampton for foreign commerce, and Albany for the Indian traffic. There were about two thousand males Militia. able to bear arms, of whom one hundred and forty were horsemen, in three troops. Fort James was a square' of Forts stone, with four bastions, and mounting forty-six guns. Albany, James, Fort Albany was a small stockade, with four bastions and Charles. twelve guns, "sufficient against Indians." Fort Charles, at Pemaquid, was a " wooden redoubt," with seven guns. These forts were garrisoned by regular English soldiers. Ministers " were scarce, and religions many," so that there were no records of marriages or births in New York. The duke maintained an Episcopalian chaplain, which was " all the certain allowance or Church of England." There were about twenty churches in the province, most of which Religions were Presbyterians and Independents, with Quakers, Ana- and "niee baptists, and Jews; and all were supported by "free gifts beggars." to the ministry." In New York there were "noc beg- gars, but all poore cared for."*
' Col. Doc., ili., 245, 216, 200-262; Doc. Hist., L, 60-62; Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 000-60L.
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HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER VII.
1678-1683.
CHAP. VII. DURING the four years which followed the Treaty of Westminster, England reaped the fruits of her peace with the Dutch Republic in the growth of her own trade, and in a higher consideration by other nations. As a neutral between France and the United Netherland States, she engrossed nearly all the commerce of the world. Yet French cruisers would capture English trading ships, and Charles was forced to ask Parliament for supplies to re- pair his neglected navy. But English commoners were too jealous of the influence of Louis over Charles to in- trust their sovereign with a power which he might prosti- tute for the benefit of France. The British House of Com- mons represented then -as it generally represents-the temporary sentiment of insular England. On the broader continent, the Dutch, sceing their commerce languish while . that of England flourished, were naturally anxious for a peace with France. So negotiations were opened at Nime- William of guen, on the Rhine; and the Prince of Orange, deter- mined to engage his uncle as a mediator or an ally, revisit- ed England. A marriage between William and his cousin Mary, the eldest daughter of his uncle James, of York, had long been contemplated. Before the Dutch war of 1672, when the princess was only twelve years old, Charles sug- gested the match to his brother, who bitterly opposed such a heretical alliance. After the Peace of Westminster the king again spoke to the duke in favor of the project, which was approved by his own ministers. At their first audience Charles told the ambassadors of the Republic that he loved his Dutch nephew "like a son." But the Duke of York was ambitious to give his daughter to the Dauphin of France, while Louis wished her to accept his inferior sub-
Orange re- visits En- gland.
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1678. England gains by the Treaty of West- minster.
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SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
jeet, the Prince of Conty. . Rouvigny, the French ambas- CHAP. VII. sador at London, warned James to dread the proposed mar- riage " as death ;" to regard the Prince of Orange as "the 1678. idol of England ;" and he predicted to the duke that "such a son-in-law would inevitably be his ruin." William at first rejected his uncle Charles's overture. Political and personal interests now combined to make him anxious for the splendid alliance. The Stuart cousins understood each other at once; Charles's command compelled James's re- luctant consent; and the Reformed Protestant Dutch cham- 1677. pion espoused the future heiress of the British crown. i Novem. Little did Charles or James foresee the momentous conse- Orange William of quences of these Dutch and British nuptials. Louis ob- Mary of married t ) served the advancement of his greatest enemy with pro- England. phetie vexation. But England rejoiced in growing sym- pathy with Holland ; and Parliament, while voting liberal 167S. supplies for an expected war with France, resolved that all a Feb'y. English soldiers and sailors should be recalled from duty William's Effect of under Louis. A struggle was at hand between the Protest- marriage. ant convictions of England and the Popish inclinations of its anointed sovereign."
After the marriage of William and Mary, the limping conferences at Nimeguen sprung briskly. The English auxiliaries of Louis were mustered out of his service; but his parsimonious treatment of them caused just complaints, and disgusted the king and the Duke of York. At length frAugust. Peace of
peace was covenanted between France and the Protestant Nimeguen between
Dutch Republic, which, at the end of the long struggle, the Dutch found herself far better off than she was when her Popish French. adversary began his ruthless attack.t.
Andros had meanwhile landed in Ireland, whence he 5 Jan'y. hastened over to London. On reaching court he was London, knighted by the king, and allowed a short holiday to look knighted after his private affairs at Guernsey; where, however, he
' Col. Doc., ii., 533; Rouvigny to Louis XIV., 23 April, 1674, in Mignet's Negotiations, iv., 232; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 400, 410, 456, 457; Temple, ii., 252-430; Dalrymple, i., 148, 155-164; Clarke's James II., i , 500-502, 505, 510; Burnet, i., 307-412; Kennett, iii., 207-362; Macpherson, i., 202, 211, 224-231; Courtenay's Temple, i., 424-510; Rapin, ii., 675-685; Parl. Hist., iv., 907, 925 : Basnage, ii., 499-ST0, 902-207; Sylvius, x .- xvi. ; Davies, ili., 138-163; Hume, vii , 1-34; Lingard, xiii., 1-13 ; Macaulay, i., 224-229 ; an'e, 15).
+ Parl. Ifist., iv., 943, 952, 964, 953, 1005 ; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 462-46S: Dumont, vii .. 350; Temple, ii., 400-455; Courtenay's Tempie, ii., 13; Dalrymple, i., 164-160; Macpher- soon, 1., 233-235, 244; Clarke's James II .. i , 511, 512; Kennett, ill., $63; Barnet, i., 422. 423 ; Dasnage, ii., 907-037 ; Anderson, il., 537, 543, 549 ; Col. Doc., ill., 423, 453, 450, 452, 463.
Andre in
пси ята
310
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VII. did not tarry long, because the duke required him to return quickly to his government .*
1678. Massachu- petts agents in trouble.
8 April. Andros's account of his govern- ment.
9 April. Andros suggests a consolida- tion of the New En- gland c nies under the king.
The new-made knight found the Massachusetts agents, Stoughton and Bulkley, in tribulation because of the ill favor of their colony at Whitehall. They could not an- swer the telling testimony of Randolph, which, in the opin- ion of Jones and Winnington, the king's attorney and so- licitor general, contained "sufficient matter to avoid the patent" of Massachusetts by a writ of "Quo Warranto." By the Duke of York's order, Andros attended the Plan- tation Committee, where he gave an account of his gov- ernment, and exposed the behavior of the Eastern Puritan colonies toward New York about the Indian War. In an- swer to particular inquiries, he suggested that the various sub-governments in New England should be made "as one people and country" by the king's " asserting and regulat- ing" their militia forces, otherwise "every colony may be a prey to an invader." From his information, Andros thought that "the generality of the magistrates and people are well affected to the king and kingdom; but most, knowing noe other government than their owne, think it best, and are wedded to, and opiniate for it. And the magistrates and others in place, chosen by the people, think that they are obliged to assert and maintaine said govern- ment all they can, and are church members, and like so to be; chosen, and to continue without any considerable al- teration and change there, and depend upon the people to justifie them in their actings."+
16 April. Andros's report about New York.
Andros also submitted to the committee full replies about New York, to the specific inquiries which each royal governor in the Plantations was required to answer. For the first time since Nicolls's report in 1666, the internal administration of the duke's province came directly under the observation of the king's Privy Council .;
There was an unsettled account between New York and
" Col. MISS., xxvii., 124; Maine HI. S. Coll., v., 26; Whitmore's Andros, xix.
t Col. Doc., ill., 254-258, 262-264, 578; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 2S7; Hutch. Mass., i., 312-322 ; Chalmers, i., 403, 404, 405, 436-447 : Palfrey, iii. , 303-317 ; Hist. Mag., ii. (ili.), ?), 71; ante, 29S.
# Col. Doe., iii., 188, 260-262; Chalmers, i., 600-604; Doc. Hist., i., 60-62; ante, 113, 208. The twenty-seven official " Heads of Inquiry," which were sent to the several colonial gos. emors, are in Col. Rec. Conn .. ill., 292-294 ; see also Arnold's Rhode Island, i., 460, 455-121. The substance of Andros's answers has already been given; ante, 313.
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SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR.
Massachusetts which Andros did not fail to adjust. In CHAP. VII. America, the " aspersions" of Boston could not be correct- 1678. ed, because the Puritan press, which uttered the falsehood, 9 April.
had not the manliness to publish the truth. But now both sires the Andros de- colonies stood face to face before a supreme tribunal. An- charges of Massachu- dros accordingly petitioned for an inquiry into the truth of setts to be proved. the charges of Massachusetts while her agents were yet in London to answer. This was granted at once. Stoughton and Bulkley, after meditation, evasively replied that they 24 April. had no proofs to offer, and hoped that New York had not been "prejudiced" by the libel against those who were "never discovered" to "your Majesty's Government of the Massachusetts." This acknowledgment was fatal to the would-be independence of the royal corporators in Boston.
The king declared that he found "no cause to believe that 24 April. any of his subjects from the parts of Albany did supply The king absolves New York rom the "imputa- a" of any powder or other materials for war to Philip or other Indian enemies in those parts, neither could he perceive any cause or ground for the imputation laid upon his said Maszachu- setts.
subjects of Albany by the Massachusetts;" and he there- fore ordered that no Albanian should be liable to such "im- putation," unless the authorities in Massachusetts should prosecute him within a year. It does not appear that any prosecution was instituted, nor any apology or retraction offered by the Boston court, whose printers were now more rigorously fettered by colonial censors than any of the craft were restrained in Old England by Sir Roger L'Estrange."
Having been absent from his government as long as the duke thought prudent, Andros prepared to return. With- erto he had exercised Admiralty powers in New York only under his " general commission." The Duke of York, who was yet Lord High Admiral of England in its Plantations, 20 May. now gave Andros a special commission as Vice-Admiral Commis- Andros's throughout his colonial government, and authorized him to miralty. appoint a Judge, Register, and Marshal in Admiralty, to hold their offices during his pleasure.t
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