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CHAPTER X. 1CSS-1CS9.
Colonial Administration of James the Second, 497; Popular Representation not allons. ed in the English Colonies, 498; James faithful to England, 499; New York Con- solidated with New England, 500; Andros appointed Viceroy of the Dominion, I ;
IT
xii
CONTENTS.
James's new Commission to Andros, 502 ; Andros's Instructions, 503 ; Francis Nich- olson appointed Lieutenant Governor, 504; New Tax levied in New York, 505; The . Reformed Dutch Church asks to be Incorporated, 506; New York, Canada, and the Iroquois, 507; Grande-Gueule rebukes Denonville, 508; Denonville makes Peace with the Iroquois, who assert their independence of England and France, 5OS; French Fort at Niagara demolished, 509 ; Indian Slaves to be set Free, 509; Tax Law Sus- pended, 510; Andros at Pemaquid, 510; Returns to Boston, 511 ; Graham and Ja- mison favored by Andros, 511 ; Palmer made a New England Judge, 511; Andros in New York ; The Seal of New York broken, 512; New Jersey reduced, 512; New York dislikes Annexation to New England, 513; New York and Massachusetts very different, 514; Laws passed at New York by Andros, 515; Selyns's Opinion of An- dros ; Hinckley's Opinion of Dongan, 516; Birth of the Prince of Wales ; Rejoicings in New York, 516; Andros at Albany calls the Iroquois "Children," 517; The Mo- hawks wish to remain " Brethren," 518; Adario captures the Iroquois Delegates, 519; Denonville baffled ; Callières sent to France, 520; Andros returns to "Boston, leaving Nicholson in command at New York, 521 ; Andros goes to Maine as General, 522; Traitorous Boston Merchants ; Garrisons established in Maine by Andros, 523; Buc- caneers or Pirates imprisoned by Nicholson in Boston, 524; The old Boston Mint coins Piratical Plate, 525; The Massachusetts Hedge broken by Episcopal . wild Beasts ; Misrepresentations of Andros, 526; The New York Confidents of the Gov- . ernor, 527; Puritan hatred of Episcopacy ; Mather goes to London, 528; Sir Wil- liam Phipps High Sheriff of New England, 529; Mather kindly received by James, 529 ; Massachusetts wishes James to establish a Colonial Landed Aristocracy, 530; James favors Penn, 531 ; James's Second Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, 532 ; Trial and Acquittal of the Bishops, 532; Birth of the Prince of Wales, 532; The Prince of Orange invited to England, 532; The Prince's Policy, 533; Cornelis Ev- ertsen of Zeeland ; William lands at Torbay, 533 ; James's Proclamation and Letters to the American Colonies, 534; Lovelace, Cornbury, and others floek to William, 534; James throws liis Great Seal into the Thames and goes to France, 535.
CHAPTER XI. 16SS-1689.
William in London, 536; Orange Ribands worn. 536; William's first Colonial Acts, 537; The Prince's Circular Letter not sent to Boston, 537 : The Convention Parlia- ment : Its Declaration of Right copied from the Dutch, 538; William and Mary King and Queen of England, 539; William's Plantation Committee, 539 ; All Persons to remain in their old Offices in the Plantations until farther Orders, 540; English Corporation Bill fails, 541 ; Phipps and Mather's Petition to William, 541; Wil- liam wishes to preserve the Dominion of New England whole, 542 ; James and Phipps, 543 ; Phipps goes to Boston, 543 ; The Plantations to be made more de- pendent on the Crown of England, 544; James in Ireland, 544; War declared between. England and France, 545; Colonial Policy of Lonis, 545; Iroquois Pris- oners sent home from France, 546; Callieres's Project approved by Louis, 547; Denonville recalled, and Frontenac appointed Governor of Canada, 547; Fronte- nac's Instructions in regard to New York, 547 : Andros's Proclamation from P'em- aquid, 548; Andros returns to Boston, 549; A "general Buzzing" at Boston, 550; Politics of the Boston Gentlemen ; Lies circulated, 551 ; Insurrection in Boston, 552; Andros Imprisoned by the Boston Insurgents, 553; Plymouth does not like "to trot after the Bay Horse," 554 ; Secession triumphs, 554 ; Connecticut revolts, 555; Phipps's Felony at Boston, 555; Inconsistency of the Boston Revolt, 556; Virginia,
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xiii
CONTENTS.
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, 556; Nicholson Lieutenant Governor at New York, 557 ; Phillipse, Van Cortlandt, and Bayard Resident Counselors, 558 ; Convention of Officers called in New York, 559; Nicholson's Letter to the Boston Rebels, 500; . Long Island in trouble, 560; Nicholson's Report to .William sent by Riggs to En- gland, 561 ; Andros's verbal Orders to Nicholson, 561 ; Baxter and Russell suspend- ed, 562; Excessive Protestantism in New York, 563; Nicholson insulted and misrep- resented, 563; Jacob Leisler a German, not a Dutchman, 564; Dutch Influence in New York; Leisler's Declaration, 566; Leisler in Fort James, 567; Leisler's Proc- lamation from Fort James, 568 ; Leisler's Address to William, 569 ; Nicholson leaves New York; Letter of the Council to the English Government, 570; Leisler assumes the Command, 571 ; William and Mary proclaimed in New York, 572 ; Leisler's Con- vention at New York, 573; Committee of Safety ; Leisler Captain of the Fort, 574; Leisler commissioned as Commander-in-Chief by his Committee of Safety, 575 ; Leis- ler writes to William, 576; Jacob Milborne; His bad Advice, 576; Michaelmas Charter Election in New York, 577; Leisler attempts Albany, 578; Bleecker and Schuyler, 579; Bayard at Albany, 580; The Albany Convention, 581; Millet an Oneida Sachem, 582; The Iroquois ravage La Chine, 583; Leisler writes to Wen- dell and Bleecker at Albany, 584; Rival Governments in New York and Albany, 585; Leisler's Despotism, 586; Milborne sent to Albany, 587 ; Bleecker and Schuyler op- pose Milborne, who is bafiled at Albany, 588; Connecticut sends Soldiers to Albany, 580; Bayard denounces Leisler, 589; Phillipse submits to Leisler, 590; The Fourth and Fifth of November Holidays in New York, 591. .
CHAPTER XII. 1689-1691.
Trouble in London about the Colonies, 592; William's Letter to Massachusetts, 503 : Ilis Letter to Nicholson at New York, 593; Riggs brings the King's Dispatches to New York, 504; Henry Sloughiter appointed Governor of New York, 594; Nichol-on made Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, 595 ; Stoll foiled in London ; Matthew Clarkson appointed Secretary of New York, 596; Leisler seizes the royal Dispatche, to Nicholson and his Council, brought by Riggs to New York, 597; Leisler assinne, to be Lieutenant Governor, 398; He appoints Counselors, and makes a Seal for Nes York, 509 ; Leisler issues new Commissions and erects Courts, 600; Leisler's Letter, to the King and Bishop Burnet, 600; Bayard and Nicholson Prisoners in the Fort. 601 ; Albany Convention declares against Leisler, 602; Frontenac at Quebec, 803; French Message to the Iroquois ; Grand Council at Onondaga, 601 ; The Iroquois sti-L to "Quider," 605; Advice to attack Quebec, 605; Frontenac's Expedition agains; Schenectady, GO6; Schenectady attacked, 607; Domine Tesschenmaeker and other, killed, and Prisoners taken, 608; Captain Alexander Glen, or Coudre, 008; The French return to Canada, 609; Albany advises an attack on Canada, 609 ; The Mohawks at Albany, 610; The Albany Convention sends Barentsen to New York, and Livingston, Tennissen, and Garton to New England, 611 ; Albany urges the umon of all the British Colonies against Canada, 611 ; Leisler imprisons Andros's officers, 611 ; Dongan in New Jersey, 612 ; Leisler rebuked by Connecticut, 612; Leisler tries to arrest Living-ton. 613; Massachusetts cold toward New York, 613; De Bruyn and others sent by Lei-let to Boston; Fort Orange surrendered to them, 614 ; Suffolk County disregards Leisler's authority, but his Assembly meets, 615 ; A Colonial Congress at New York ; Its lc- tion, 616; New York Cruisers against the French, 617; Frontenac sends D'Eau to Onondaga, 617; Conference at Albany with the Iroquois, 617; D'Eau seized at A.1. - bany and sent to New York by the Iroquois; Kryn, the great Mohawk, slain, Gls ;
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xiv
CONTENTS.
Stoll returns from London with bad News for Leisler, 618; Address of the principal Inhabitants of New York to William and Mary, G19; Leisler assaulted; Sends Let- ters to the King by Blagge, 619; Leisler appoints Milborne General, who is objected to by Connecticut and Massachusetts, 620; Winthrop appointed General ; Marches to Albany; Council of War at Wood Creek, 620; Epidemic Small-pox ; The Army marches back to Albany ; Leisler imprisons Winthrop, and is rebuked by Connecti- cut, 621 ; Captain John Schuyler's successful Expedition against La Prairie, 622; Leisler's intemperate Letters to Massachusetts and Connecticut, 622; Phipps re- pulsed at Quebec ; Massachusetts obliged to issue Paper Money, 623; New York Cruisers take French Prizes, 623; Assembly at New York; Laws passed, 623; Al- bany Officers appointed, 624; Leisler quarrels with the Dutch and French Clergy of the Province, 624, 625 ; Huguenots at New Rochelle, 625; Milborne sent to subdue the opponents of Leisler on Long Island, 625; Ciapp's Letter against Leisler to the Secretary of State, 625, 626; Viele Agent at Onondaga, 626; Boston advises Leisler to be moderate, 626; Leisler's abusive Letter to Connecticut, 626; Last 'Acts of Leisler's Despotism, 627; William's New York Government, 627; Sloughter's Com- mission ; Assembly; Council, 627, 028; Sloughter's Instructions; Councilors, 628; Andros and others sent to England and discharged, 629; Dudley a New York Coun- cilor, 629 ; New Provincial Seal; Soldiers for New York; Major Richard Ingoldesby commissioned, 630; Blagge in London; His Papers referred to Sloughter, 631; Sloughter sails for New York, and is carried to Bermuda, 631 ; Ingoldesby at New York; Demands the Fort; Leisler very angry at the demand; Refuses Compliance, 631, 632; Leisler obstinate, 632, 633 ; Leisler opposes Ingoldesby, 633 ; Leisler keeps Councilors Bayard and Nicolls Prisoners, 633; Leisler's fresh Lies, 634; Action of the Royal Council, 634; Leisler's Proclamation, 634 ; Clarkson writes to Connecti- cut ; Allyn's Advice to Leisler, 635; "Peace Address" from Kings and Queens Counties, 635; William Kidd, a Privateer, 635; Leisler's Declaration against In- goldesby ; . Reply of the Council, 635; The Council consider Ingoldesby chief Com- mander, 636 ; Leisler fires on the Troops ; Persons killed; The Block-house surren- ders, 636; Arrival of Sloughter ; Councilors sworn, 637; Milborne and De la Noy imprisoned, 637; Leisler's Submission to Sloughter, 638; Leisler imprisoned, and Bayard and Nicolls set free ; An Assembly called, and Officers appointed by Slough- ter, 638 ; Domine Selyns's Sermon, 638; Slonghter uppoints a Special Commission of Oyer and Terminer, 639; The Prisoners indicted by the Grand Jury, 639; Leisler and Milborne refuse to plead ; Opinion of the Governor and Council on the King's Letter to Nicholson, 640; Eight of the Prisoners convicted ; Two acquitted ; Prison- ers sentenced and reprieved, 640; Blagge's Memorial answered, 641 ; Sloughter's Re- ports to England, 641 ; Jamison Clerk of the Council ; Dellius returns and is reward- ed, 641 ; The Assembly meets; Its Members, 642; Speeches of Sloughter and Dud- ley to the Assembly, 642; Assembly's Resolutions against Leisler's arbitrary Acts, 642; Rebellion abhorred by the Assembly, 643; The Assembly resolves that the Co- lonial Laws of James are void, 643; The Council does not concur in this Resolution, 643; Assembly's Address to William and Mary, 644 ; Assembly Bills to be drawn by the Attorney General, 644 ; Law passed to quiet Disorders, 644; Law declaring the Rights of the People of New York, 645; Courts established, and Judges appointed, 646; Revenue Act, 646; Kidd rewarded, 646; Amnesty Law; Certain Exceptions, 647 ; Sloughter's Proclamation, 647; Petitions for Leisler's pardon ; His Exeention demanded, 647 : Resolution of the Council; Sloughter signs the Death-warrant of Leisler and Milborne, 648; Leisler and Milborne executed ; Their dying Speeches, G48; Their Execution a Political Mistake ; Its Consequences to New York, 649.
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CONTENTS.
XV
APPENDIX.
Note A
Page 651
Note B
653
Note C
653
Note D
658
Note E
659
Note F
661
Note G
662
Note H.
662
INDEX
665
HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAPTER I.
1664.
THE year sixteen hundred and sixty-four found the CHAP. I. strongest powers of Europe on the brink of a fierce war. That war determined the fate of New York. War at hand.
1664.
In France, Louis the Fourteenth was pushing up to its pinnacle the idea of absolute monarchy. The king was himself the state. Laborious and untiring, Louis had the rare faculty of choosing well his subordinates. Colbert became his minister of finance; Lionne, of foreign affairs ; Louvois, of war. Conde, Luxembourg, and Turenne, his victorious generals, earned him bloody renown. The French king was a devout son of the Roman Church. Francs and Louta But, above all other characteristics, he had the instinct of the Four- grandeur and the thirst for glory. "There is stuff enough teenth. in him," said Mazarin, " to make four kings and an honest man." If Louis was not the greatest sovereign, he was " the best actor of majesty that ever filled a throne." More than any other monarch, he had " the marvellous art of reigning." Supreme in France, he wished to sway all Eu- rope, and to that end he directed his subtile diplomacy. Jle soon established a control over the half French king of England. With the United Netherlands he made a treaty of alliance. But the system of bribery by which Louis succeeded almost every where else, failed when it was used against the chief servants of the Dutch Republic.
After the death of the second William of Orange, in II .-- A
£
2
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. I. November, 1650, the dignity of stadtholder had remained 1664. in abeyance, and the Dutch executive authority had been administered by statesmen whose political opinions were opposed to those of the deceased prince. One of these opinions was that the almost royal power which the stadt- holderate gave to the house of Orange was dangerous to the republic. A few days after the death of William, his widow, who was the daughter of Charles the First of En- gland, gave birth to a son, whom she desired to name
The Dutch Republic and Wil- liam the Third.
Charles, but who was baptized William Henry, in the great Dutch Church at the Hague. He succeeded his fa- ther as William, the Third Prince of Orange. This event roused the apprehensions of the Louvestein, or aristocratic party, at the head of which was the young John De Witt, a disciple of Descartes, already conspicuous for his ability, firmness, and integrity. So highly were his talents and prudence esteemed, that he was frequently called "The wisdom of Holland." Ilis mind was well compared with that of Richelieu. In. 1653, De Witt was made Grand Pensionary of Holland, and thenceforward he became the real chief magistrate of the republic. To gratify Crom- well, he procured an act of the States exeluding the Prince of Orange from the office of stadtholder. Upon the resto- ration of Charles the Second to the throne of England, this act, so insulting to his nephew, was repealed. De Witt, nevertheless, remained at the head of Dutch affairs, which he directed with consummate skill and nearly regal authority. His country had reached the zenith of its pros- perity and glory. Domestic trade and manufactures main- tained a growing population in content and abundance ; while foreign commerce, searching every shore of the globe, poured continual riches into the warehouses of Hol- land and Zealand. An alliance had secured the friend- ship of France. A similar treaty promised peace with En- gland; and Charles, solemnly professing gratitude and af- fection toward the Dutch people, confided to the States of Holland the guardianship of his infant nephew, William of Orange. With the king apparently so well disposed, it seemed as if enduring friendship was established between the two great Protestant nations of Europe-continental Holland and insular England.
John De Witt.
3
ENGLISH JEALOUSY OF THE DUTCH.
. It was an interesting circumstance that the royal family CHAP. I. of Great Britain was connected with the King of France and the Prince of Orange in a nearly equal degree. To- ward Louis and William, Royalist Englishmen felt much more kindly than did the men of the Commonwealth. But Englishmen generally hated both Frenchmen and Hol- England landers with strong national antipathies. The court poets praised the frivolous French, whose fashions were imitated tipathies. at Whitehall, while they lampooned the honester Dutch, whose national virtues were a reproach to their king and to themselves. Even the most accomplished English schol- ars were superciliously ignorant of the literature of Hol- land, then so rich in varied learning. Yet, with all their affectation of contempt, the English were intensely jealous of the Dutch, whose enterprise, outrunning their own, had established a profitable commerce in Asia and Africa. The Navigation Act of the Commonwealth, devised to crip- ple the foreign trade of the Netherlands, was made more vindictive just after the Restoration. Dryden but uttered the envy of his countrymen when he wrote of the HIol- landers-
" As Cato fruits of Afric did display, Let us before our eyes their Indies lay ; All loyal English will like him conclude, Let Cæsar live, and Carthage be subdued."*
Nevertheless, there was no cause of war between En- gland and Holland. The British sovereign ostentatiously professed his own good feeling toward the nation which Charles the he allowed his courtiers to abuse. But there was no faith Second. in the frivolous King of England. Of all her monarchs, Charles the Second was the meanest and most insincere. If Louis of France was the best actor of majesty, Charles of England was the greatest dissembler that ever sat on a throne. IIe did not lack talent, nor education, nor the training of adversity, but he did lack conscience, a sense of shame, and an honest heart. His early years had been passed in his father's palace, whence he had been driven into strange lands. During the period of the Common- wealth he had wandered among princes and peoples, en- during vicissitudes of fortune which few royal personages
* Satire on the Dutch, 1662.
1664.
and her na-
4
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1664. :
CHAP. I. ever had the advantage of enjoying, but profiting nothing from an experience which should have made him one of the greatest of kings. At the age of thirty years he was recalled to England and crowned its sovereign. But Charles brought back with him from his exile no proper sense of his kingly office. Like a prodigal heir, who pos- sessed an estate after long nursing by a prudent guardian, he came home to Whitehall, cager to expend a splendid inheritance. His selfish heart, and casy temper, and glib tongue enabled him calmly to put by every embarrassing question of public concern, while he submitted himself to the most degrading influences. It followed that the reign of Charles the Second was the most execrable of any in the annals of England.
James, Duke of York.
Charles had a brother, three years younger than him- self, James, Duke of York and Albany. As the king had no legitimate offspring, the duke was heir presumptive to the British throne. Although married to a daughter of his brother's chief minister, James was a cold-blooded lib- ertine; and, while he professed to be a Protestant, was gradually becoming a Roman Catholic. His temper was harsh and obstinate, his understanding slow, and his views narrow; but his word was sacred. He loved the details of business as much as the king detested them, and with all the method of a conscientious clerk, he seemed to work for work's sake. To aid in supporting his dignity, the rev- ennes of the post-office, estimated at about twenty thousand pounds a year, were settled on the duke by an obsequious Parliament. One of the first acts of the king was to ap- point his brother lord high admiral of England. In exe- cuting the duties of this office, which involved all the ad- ministration of the navy, James was assisted by a Board of Admiralty, of which John Lord Berkeley, of Stratton, and Admiral Sir William Penn, were commissioners, Sir George Carteret treasurer, and Samuel Pepys clerk. The duke's own private affairs were managed by three com- The duke's missioners, Sir William Coventry, who also acted as his sec- retary, Henry Brouncker, and Thomas Povey, who was likewise his treasurer and receiver general.
commis- sionera.
There was at this time, properly speaking, no ministry to conduct the public affairs of England. The privy coun-
5
THE ENGLISH " CABAL" AND PLANTATION COUNCIL.
cil were the nominal advisers of the sovereign. Each de- CHAP. I. partment of the government was directed by a counselor responsible for his own acts, but not for those of his asso- 1664. ciates, as is the modern British cabinet minister. The most important, and by far the most able of the king's Minister» servants, was the lord chancellor, Edward Hyde, Earl of the Second. of Charles Clarendon, and father-in-law of the Duke of York. The secretaries of state were Sir William Morrice and Sir Henry Bennet, afterward Earl of Arlington. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, and afterward Earl of Shaftes- bury, was president of the council, and Thomas, Earl of Southampton, lord high treasurer. These five chief minis- The En- ters were collectively called "The Cabal," or cabinet. The " Cabal." affairs of the colonies and foreign plantations of England were managed by a council appointed by the king, consist- ing of the chief officers of state and others, among whom were Lord Say and Sele, John Lord Berkeley, Sir George Plantation Carteret, Denzil Hollis, Robert Boyle, Sir William Cov- council. entry, and the poet, Edmund Waller. They were specially instructed to acquaint themselves with the condition of each colony, correspond with the governors, cause the Act of Navigation to be strictly executed, provide for the settle- ment and maintenance of "learned and orthodox minis- ters," and endeavor to bring the several colonies into more certain uniformity of government, and render "those domin- ions useful to England, and England helpful to them."*
Of all the servants of Charles the Second, the one whose influence was at this moment most pernicious was Sir George Downing, his envoy to the United Provinces. Derning Downing was a nephew of the elder John Winthrop, and was one of the earliest, ablest, and basest graduates of Harvard College in Massachusetts. He was sent by Crom- well ambassador to Holland, where he insulted his exiled king; but as he was "capable of managing a bad design," he was forgiven and taken into the favor of Charles at the Restoration. Those who knew Downing best described him as "a crafty, fawning man," a "perfidious rogue," a " most ungrateful villain," and " a false man who betrayed
* Pepys's Diary (Bohn's ed.), ii., 312: ifi., 167, 328, 331 ; Letters of D'Estrades, IL, +"; Lapin. il., 635; Lingard, xil., 206; Macaulay, i., 211, 212, 213; iv., 45; New York City niat Documenta, ili., 32-20; Sainsbury's Calendar of State Papers, i., 432, 493, 424; ante, *< 4. 1, p. 6:6.
1
6
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. I. his trust." The renegade certainly seems to have merited 1664. his damaging portrait. " If we may believe history, he was a scoundrel." He was " keen, bold, subtile, active, and observant, but imperious and unscrupulous ; naturally pre- ferring menace to persuasion; reckless of the means em- ployed and the risk incurred in the pursuit of a proposed object ; disliking and distrusting De Witt and the Dutch, and forearmed with a fierce determination not to be foiled or overreached."*
Downing lost no opportunity to inflame English jealousy of the Hollanders. IIis correspondence with Lord Chan- cellor Clarendon, who seems to have as much to do with the foreign department as the secretaries Morrice and Ben- Downing'a evil influ- euce. net themselves, exhibits a constant desire to provoke the king into a war with the United Provinces. Pretexts were not wanting. The Dutch East and West India Companies were charged with colonial aggressions. Charles, hower- er, disliked hostilities, although he hated De Witt, whom he considered the chief obstacle to the advancement of his nephew, William of Orange. The Duke of York, on the other hand, absolutely detested the Zealanders, who had punished, less promptly than he wished, the authors of some libels against himself. Besides, said Clarendon, "har- ing been, even from his childhood, in the command of armies, and in his nature inclined to the most difficult and dangerous enterprises, he was already weary of having so little to do, and too impatiently longed for any war in which he knew he could not but have the chief command." Moreover, James was the governor of the new Royal Afri- English ne- can Company, which, besides selling their negro slaves "at the Barbados, and other the king's plantations, at their own prices," imported into England from the coast of Guinea " such store of gold that administered the first occasion for Origin of "i guineas." the coinage of those pieces which from thence had the de- nomination of guineas." The Dutch West India Company were accused of injuring the duke's African interests ; but
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