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Canada; and "to break off all correspondence with the Jesuit, but to excuse himself in a courteous manner."
The Jesuit missionaries had meanwhile been active among the Iroquois. Bruyas, at Tionnontoguen, or Saint Bruyant Mary's, and Boniface, at Caghinawaga, or Saint Peter's, among the Boniface labored among the Mohawks. Although the smallest of Mohawk+ the Iroquois villages, Caghnawaga was esteemed by the Jesuits, like ancient Judah by the Israelites, as the greatest of all their stations. Prayer was offered there as constantly
* Col. Doc., il .. 021, 633, 643, 658, 683, 706, 714, 726 ; Whitehead, 61, 62.
1 Cal. Doc., il., 622, 626, 627, 629, 650, 644, 646, 649, 630; Esopus Records; Warr., Ord., I'Amee, lil., 117; ante, 123, 157, 218.
; Col. Doc., il., 652, 653, 654, 650, 062, 675; Council Minutes, ilf., 120; ante, 218, 224
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236
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Emigra- tion to Can- ada from New York.
CHAP. V. " as in the best regulated families of France." Yet, while 1673. zealous Mohawk converts paraded their chaplets in the Dutch church at Albany, the Jesuit missionaries mistrusted their frequent visits to the "heretics," and lamented their " wretched peace" with the Mahicans, which, by making the paths safe, enabled the Iroquois to get brandy to their hearts' content. The most interesting incident was the de- parture of a number of Mohawks to the mission at the Prairie de la Madeleine, near Montreal. This settlement had received its first Iroquois accessions from Oneida, whose chief, Garonhiague, or " La cendre chaude," became a catechist. While on a visit there, Kryn, or "the Great Mohawk," had become converted by Fremin; and, on his return to Caghnawaga, so moved the village that forty Mo- hawks, with their squaws and children, went back with him to the Prairie. Their brethren at Tionnontoguen, "who were not yet disposed to embrace the faith," complained to Bruyas of the " black robes, who seemed to wish to make their country a desert and ruin their villages." The health of Boniface, however, soon failed ; and he returned to Que- bec to dic-conducting "a great party" of converts, and leaving Bruyas alone, in charge of both the Mohawk sta- tions. The intervals of missionary labor were employed by the Iroquois superior in preparing his immortal dic- tionary of the Indian tongue .*
12 June.
Millet at Oneida.
Millet became so popular at Oneida that he persuaded many proselytes to renounce the invocation of Agreskouć. But he was much embarrassed by the efforts of the Hol- landers against the Jesuits, " since they had retaken Man- hattan and Orange, and driven out the English." In an interesting letter to Dablon, at Quebec, Millet described an eclipse of the moon on the 21st of January, 1674, which he had foretold, much to the amazement of the savages.1.
Lamber- ville at
At Onondaga, John de Lamberville was cheered by some Onondaga. new converts. But his flock was diminished by several
* Relation, 1672-3, 33-55; 1673-9, 140, 142, 143-151, 175, 177 ; Douniol's Miss. Can., i., 4-21, 179-152, 235-230, 279-293, 345, 346; ii., 10; Shea, 269-272, 298, 299; Charlevoix, ii., 233, 257, 334, 357 ; Col. Doc., ix., 352, 474 ; ante, 190-192. I find no authority for the statement in the note in Col. Doc., ix .. 720 (repeated in N. Y. Senate Doc., 115, April 16, 1863), that Bruyas was among the Senecas in 1673. He certainly wrote from Tionnontoguen, by Boni- face, to Frontinac, on 12th June of that year : Col. Doc., ix., 792; Douniol, i., 345.
t Relation, 1972-3, 55-65; 1675-9, 140; Doaniol, i., 22-30, 175-177, 239-256; Charlevoix, ii., 253 ; Shea, 276, 282 ; ante, 178, 181, 191.
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ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 237
proselytes from their native "Babylon," who went to live CHAP. V. at the more attractive Prairie de la Madeleine. Carheil, 1673.
at Cayuga, had little to break the monotony of his station Carheil at except the baptism of three Andaste prisoners before they Cayuga. were burned by their Iroquois conquerors .*
Among the Senecas, Garnier had charge of Saint Michael Garnier and Saint James, while Raffeix labored at Conception. at the Sen- and Kaffeix Wanting assistance, the lonely Jesuits applied to Dablon, ecas. and Pierron was sent to their aid, who took care of Saint James. After leaving the Mohawks in 1671, Pierron re- Pierron in turned to Quebec, and from there went to Acadia, where New En- Acadia, he spent the winter. of 1673. Thence he wandered over Maryland. New England, Maryland, and Virginia, finding nothing " but desolation and abomination among those heretics." At Boston he was "mnuch estecmed," although suspected of Jesuitism, because of " the uncommon knowledge which he exhibited." Pierron offered to establish a mission among the Maryland savages, " whose language he knew." But Dablon, scrupulous not to allow a Canadian mission- ary to interfere with the "English Fathers" in Maryland, ordered Pierron to assist Garnier and Raffeix among the Among the Senecas.t
During the winter the Jesuit missionaries had reported to Frontenac that the Iroquois were not well disposed to- ward the French. The new Onnontio therefore resolved Fronte- to make a pompous visit to Lake Ontario, and impress the to Lake savages with the power of Canada. He built two ba- teaux similar to that of Courcelles, but of a peculiar model, cach carrying sixteen men with their provisions, and cach mounted with small cannon, and painted "in a fashion unlike any thing seen before in the whole country."}
nad's visit
Ontario.
To disarm the suspicions of the Iroquois, Frontenac dis- patched La Salle, who was well acquainted with them, and had just returned from the West, to invite the five nations to meet him at Quinté Bay toward the end of June. On his way from Quebec to Montreal, as he was passing the 24 Mar. Cap de la Madeleine, the governor is stated to have met 3 June.
' Relation, 1672-3, 05-108 ; 1673-0, 143-146, 152; Douniol, i., 30-02, 256-268, 317; ii., 11; Shea, 253, 250.
+ Relation, 1672-3, 108-114 : 1673-9, 140; Douniol, i., 63-63, 268-278 ; ii., S, 9, 10, 11, 12, 11: Shea, 26, 232; ante, 173, 192.
; (l. Do .. , ix., 91, 95, 96; Faillon, iii., 456-470; ante, 180, 193.
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238
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. V. Dablon, the superior of the Jesuits, who informed him that 1673. he had learned from the Indians that some Dutch ships had captured Manhattan ; and that it was to be feared that they might blockade the Saint Lawrence, or even attack Quebec. But Frontenac, "seeing no foundation for this intelligence," continued his route, requesting Dablon not to divulge the news; at the same time taking precautions for the safety of Quebec and Tadoussac .*
33 June.
29 June. 9 July. er Prescott.
Frontenac started from La Chine with one hundred and twenty canoes and four hundred men, and ascended the Saint Lawrence with "incredible labor," fifty men being required to drag each heavy bateau up the rapids. On his way he saw " the most delightful country in the world." At length he arrived at "a point at the head of all the In Galette, rapids," called "La Galette,"t which the Sieur la Valterie had previously chosen for a magazine of provisions. Here the governor received letters from La Salle, informing him that two hundred leading Iroquois had gone to meet him at Quinté. This obliged him to send the Sulpitian Abbés Fénelon and D'Urfe thither, to ask them to come twenty leagues nearer, at Cataracouy, which he judged to be the best place for the establishment which Courcelles had pro- posed. Passing Otondiata and the " vast group of Islands with which the river is studded," Frontenac reached the opening of Lake Ontario, and arranged his flotilla in order i's July. of battle. Here he met D'Urfe, who had overtaken the Iroquois on their way to Quinte, and caused them to turn back. The French flotilla followed them "to the mouth Frontenac at Catara- couy. of the River Cataracouy, into a bay about a cannon shot from the entrance, which forms one of the most beautiful and agreeable harbors in the world;" and Frontenac was
+ Col. Doc., ix., 97, 98; ante, 179. This is a palpable anachronism. New York was re- captured by the Dutch on the 30th of July, or 9th of August, 1673 (ante. 205), which was eight or nine weeks after Dablon is said to have reported it to the governor at the Cap de la Madeleine! It seems that Frontenac got his first information in a letter from Lamber- ville, dated at Oswego, on the 30th of August, or 9th of September, 1673, and dispatched by La Salle, who, he states, was "in haste to depart, to carry the news of the reconquest of Manhattan and Orange by the Hollanders, and of the current rumour that they have twen- ty ships of war about to sail for Quebec :" Douniol, i., 347, 343 ; post, 239, 240.
t "La Galette" (the meaning of which French word is a flat cake, familiar to Pari-ian-) seems to have been what is now called Wind-mill Point, a little below Prescott, in Canada West, the scene of one of the " patriot" movements in 1838 : compare Col. Doc., ix., 77, 101. 114, 125, 241, 381; Charlevoix, v., 281-286, and Map; Gent. Mag., xxvii., 74, Map : Hough's Saint Lawrence, 41, 46: Barber and Howe's N. Y. Coll., 453. The name, however, was aft- erward transferred to Fort Presentation at Oswegatchie or Ogdensburg: see Smith, i., C ?. note; Col. Doc., vii., 130, 573; x., 349; Doc. Hist., i., 291, and Sauthier's Map annexed.
239
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND.
"enraptured at finding a spot so well adapted for his CHAr. V. design."*
The next day Frontenac received the Iroquois with 1673.
great pomp in front of his tent, called them his "children," i's July.
and named a day for solemn conference. In the mean time the Sieur Rendin traced out a fort, and the troops Fort traced worked at it with good will. At the appointed time Fron- 7 July. out. Conference with the tenac told the Five Nations that the Jesuits labored only to teach them, and should be respected; that Onnontio had Iroquois. proved his power by coming up all the rapids with ba- teaux carrying cannon ; that he now ratified the treaties made by his predecessors ; and he urged his " children" to let their youth learn the French tongue, promising to com- municate with them either through the missionaries, or by some " person of character" like La Salle. The Iroquois The Iro- "appeared highly gratified that Onnontio had, at the first ed "chil- quois call- and second audience, addressed them as Children, and dren." thereby had bound himself to act towards them as a Fa- ther; the other Onnontios not having made use of that mark of authority, and they having never consented to be addressed otherwise than as Brothers." They expressed ;'s July their joy at the establishment of a French fort at Catara- Iroquois. Joy of the cony; yet they lamented the conquests of the French in Holland, and the ruin of the Dutch, who " had been friend- ly with them."+ At the same time, they wished Frontenac to assist them against the Andastes, " the sole enemies re- maining on their hands." This, however, the governor waived ; and the Five Nations promised to consider his proposition in regard to their children learning French.
The fort was soon completed ; and, after settling its gar- rison, Frontenac returned to Montreal, delighted that he i August. 22 July. had accomplished his enterprise without any accident, and by the resources of Canada alone, without any aid from the court. Not long afterward La Salle came back from 5 septuma. Oswego with a letter from Lamberville, reporting the re-
30 AAugust.
* Col. Doc., ix., 91, 98-103, 792; x., 349 ; Douniol, i., 172, 249, 250, 343: Charlevoix, IL., 21: ante, 180, 123. The admirable situation of Kingston, in Canada West, well deserves the praise bestowed by its founder, Frontenac. But in 170S, D'Aigremont reported to Pontchartrain that La Galette would be a much better place for the fort than Frontenac: ( 4. Doc., ix., $22; and Charlevoix adopted this opinion when he visited Cataracouy in 1721 : ( lerlevoix, v., 281, 282.
+ Col. Dec., ix .. 110. It is clear from this that Frontenac could not yet have heard the
& aa of the recapture of New York by the Dutch, referred to on the previous page.
240
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1673. La Salle governor of " Fort Fronte- nac."
CHAP. V. capture of New York by the Dutch, and their proposed at- tack of Quebec. La Salle was immediately appointed gov- ernor of " Fort Frontenac," at Cataracouy, an interesting detail of the establishment of which was sent to Colbert .*
Y, May.
Population of Canada. 4. Novem.
In his letters home, Frontenac dwelt upon the inter- i's Novem. meddling of the Jesuits with the Recollets. Colbert, in reply, instructed him to form towns and villages in Cana- 1674. da, rather than prosecute distant discoveries, unless they should open a nearer way to France than through the Saint Lawrence. At the same time, he expressed surprise that the population of Canada was only six thousand seven hundred souls.+ Frontenac answered that his expedition to Lake Ontario had made the Iroquois friendly, and in- sured the safety of the Jesuit missionaries among them. But the only way to build up Canada was to follow the example of her neighbors at Manhattan and Orange. The Jesuits only endeavored "to instruct the Indians, or rather to get beavers, and not to be parish priests to the French." But the Franciscans or Recollets, who, under the Father Gabriel de la Ribourde, were now transferred from Quinté to Cataracouy, were laboring with great zeal, and, if inore numerous, "would assuredly do wonders in the missions."#
The Recol- lets at Ca- taracouy.
In the mean time the exploration of the Mississippi had been partially accomplished. After spending the winter at Mackinaw, Jolliet and Marquette left Green Bay in 1673. June, 1673, ascended the Fox River, crossed the portage to the Wisconsin, down which they drifted in their birch canoes until they reached the Great River, which the fa- ther called " the Conception," while his fellow-adventurer wished to name it "the Colbert." Following its current, they passed the mouth of the muddy "Pekitanoui," or Missouri, and then that of the limpid " Ohio," which Bru- yas-who literally translated its Mohawk name-called " The Beautiful River." Having reached the mouth of
' June. Jolliet and Marquette explore the Upper Mis- sissippi.
* Col. Doc., ix., 103-114, 122, 211, 792; Quebec MSS., ii. (if.), 291; Douniol, i., 347, 345; Garneau, i., 112; Hennepin's Louisiana, 5, 6; Shea, 283; Discovery of the Mississippi, xxxiv.
+ Col. Doc., ix., SS, 05, 115, 116, 792 ; Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), 291; ante, vol. i., 67. The population of New Netherland at this time was estimated to be from six to seven thousand, and that of New EnglandI about one hundred and twenty thousand : Col. Doc., ii., 526. 598; Chalmers, i., 434.
$ Col. Doc., ix., 95, 120, 121, 793 ; Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), 57 ; Charlevoix, il., 257; Spark-'s La Salle, 16; Shea's Missiona, 419; Discovery of the Mississippi, 85. 80, 159; ante, 149, 162, 170, 194.
TOTEXT
241
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND.
the Arkansas, and satisfied themselves that the Mississippi CHAP. V. emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, the explorers returned by way of the Illinois River to Chicago, and thence to Green i'7 July.
1673. Bay, having traveled nearly three thousand miles. Leay- ing Marquette at Green Bay, Jolliet went homeward as far septem. as Mackinaw, accompanied by a young savage, who had been given him by the chief of the Illinois, and spent the winter there. Early the next spring he came down to Fort 1674. Frontenac, where he communicated his discoveries to La Salle, who was in command of the post. In descending the Saint Lawrence, Jolliet safely passed all the rapids un- til he reached the Sault Saint Louis, just above Montreal, where his canoe was overturned, all his papers lost, his July. young Illinois companion drowned, and his own life barely saved after a four hours' struggle with the waters.
Nevertheless, Jolliet was able to prepare from memory a Jolliet's map and a narrative of his marvelous journey. From these narrative. map and materials Dablon compiled a "Relation," which he dis- 1 August. 92 July. patched to the superior general of the Jesuits at Paris. Not long afterward Jolliet was rewarded by a grant of the island of Anticosti. By the Ottawa flotilla Dablon re- ceived copies of Marquette's journal and map, which he Mar- forwarded to France. Frontenac also sent to Colbert the journal and map. map and narrative of Jolliet, who had discovered an inland 1. Novem. navigation from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, with Frontenac recom- mends a French only a short portage; and therefore he suggested that a French settlement should be made at Niagara, and a bark port at Ni- be built on Lake Erie. This idea was no doubt originated agara. by La Salle, who had seen Jolliet at Cataracouy, fresh from his Mississippi voyage, and who was now out of em- ployment. La Salle therefore resolved to return to France La Sallere turns to
to plead his own cause with the king ; and Frontenac cheer- France, fully recommended him as "the most capable for all the enterprises of discovery.";
* Ci.l. Doc., vi., 532, 545, 610; ix., 118, 119, 121, 122, 211, 216, 883, 669, 706, 7ST, 753, SS6; Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), 57; La Potherie, ii., 131; Douniol's Miss. Can., i., 193-204; ii., 5, 6, 241- "; Faillon, ilL, 312-315, 472 ; Charlevoix, il , 248-950; Hist. Mag., v., 237-239; lienne- fint's Louisiana, 6, 13; New Discovery, 303-306 ; Sparks's La Salle, and Marquette; Ban- r.A. 1.1., 135-161; Garneau, i, 232-237; Shea's Disc. of the Mississippi, xxvii .- xxxiv., lix1 , lxxv., 4-52, S3, 84; and Catholic Missions, 405, 406, 435-437; ante, 163, 194. The " IF of Marquette's Journal which Dablon sent to Paris was published by Thevenot, with martifinants, in 1681. An English translation was issued in 1608, annexed to Hennepin's "\w Discovery," 206-349; aud another in Dutch is contained in vol. xxvili. of Van der A&'s Collection of 1707. Another copy of Marquette's Journal was prepared for publication 11 .- Q
242
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. V.
1674.
While the dominion of France was thus indefinitely ex- tended by her adventurous sons over the interior of North America, that of Holland over a modest space of its sea- board was firmly maintained by her patriotic children.
15 Jan. New Or- ange af- fairs.
The metropolis of New Netherland was brought more directly under the governor's authority by a " Provisional Instruction," which, among other things, authorized the Fiscal Knyff to preside over the court of Schout, Burgo- masters, and Schepens. The city magistrates rebelled at this; but, upon Colve's threat to dismiss them and convoke the burghers to nominate others, they yielded, under a protest .*
16 Jan.
To provide for the "excessive expenses" of the city for- 1 Febr'y. tifications, Colve levied a tax on the estate of each citizen of New Orange worth over one thousand guilders. Com- 19 Febr'y. missioners were accordingly appointed, and lists made out Tax for the cations. city fortifi- of the property of "the most affluent inhabitants;" which amounted to upwards of five hundred and twenty thousand guilders. But as it would take time to collect this tax, 17 March. cach burgher assessed more than four thousand guilders was ordered to "advance, by way of loan," the hundredth penny of his capital, " for such is deemed to be necessary for the public good." Of this forced loan Major Jacobus 24 March, van de Water was appointed receiver.t
13 March.
16 March. Military precau- tions.
The city of New Orange being now "capable (under God) of resisting all attacks of any enemies," the "out people" of the neighboring villages were directed to hasten there with proper arms on the first notice of the coming of any hostile ships. The citizens were also forbidden to leave town without the consent of their magistrates. The sloops sailing up the North River to Esopus and Willem- stadt, and to the Delaware, were required to go in rota- by Dablon, which, however, was long buried, along with the original map, in the archives of the Jesuit College at Quebec. In 1544 they came into the hands of Father Felix Martin, by whom they were intrusted to Mr. John G. Shea, who published a fac-simile of the map and a translation of the Journal in 1853. The originals were privately printed, with great elegance, in 1955, by Mr. James Lenox. They were also reprinted at Paris in 1861, by Deu- niol, in his " Mission du Canada," ii., 241-331. Copies of Jolliet's map and letter to Fronte- nac, made from the originals at Paris, are in the Library of the Canadian Parliament at Quebec : see Catalogue (ed. 1958), p. 1615. Henri Martin, i., 421, insists that La Salle dis- covered the Mississippi before Jolliet and Marquette': compare Garneau, i., 236, note; and Douniol, il., 375; Faillon, iii., 313.
* Col Doc., ii., 678 681; Val. Man., 1850, 523-527 ; ante, 212, 226, 233.
+ Col. Doc., ii., 655, 696, 6.7, 699, 700, 501; Val. Man., 1550, 525, 530; 1851, 435; Mon !- ton, 14, 15, 16; Valentine's N. York, 319-330; ante, p. 234. The rate list is in Col. Doc., ii .. 609, 700.
243
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND.
tion, so as not to weaken the capital. In case an enemy CHAP. V. . should arrive, all vessels were to haul behind the frigate Surinam, " near the circular battery."*
1674. 27 March. The towns on Long Island, with Bergen and Haerlem, 22 March. were also directed to send each a militia officer and magis- tion at New Conven- trate to a Convention in New Orange. Francis Bloodgood, Orange. one of the schepens of Flushing, was at the same time ap- pointed " chief officer" of the Dutch people of Flushing, Heemstede, Jamaica, and Newtown, and charged with their military police. The Convention met accordingly, and ev- 26 March. ery precaution was taken to provide sufficient defense for the capital in case it should be attacked.+
The governor's attention had meanwhile been drawn to affairs at the castern end of Long Island. Provisions be- ing needed at the fort, Ewoutsen was ordered to receive Febr'y. them at Shelter Island from Sylvester, whose bond was now due. Some soldiers were sent along, in hope that the Dutch ex- refractory towns might be reduced to subjection. Mean- Shelter INI- pedition to while Fitz John Winthrop had reached Southold with his and. Connecticut auxiliaries. On learning the approach of Colve's expedition, forces were hurried from Southamp- ton and Easthampton; and it was determined not to hin- der the Dutch from obtaining what they wanted at Shelter Island, but only to defend Southold. Sylvester promptly 23 Feb'y. delivered his stipulated provisions to Ewoutsen. The next 5 March. morning the Dutch flotilla ranged itself before Southold, and Sylvester was sent to demand the surrender of the En- glish, who were promised the same privileges with other 24 Febr's. towns in New Netherland, but were threatened, in case of Attempt to 6 March. their refusal, "with fire and sword." He was answered Sonthold that the Dutch commander would be received " as a per- repulsed. son that disturbs Ilis Majesty's subjects." Ewoutsen now ordered his boats to land, and a gun to be fired from his snow, the Zeehond, which did no harm. The fire was re- turned without effect. As the English were evidently too overpowering, it was thought absurd to attempt any thing farther ; and the Dutch flotilla quietly returned to New Orange with the provisions for which it had come to Shel- ter Island safely on board.#
· Col. Doc., ii., 695, 696, 697, 702 ; Val. Man., 1850, 536, 537 ; 1951, 431, 410, 441; Moul-
1.mn. 12 : Wood, 97; Thompson, i., 156. + Col. Doc., il., 103, 591, 701, 702: unte, 215. : Col. Doc., ii., 559-500; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 91-94 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii , 506, 537; Wood,
£
244
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CUAP. V. Winthrop's conduct at Southold was applauded by Con- 1674. 2, March. Connecti- cut. necticut, which directed him to continue " to assist and de- fend the people there 'till at least these present motions of the Dutch be over." Application was also made to Massa- chusetts for a man-of-war "to cleare the coasts." But TH March. Governor Leverett replied that " the generall voague of the Massachu- sotts. averseness of the people to ingage in any acts of hostility against the Dutch, occasions retardment of comeing to any conclusion tending thereto." The General Court, however, " after much and serious consideration of the condition of 31 March. these colonies," resolved to send out a vessel or two " to re- press the insolence of the Dutch in the Sound, who are, with an inconsiderable force there, triumphing to the amazement and affrightment of our friends." Connecti- 34 March. cut was advised of this determination ; but no cruisers ap- pear to have been dispatched from Boston .*
26 March. It was now rumored that the King of England was about to retake New Netherland. Some vessels having 15 April. arrived at Sandy Hook, Ewoutsen was dispatched to learn what they were, but "not to imperil his snow." Soon aft- erward it was reported that peace had been made between Ilolland and England. Nevertheless, the property of in- English co-
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