USA > New York > History of the state of New York. Vol. II, Pt. 1 > Part 29
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The Jesuit missionaries, Bruyas and Millet, were now apprehensive of being driven away by the savages, who declared themselves the friends of the Dutch. Several
i's Oct. Boundary
* Col. Doc., ii .. 617, 666, 607, 707-711, 710; Col. MISS., xxiii., 234, 338, 340, 307; Masz. II. S. Coll., xxx., 108-110; Moulton, 14; Palfrey, iii .. 126, 127; ante, 206, 233.
+ Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 222, 226, 292, 242 ; Ma-s. HT. S. Coll., xxx., 104-100: Trumball, i . 325; Wood, 93; Thompson, i , 156, 5.5, 867, 333; Col. MISS , xxiii., 576; Col. Doc., il., 719, 123, 226; ili , 231, 235; New Orange Rec., vii., 201; ante, 56, 222.
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254
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
35 April.
9 May.
Mohawk chiefs at New Or- auge.
CHAr. V. emissaries were sent by Dracyer to engage the Iroquois against the French ; and some Canadian prisoners were 1674. carried down to New Orange. Mohawk chiefs from Caghnawaga and Gandagaro, accompanied by Jan Jansen Bleecker and Henry Lansing as interpreters, also visited Colve. They had come, they said, " as to their brethren ; for the Dutch, both at Nassau and here [New Orange], have been always one flesh with them." The new bond of peace, made at the "last harvest," was confirmed, and the chiefs declared that if the French should come to injure their brethren, then they would " side with the Dutch, and live and die with them." After visiting some of the neigh- boring tribes, the Mohawk sachems were conveyed back to Fort Nassau, loaded with presents, and assured that they would be shown all possible favor, "as brethren of the Dutch."*
26 May.
5 June.
5 June. French at Uurley.
The Treaty of Westminster, leaving the Dutch at war with the French, really made them more bitter enemies. Colve, of course, held all the subjects of Louis in America to be hostile to the government of his fatherland. Some Frenchmen at Hurley, having refused to swear allegiance, were ordered to be sent away unless they took the oath, and promised "to remain quiet in case of any attack by their nation."+
10 August. Capture by the Dutch of French forts in Acadia
Not long afterward, a Dutch privateer, " The Flying ITorse," Captain Juriaen Aernouts, commissioned by the Prince of Orange, came from Curacoa and Saint Domingo to Boston, where she obtained a pilot, and then sailed to Acadia. There Aernouts attacked and captured the French forts of Penobscot, commanded by Chambly, and "Gem- sec," on the Saint John's, commanded by Marson. Posses- sion was taken, in the name of the Dutch government, of the coasts and country of Acadia, and the plunder was brought to Boston. Frontenac complained of this to Gor- ernor Leverett, but seems to have obtained no satisfaction ; because Massachusetts coveted Maine, and wished the Dutch conquest of it to inure to her own benefit.#
Septem.
* Col. Doc., ii., 594, GOS, 618, 659, 662, 712, 713, 716, 717 : ill., 250 ; ix., 97, 110, 117; Char- Jevoix, ii., 258, 250 : Bancroft, il., 322. t Col. Doc., ii., 646, 676, 71S; Esopus Record ". # Col. Doc., iv., 476; ix., 119, 120, 547, 793 ; Charlevoix, il., 235, 256, 860 ; Quebec MSS .. ii. (ii), 51; Williamson, i., 580; Hutchinson, i., 311, note, Coll . 464; Maxs. I. S. C.11. xxxii , 286; Mass. Rec., v., 116, 113; Depeyster's " Dutch in Maine," 45, 73-76; post, 255.
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255
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND.
Colve and his council were meanwhile occupied in de- CHAP. V. ciding important cases affecting lands in Achter Col, Long Island, and elsewhere. Order and decorum were enforced 1674. occasionally by severe penalties. Samuel Forman, of Oys- Case of ter Bay, having made a great uproar in the streets of New Forman. Orange, and even come into the Dutch Church during di- vine service on Sunday, "abusing with great levity the 19 April. word of God, and blaspheming his holy name," was con- demned to be whipped, and banished out of the province. Daniel Lane, of Setalcot, or Brookhaven, charged with in- Case of cest, having escaped from prison before trial, his estate was Lane. Daniel seized, and half of it allowed to his wife, to whom a di- voree was promised if the accused did not appear within 12 April. six months and purge himself from the crime .*
The Lutheran Domine Fabricius, who had gone to the Delaware territory, coming back to New Orange, irregu- 5 Feb'y. larly and without authority married Ralph Doxy, of New- town, on Long Island, to Mary Harris. The court, aware of his " previous ill conduct," but unwilling, "out of re- spect for his old age and the office he last filled," to pro- ceed rigorously, suspended Fabricius from the ministry for 1 March. one year. The marriage of Doxy was declared unlawful, Fabricius. Case of but the parties were allowed to marry again "according to the laws of the Government." The domine petitioned that is April. his sentence should be modified so far as to allow him "at least to baptize ;" but the court declined his request.t
The Dutch churches, fostered by Colve, foresaw that they would not be so comfortable under the English, who were soon to repossess the province. To guard themselves as much as possible, the Consistory of New Orange asked : July. that their old church in Fort William Henry, which, at the formed The Re- surrender in 1664, had been stipulated should continue in Church. its then use, might be confirmed to them; and the govern- or promptly ordered "a Decd in form" to be granted, which was accordingly duly executed. As Van Ruyven 23 July.
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* Col. MISS., xxiL., 147; xxiii., 330, 331 ; Cel. Doc., ii., COG, G61, GGS, 004, 704-723; White- head, 61 ; Moulton, 13.
t Col. Doc., il., CSC. 683, 691, 602, 6.3, 70G; S. Hazard's Ann. Penn., 410, 411, 412; Moul- ton, 8; ante, 175. Fabricius appears to have behaved very badly to his wife, and was fined by the Court of Burgomasters and Schepens of New Orange : see Col. MISS., xxiii., 311, 314, 315: N. O. City Rec., vil., 201, 202; Doc. Hist .; iii., 242, 243: Val. Man., 1850, 528 ; 1951, 429, 451, 432, 405, 441-450; 1853, 497. He then went back to the Delaware, where he again got into trouble : S. Hazard, 419, 420.
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256
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Char. V. was about to return to Holland with his mother-in-law, the 1674. widow of Domine Megapolensis, the arrears of salary due to that clergyman were recommended to be paid to her. 20 July. Feeling of the Dutch about the restoration of New to En- gland. In writing to the Classis of Amsterdam, Domine Van Nieuwenhuysen expressed the general feeling of the Dutch : "We are greatly pleased at the peace arranged between Netherland Our country and the kingdom of England, but we should have been the more touched if we were not apprehensive that this country is included in the scope of the sixth arti- cle of the sealed Treaty, and must be restored back to that crown. It is not less agreeable to us to understand how God Almighty has been pleased to put a hook in the nose of the haughty French Sennecherib, and thus far to stay the wasting of his dearly-bought Church in our various cities particularly, and in our Fatherland generally.""
New city govern- ment of New Or- ange.
The city government had now been in office for nearly 11 August. a year, and it was necessary to make new appointments. From the nominations submitted, Van Brugh and Beck- 13 August. man were accordingly selected as burgomasters, and Kip, Verplanck, Rombouts, Hoogland, and Stephanus van Cort- landt, as schepens of New Orange. Knyff was continued as schout-fiscal. Very little, however, was left the mu- Septem. nicipal officers to do. They obtained an order from Colve for the produce of the scales and tapster's excises, to pay the city debt of upward of six thousand guilders for work done on the fortifications. New "church-wardens" were 3 October. nominated by the metropolitan authorities and confirmed by the governor.t
While the Treaty of Westminster was yet in suspense, Manning reached London in great distress from Fayal, where he and his soldiers had been landed, and was sum- moned before the Duke of York, who, after hearing his story, at first censured him. At Lord Arlington's office he
11 Jan'y.
13 Jan'y. was again closely examined by the king and the duke. Manning in London. "Brother," said Charles to James, " the ground could not
' Col. Doc., ii., 721, 722, 730 ; Col. MISS., xxiii., 269, 433-416 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (ii.), iii., 112: Corr. CI. Amsterdam. Van Ruyven, who never returned to New York, was living at An- sterdam in 1098: Col. Doc., iv., 353.
t Col. MSS., xxiii., 371; New Orange City Rec., vii., 203, 211, 212, 213; Val. Man .. 15, 538; 1553, 472, 473, 476, 477, 487, 488, 492 ; Moulton, 14; ante, 212, 233, 242. Among the rules adopted by the burgomasters and schepens of New Orange was one that whoever should smoke tobacco in the court while it was engaged in business should forfeit two and a half guilders : Val. Man., 1853, 483.
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257
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND.
be maintained by so few men;" and Manning was dis- CHAP. V. missed without reprimand. For more than two months he . waited the pleasure of the duke, who at length paid his ex- 1671. penses from Fayal .*
But who should be sent to receive and govern New York ? was the question. Lovelace was unfit; Nicolls was dead ; a new man must be named. The person selected was Ed- mund Andros, a major in a dragoon regiment, disbanded Major Ed- after the Westminster Treaty. Charles accordingly com- dros. mund An- missioned Andros to receive New Netherland from the $1 March. 9 April. Dutch ; and he asked the States General to direct their Commis- " Governor or Commandant of the place called New York, receive sioned to in the West Indies," to surrender it to Andros, whom he erland. had appointed to go there and take possession in his name.+
Thinking that the re-establishment of the duke's au- thority over his former province would be hurtful to Massa- chusetts, John Collins, its agent at London, wrote to Gov- ernor Leverett that "New York being restored by the 39 April. peace, one Mr. Andrews is appointed governor, a man I setts and know not ; and some rumour is maliciously spread at court that you have made peace with the Dutch there, which is obviated by the readiness of some persons to show the false- hood of it. I hope nothing will for this year further dis- turb you; and if any thing do arise, it will be from New York and the Government there. I have therefore greatly encouraged some gentlemen, your friends, who would pur- chase it of His Royal Highness, as thinking it will be much for your peace, who are about it; but how it will issue, I know not." This project, however, if seriously entertained, New Yor: came to naught. The king was now the only English pro- bought. not to be prietor of New York under the Treaty of Westminster ; and while Charles was offended at the insubordination of Lis subjects in Massachusetts, ho had " little time to mind such minute things" as theirs.#
Meanwhile the delayed letter of the municipality of New Orange reached the States General only the day before the 5 March.
* Col. MSS., xxiv., 36-51; Doc. Hist., iii., 53, 54, 50; Sylvius, x., 23 ; ante, 213. It is dif. Seult to understand how Dunlap (i., 130) could venture the preposterous conjecture that " the needy and profligate Charles was pacified by receiving part of the bride Manning had Mien from the Dutch:" compare ante, 206-203.
: Col. Doc., il., 544, 740, 741 ; ix., 403; Col. Rec. Coun., fil., 376; Temple, ii., 7%.
Hutchinson's Coll., 443, 444; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 100; Palfrey, iii., 22, 312. II .- R
New Neth-
Massachu-
New York.
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25S
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. V. Peace of Westminster was proclaimed-too late for any 1674. effect. The several Boards of Admiralty had been asked to advise what should be done in favor of the relinquished 20 March. province. The Rotterdam Board thought that the King of England should consider the Dutch in New Netherland not as "a conquered people, but as men who have passed by conveyance and convention under another sovereignty." Advice of the Ad- miralty Boards about New Nether- land. That at Amsterdam submitted a memorial from the mer- chants trading to New Netherland that the province should be repurchased ; but, if that could not be done, the King of England should be required not to molest its inhabitants for what they had done during the war; that their rights should be respected, and a free trade be established ; and that the old articles of capitulation in 1664 should "re- main valid and be faithfully executed." The Zealand 33 March. Board at Middleburg knew "no fitter means than to fur- nish said inhabitants with ships and craft for their convey- ance, either to this country, or Surinam, or some other colony dependent on the jurisdiction of this State."*
6. April.
16
Request of the States General about New Nether- land.
36 April. Promise of Charles.
The States General promptly complied with Charles's request to order the surrender of New Netherland to An- dros, but desired the king to leave the people of the prov- ince " in full and entire possession of the lands, property, and rights they possess in those parts, in the same manner they held them before the rupture." Charles assured their high mightinesses " that all the inhabitants there should enjoy all their rights and privileges, of which they were in the enjoyment before the war." This declaration substan- tially gave new effect to the articles of capitulation in 1004. The Dutch ambassadors at London were also instructed to do all they could in aiding the proprietors of Rensselaer- wyck to obtain from the king a confirmation of their an- cient privileges. t
25 May.
4 June. Rensse- laerwyck.
At the request of Secretary Coventry, the West India Company also wrote to Colve to surrender New Nether- land, although the matter was " wholly beyond their con- troul." The ship " Muyll Tromp" [Jews' Harp], Captain Hendrick Toll, being now reported ready to take out or- ders for the evacuation, and bring home the Dutch soldiers
A June.
* Col. Doc., il .. 526, 552, 338-541, 658, 662, 664, GTT; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 505; Mass. H. .. Coll., xxx., 103; ante, 220, 221. t Col. Doc., ii., 545-548, 540-561; ante, 215. .
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259
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND).
in the province, the States General directed Colve "to re- CHISP. V. store and surrender the aforesaid New Netherland to Ed- mund Andros, or such other person as the King of Great 27 June. Britain shall have deputed for that purpose; that, in case 7 July. 1674. the above-named Edmund Andros should not have as yet the States Orders of General arrived yonder, and no one have order from the King of to Colve Great Britain to receive the aforesaid country, the above- surrender about the named Governor Colve shall, pursuant to the last Treaty Nether- of New concluded with the said King in February last, and agree- land. ably to their High Mightinesses' aforesaid Resolution of the Sixteenth of last April, vacate said New Netherland, and place it-having made an inventory and obtained a receipt --- in the hands of the political Government there, to the end that thus possession may be taken for the be- hoof of the King of Great Britain." The Dutch ambas- sadors at London, having communciated these orders, were informed that Andros was authorized to receive New Neth-P; July. erland, and would proceed thither at once, with " a number of new colonists" from England.
In due time the Dutch frigate reached New Orange ; and ffs Cet. Colve announced his orders to the burgomasters and sche- ders re- Colve's or- pens, who voted him two hundred and fifty florins " for his ceived. last year's services." A few days afterward he requested 13 Oct. the court to name ten persons, from whom he would select five, " who, after his departure, shall exercise and possess the executive authority until the arrival of the expected ships and the Governor of His Majesty of England, who shall be also authorized to surrender the country to whom- soever exhibits His Majesty's Commission." Steenwyck, 35 Oct. Bayard, Van Brugh, Beekman, Luyck, Kregier, De Pey- provisional Propied ster, Van Cortlandt, Kip, and Rombouts were accordingly Now Seth- nominated. But the proposed provisional government was ertand. not organized. Before Colve was ready to embark the ex- pected British frigates anchored at Staten Island; and An- 22 Detcher. dros notified him that, pursuant to the late treaty of peace, Arrival of
1 Novem. he was ready to receive possession for the King of England Andros. of " the New Netherland and dependances, now under" the Dutch governor's command .*
' Col. MISS., xxiii., 412, 413; Col. Doc., il., 544, 564-568, 730-733 ; New Orange Rec., vii., 921, 241-247 ; Val. Man., 1853, 492, 493, 434; Doc. Hist., ill., 45; ante, 257.
200
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAPTER VI.
1674-1678.
CHAP VI. BY the Treaty of Westminster the United Provinces re- 1674. Effect of of We-t- minster. linquished their conquest of New Netherland to the King of England. The sovereign Dutch States General had the Treaty treated directly with Charles as sovereign. A question at once arose at Whitehall about the subordinate interest of the Duke of York. It was claimed by some that James's former American proprietorship was revived. Yet, while the Treaty of Westminster re-established the Articles of Capitulation agreed to by Nicolls and Stuyvesant, who rep- resented their sovereigns in 1664, it did not cure the im- perfections subject to which the duke had for nine years governed his American province. James's patent had been scaled while the Dutch were in quiet possession of New Netherland ; and no new grant was made to him after the Treaty of Breda, which confirmed to the English king his conquest of the Dutch province. Eminent lawyers "very justly questioned" the duke's pretension to the territory Defects in James's title. which England had recently recovered; because its cession to her sovereign by the Dutch government "had given no strength to original defects." James was now obliged to give up the claim of English right which he and his broth- er had formerly maintained. Moreover, the duke wished to regain New Jersey, which he had so foolishly squander- ed on Berkeley and Carteret. Besides this, the boundary agreement with Connecticut, which had never been ratified by the crown or by himself, was a sore point. The opinion of counsel having been taken, they advised that the duke's proprietorship had been extinguished by the Dutch con- quest, and that the king was now alone seized of New No jus postlim- inii. Netherland, by virtue of the Treaty of Westminster. The "Jus Postliminii" did not obtain in New York .*
* Col. Doc , il., #59; ill., 166, 170, 235, 236, 237; v., 536; vii , 580, 500, 507 ; Iliz. BIL ;.
261
THE DUKE OF YORK'S SECOND PATENT.
A new patent to the Duke of York was therefore scaled. Cuar. VI. By it the king again conveyed to his brother the territories he had held before, and granted him anew the absolute 1674. 29 June. powers of government he had formerly enjoyed over Brit- New patent to the ish subjects, with the like additional authority over "any Duke of York.
other person or persons" inhabiting his province. Under the same description of boundaries, New Jersey, and all the territory west of the Connecticut River, together with Long Island and the adjacent islands, and the region of Pema- quid, were again included in the grant. The new patent did not, as has been commonly, but erroneously stated, " recite and confirm the former." It did not in any way allude to that instrument. It read as if no previous En- glish patent had ever existed. It was a second grant ; in almost the same terms with the first; and it conveyed to the duke, ostensibly for the first time, a territory which the Dutch government, after conquering and holding, had by treaty "restored to His Majesty.""
Thus James again became the proprietor of a vast Amer- ican province, over which he was to domineer, until his delegated authority from the king was merged in his in- herited right as successor to the crown. His private reve- une continued to be managed by a board of commissioners, of which his brother-in-law, Lawrence Hyde, was one ; Sir James's Allen Apsley was his treasurer and receiver general, Sir sioners and commis- Thomas Wynnington his attorney general, and Sir John officers. Churchill his solicitor general. In place of Matthew Wien, who had been killed at his side in 1672, the duke's sceretary was Sir John Werden ; although James frequent- Werten, ly wrote letters to his governors with his own hand.t. the duke's secretary.
As his colonial lieutenant and deputy, the duke, almost
37; Icaming and Spicer, 50; Vattel, 212, 362; Kent, 1., 108-111; Douglas, ii., 224, 26; Smith, i., 48; Chalmers's Ann., i., 579-581, 617; Rev. Col., i., 143; Proud, i., 282; Grahame, L, 422, 467 ; Spectator, No. xx .; ante, vol. i., 4, 141, 143, 144 ; ii., 36, 56, 135, 209, 251, 25S. ' Col MISS., xxiii., 362; Eliz. Bill, 7; Deeds, i., 1 ; Leaming and Spicer, 3-8, 41-45, 50; (.L. Doc., ii., 295-998, 539 ; iii., 215, 234, 235; vii., 597; Chalmers's Ann., i., 579, 550; WAltehead's E. . J., 63, 264; Yonkers Gaz., 4 Nov., 1865; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 89-91; ante, 16. t Werden was a son of Colonel Robert Werden, of Chester, one of the duke's commission- err, and, before he became his secretary, had been charge d'affaires at Madrid in 1607; *Pecial messenger to Temple at the Hague in 1609; at Stockholm in 1670; was made a latenet in 1672; and in 1673 was appointed a commissioner of the navy : Temple's Works, 1., 447 ; ii., 195, 196; Courtenay's Temple, ii., 400; Pepys, iii., 167, 231, 235; iv., 25; Beat- 9 0, L, 208, 350 ; ante, 4, 136, 156. The first regular Entry Books relating to New York, in the Siste Paper Office at London, begin in 1674. None of the duke's letters before that date Ky m to be preserved there; and the few documents of an earlier period which I found are chiefly those sent by Nicolle and Lovelace to the English secretaries of state.
262
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1674. Major Ed- mund An- dros,
CHAP. VI. necessarily, appointed Major Edmund Andros, whom the king had directed in the previous March to receive New Netherland from the Dutch. Born in London in 1637, Andros had been brought up in the royal household, of which his father was lieutenant of the ceremonies. Dur- ing the exile of the court, Andros began his military life in Holland, under Prince Henry of Nassau. After the Restoration he was favored by Charles ; distinguished him- self in the first Dutch war; and in 1669 was commission- ed major in Prince Rupert's regiment of dragoons. In 1672 Andros commanded the English forces in Barbadoes, where he got reputation for skill in American affairs. The proprietors of Carolina made him a landgrave, and grant- ed him four baronies in their province. Andros was mar- ried, in 1671, to Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Craven. On the death of his father in April, 1674, he succeeded to the office of bailiff of Guernsey, and became hereditary seigneur of the fief of Sausmarez. Like his predecessors, Nicolls and Lovelace, Andros was an English Episcopalian, but no bigot. Moreover, he was a good Dutch and French scholar. Of unblemished private character; with talents, energy, and zeal in his master's service, he was as fitting an instrument as the Duke of York could have chosen to con- firm arbitrary goverment in his regained province. An- dros was accordingly commissioned by James to be his "Lieutenant and Governor" within the territories covered by his patent ; to hold office during his pleasure, and to obey all orders that he might give. Andros's commission was almost exactly similar to those of Nicolls and Lovelace."
1 July. Andros commis- sioned gov- ernor of New York.
1 July. Andros's Instruc- tions from the duke.
The duke's Instructions to Andros, minnte and specific, formed the temporary political constitution of New York. The governor was to satisfy the inhabitants that his com- ing was " for their protection and benefit, for the encour- agement of planters and plantations, and the improvement of trade and commerce, and for the preservation of relig- ion, justice, and equity among them." Strict discipline was to be maintained among the soldiers, so as to avoid all
* Col. Doc., ii., 544, 740, 741; iii., 215, 224, 201, 309; ix., 403; Letter of Selyns to C1. Amst., 10 Oct., 1658; Mem. of Penn. H. S., vii., 36, 37; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 376; Temple. ii., TS; Pepys, i .. 6) ; il., 167, 221, 331 : Chalmers's Ann., i., 580; ante, 18, 141; post, Not. IL A memoir of Andros, and an engraved portrait of him, from an original in England, has been published by the Prince Society at Boston, in Massachusetts.
263
THE DUKE OF YORK'S INSTRUCTIONS TO ANDROS.
canses of complaint. None of the inhabitants were to be CHAP. VI. molested for assisting Evertsen in taking the fort, except in the case of Englishmen, whose estates might be forfeited ; 1674. but the Dutch who had been active were to be observed " more circumspectly" thereafter, and to be removed from places of strength. Special care was to be taken of the forts at New York and New Albany, "upon which, in a. manner, wholly depend the safety and trade of the whole country." Planters of all nations, but especially English- Planters to men, were to be offered " all manner of encouragement" to aged. be encour- settle in New York, by assigning them lands according to the rules observed " by those of New England and Mary- land," so that the province should, in that respect, be at least equal to "any other neighboring colony." The quit- rent reserved to the duke was left to the discretion of the governor, who was directed "to settle a good correspond- ence with the neighboring English Plantations, as well those of New England as those of Maryland." As it was " necessary to make some abatement in the customs," James established a new "tariff," or declaration of the duties on Tariff of imports. All goods brought into New York were to pay duties. two per cent. if shipped from England or any English plantation, and ten per cent. if coming from a foreign country. All imports, except farmers' tools going up the Hudson River, were to be charged three per cent. in addition. Wines were to pay ten shillings a pipe, and brandy or other European spirits fifteen shillings a hogs- head ; while rum-which came from the West Indies- was favored by the lower rate of six shillings a hogshead. All liquors sent up the Hudson River were charged double these rates. Exported beavers were to pay fifteen pence on each skin, and other peltry in proportion; while New York tobacco was charged two shillings a hogshead if sent to England, and a penny a hundred weight if sent else- where. The same regulations were to apply "in Delaware River as in Hudson's River." These rates were "to hold Rates to good for three years, to commence from the arrival and three years last for publication of them at New York." Excise and other in- lication. after pub- ternal taxes, which had been imposed by Nicolls and Love- lace, were to be temporarily continued until farther orders from the duke. All these duties were calmly laid by
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