History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Part 28

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 541

USA > Ohio > Columbiana County > History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 28

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

District No. 10 was composed of sections 22, that part of 23 lying south of Beaver Creek, and all of 26, 27, 34, and 35. Its householders were William Watson, Widow Ewing, Jacob Heffner, James Ewing, John Rowles, John Frederick, Benjamin Ward, Nicholas Marshall, Archibald Briton, Samuel Ferguson, William Reed, Silas Crispin, John Carlisle, John Martin, Daniel Carlisle, Andrew Arm- strong, Peter Rouch, Owen Thomas, Arthur Burbeck, John Betts, Philip Metz, John Crawford, John Hiltabiddle, Wm. Rosenberry, James Carr, Henry Koffle, Peter Keffner, Anthony Clark, Wm. D. Ewing.

Fractional District No. 11 was composed of the south half of section 24, and all of 25 and 36. Its householders were the following : Jacob Carlisle, John Campbell, Lewis Crosser, Daniel Clapsaddle, Joab Gaskill, William Hawble-

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ton, James Hambleton, Frederick Fox, William Paul, Robert Morrison, David Campbell.

Fractional District No. 12 was composed of Section 4, and had the following householders: Jacob Worman, Conrad Bricker, Caspar Lengle, Henry Bricker.

ORGANIZATION.

The records of the township from its organization for .civil purposes in 1803 till 1825 are lost. This part of the history, consequently, must be omitted. Only the names of a few carly officers-justices of the peace-are remem- bered, viz. : John J. Bowman, Joseph Springer, Joseph Maus, Joshua Chandler, Samuel Richards, Jacob G. Wil- liams, Richard G. Richardson, and David Small. At a later day, among these officers, were Abijah McLane, E. R. McGregor, W. W. Hamilton, Morgan Chandler, Hiram Graves, W. A. Nichols, John W. Morrison, Hiram Gaver, John B. Mills, Henry E. Frost, C. B. Dickey, Joseph B. Ritchey, John M. Dickinson, and Harmon W. Brown.

Since 1825 the principal officers have been the following :

TRUSTEES.

1825 .- Jacob Watson, Joab Gaskill, Joshua Chandler. 1826 .- Joel Holloway, Joab Gaskill, Joshua Chandler. 1827 .- George Endley, Jonb Gnskill, Joshua Chandler. 1828 .- John Arinstrong, Joab Gaskill, Charles Mason. 1829-31 .- John Armstrong, Joub Gaskill, J. J. Bowman. 1832 .- John Armstrong, Joab Gaskill, William E. Davies. 1833-34 .- John Armstrong, Joab Gaskill, John Hester, Jr. 1835 .- Matthias Mace, Richard Chapman, George Rudivill. 1836 .- Matthias Mace, George Crowl, George Rudisill. 1837 .- Auzey White, George Crowl, Georgo Rudisill. 1838 .- Mathew Adams, John Moore, George Rudisill. 1839 .- Jacob Harbaugh, George Crowl, James McLaughlin. 1840 .- Jacob Harbaugh, Joshua Chandler, James McLaughlin. 1841 .-- Benjamin Pritchard, Abel Lodge, Joshua Chandler. 1842-44 .- Benjamin Pritchard, Auzey White, Joshua Chandler. 1845 .- Benjamin Pritchard, Daniel Dawart, Isaac Townsend. 1846 .- Charles Mason, Daniel Dawart, Isanc Townsend. 1847-48 .- William Hostetter, William Kerns, Isaac Townsend. 1849 .- William Hostetter, John Zimmerman, Jonas Richardson. 1850 .- William Hostetter, John Zimmerman, Jobn Armstrong. 1851 .- B. F. Thompson, John Carlisle, John Armstrong. 1852 .-- B. F. Thompson, John Carlisle, William Hostetter. 1853 .- B. F. Thompson, John Carlisle, William Burbeck. 1854 .- B. F. Thompson, James Giles, William Burbeck. 1855 .- Samuel Bowman, Ira Dibble, James C. Burns. 1856-57 .- Samuel Bowman, Auzey White, Erastus Eells. 1858 .- James II. Shield's, Abel Lodge, Andrew S. Ward. 1859 .- David Hum, Abel Lodge, Andrew S. Ward. 1860 .- William Hostetter, John Arter, William Myers. 1861 .- William Hostetter, David Hum, Abel Lodge. 1862 .- William Hostetter, Warner Peters, Abel Lodge. 1863 .- Mahlon Briggs, Warner Petors, Abel Lodge. 1864 .- James Scott, William H. Vaughn, Abel Lodge. 1865 .- James Scott, William H. Vaughn, B. F. Nichols. 1866-67 .- James Scott, Andrew S. Ward, Samuel Bowman. 1868-69 .- James Scott, Andrew S. Ward, William Hostetter. 1870 .- Robert Johnson, Thomas H. White, William Hlostetter. 1871 .- John Pitcairn, Thomas H. White, William Hostetter. 1872 .- Johnson Calhoun, Thomas H. White, William Hostetter. 1873 .- J. F. Benner, Thomas H. White, J. M. Johnson. 1874-76 .- William Richardson, Thomas H. White, J. M. Johnson. 1877 .- William Richardson, Thomas H. White, George W. Vogan. 1878 .- Robert Morrow, James M. Johnson, George W. Vogun. 1879 .- Robert Morrow, James Freeman, John Harbaugh.

CLERKS.

1825-28, Edward Carroll; 1829-31, De Lorma Brooks; 1832-37, William D. Lepper, Jr .; 1838, Benjamin Pritchard; 1839, John

Watt; 1840, Benjamin Pritchard; 1841-49, David Anderson ; 1850, T. B. Cushman ; . 1851, M. M. Richards ; 1852-53, David Anderson ; 1854, James A. Estill; 1855, Robert Shearer; 1856, David Anderson; 1857-58, Robert C. Wilson; 1859-62, R. B. Pritchard ; 1863-64, Robert E. Watson ; 1865, R. B. Pritchard ; 1866-70, Peter S. Fraser; 1871-74, C. V. Robertson; 1875-79, C. D. Fraser.

TREASURERS.

1825-30, Joseph Maus; 1831-37, James McElroy ; 1838, Wm. Hel- man ; 1839-50, Mathew Adams; 1851, Jesse Wilson ; 1852, Abra- ham Hasness; 1853-54, Jesse Wilson; 1855, Daniel Springer ; 1856-62, B. F. Thompson; 1863-69, John Burns; 1869-73, Esra Frost; 1874-79, C. F. Small.

In 1879 the trustees voted a tax of eight-tenths of a mill on the dollar valuation for township purposes, one mill for roads, and $100 for the cemetery neur New Lisbon.

In 1844 the township had 376 persons subject to mili- tary duty.

CENTRE THOROUGHFARES.

It appears from a contemporaneous account that the State road, which passes through New Lisbon west, and the Salem and Steubenville road, passing north and south, were opened about 1806, but, owing to the loss of the records, the exact date cannot be given. The roads to Liverpool and Canfield were opened probably a little later. These highways had bridges at New Lisbon in 1809, which were erected by individual enterprise. In due time, how- ever, substantial structures were provided by the township. At present the streams are spanued by excellent bridges, or by culverts of the most substantial stone-work. These roads are yet the principal highways. In 1879 the super- visors were Freeman C. Morrison, M. W. Adams, Charles Donnelly, R. R. Pollock, William Stock, and George Gromes.

The Sandy and Beaver Canal passed through the town- ship on the north bank of Middle Beaver to a point about a mile above New Lisbon, when a general northwestern course was taken to a point a little north of the centre of the west line of section 7, where it passed into the township of Hanover. Feeders were constructed on the Beaver at the furnace-dam, and on Cold Run on section 6. Between these points the lockage was heavy, and the progress of boats consequently slow. A further account of this canal appears elsewhere. It was opened in 1847 and abandoned in 1852.

The Niles and New Lisbon Railroad follows the east bank of the Middle Beaver, between the north line of the town- ship and New Lisbon, the road's southern terminus. It was opened for passenger traffic in 1866. The track has been extended two miles farther down the creek, into Elk Run township, for freight purposes. The proposed Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, when built through Centre, will follow the general course of the old canal, and will no doubt greatly enhance the prosperity of the township.

MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF THE TOWN- SHIP.

Aside from the industries at New Lisbon and on the Middle Beaver, there have been others, as follows: In section 30, on the west branch of Beaver Creek, William Ritchie put up a grist-mill many years ago, which is yet operated by Benjamin Iden. On the same section, below, Reuben P. McNamee and Abner Moore built a fulling- and carding-mill about 1830, which was carried on till about

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1860. It was then displaced by a saw-mill, of which Robert Mcclellan is proprietor. At the forks of the stream, about 1835, Isaac Hastings put woolen-machinery in operation, which was discontinued about 1850, and the site abandoned.

Above this point, on Cold Run, Morgan Chandler ope- rated a saw-mill, which remains, but is at present idle. A short distance up this stream George Schnellenberger had a pioneer saw-mill, which was demolished by Abner Moore. A fourth of a mile above, Stephen Hendricks put up a saw-mill, which was operated many years by Morris Walton, and demolished about 1862. On the southeast quarter of section 17, James Culbertson started a grist-mill about 1830, which was afterwards owned by Abraham Brande- berry and Stephen Hendricks. In 1870, Joshua Bowman purchased it and removed it to its present site, on the State road. . In 1874 he added steam-power. This mill and the saw-mill above, which was built in 1832 by John J. Bowman, are now carried on by Joshua Bowman. On section 6, Uriah Teegarden had a carding-machine before 1835, which was discontinued when the canal was built.

At Bowman's Mills, about 1829, John Bowman built a tannery, which, in 1838, became the property of William Filson. In 1842 the tannery on the east side of the run was abandoned, and the present one erected. For many years it was carried on by Mr. Filson, and is now continued by his son, James L. Filson.

COUNTY BUILDINGS.

All the county buildings except the infirmary are at New Lisbon, and consist of the court-house and the jail, the former one of the best buildings of the kind in the State .*

NEW LISBON VILLAGE.

This is the only village in the township, and, being also the seat of justice for Columbiana County, is a place of great and increasing importance. It has a delightful sit- uation on the north bank of Middle Beaver Creek, chiefly on a plain having a gentle slope towards the stream, but extending up a hill of moderate height, whose summit forms a handsome table-land. On either side are small ravines, which greatly promote the drainage of the place, and thus contribute to the health of its population. The oppo- site banks of the stream are high and rugged hills crowned with evergreens and other forest-trees with varied foliage.

From the summit of Pine Hill, which is directly in front of the village, is unfolded one of the most delightful views in the country : the village with its manifold objects of in- terest, the rich and highly-cultivated farms beyond, and the little stream sweeping through its deep channel at the left, are happily blended, and form a scene not soon forgotten.

There does not seem to be a plain reason why " New Lis- bon" was selected as the name of the village, which was founded soon after 1800. It was doubtless suggested by the fancy of one who dreamed that here, among the hills of Columbiana, would rise a capital which should be to the new county what old Lisbon is to the country which en- couraged the discoverer Columbus (for whom the county was in part named) to seek this new world.

The southeast quarter of section 14, on the southeast

part of which the village was laid out, was purchased by Lewis Kinney from the government in 1802, or earlier. On the 16th of February, 1803, he laid out New Lisbon, and a short time after acknowledged the plat before Esq. Alexander Edic, of old Jefferson County. It consists of a rectangular piece of ground, whose length, from north to south, is about double its width. Each block is 180 by 360 feet, and is divided into six lots 60 by 180 feet each. Six and a half blocks form the length, and six blocks the width, of the original plut.

They are divided east and west by streets, named in order from the south Washington, Walnut, Chestnut, High, Pine, and Spruce. The principal street running north and south is Market; the others are Beaver and Jefferson. Narrower streets alternate with these. The lots were numbered from the northeast corner of the plat, and the first block was set aside for a cemetery.

The two blocks on the southeast Mr. Kinney reserved for his own use, but in 1805 sold them to John Arter. With a view to secure the county-seat, he set aside for the use of the county a number of lots where is now the union school, but was induced to change the location to the present square, containing eight lots. On one of these Lewis Kinney erected a log court-house in the fall of 1803, receiving therefor from the county $150. The jail was in the rear of the court-house, and was also of logs. In 1816 William Harbaugh and Peter Spiker erected the old brick court-house, which is yet standing, and which was used for county purposes until the new court-house was completed, in 1871. It is now used for business purposes, but is in a state of decay.

Many additions have been made to the original plat of New Lisbon. The first was on the west, by William Slater, and was composed of out-lots. The other additions were termed : Aaron Brooks', M. Helman's, Rummell's, Loomis' & Graham's, Austin Wright's, Graham & McClymond's, Harbaugh's, Brooks', Hanna's, Starr's, Morgan & Coppocks', Beans', Nace' Heirs,' Huston & Jordan's, B. F. Lee's, Arters', Pritchard's, Straughn's, Brewster's, Guiley's, and Brooks', whose united area covers a tract of ground about three-fourths of a mile wide by one and a half miles long, not all being comprised within the municipal bounds.

The first buildings in the village were of logs. Some time after 1805, Christian Smith erected the stone house on Washington Street, east of Market, for a hotel; and soon afterwards Jacob Picking put up a brick house on the site of Hamilton's drug-store, which was also used for a hotel. Nearly all the business-houses and the first county- offices were first on Washington Street ; but after the brick court-house was built they gradually centred on Walnut and Market Streets. Considering the general condition of the country, the place grew rapidly, and early gave promise of future greatness. In 1809, Cupt. Thomas Rowland wrote of it as follows :

" New Lisbon is a beautiful village, situated on a second bottom of the middle fork of Beaver Creek, 40° north latitude and about 4° west longitude from Washington City, fourteen miles from the nearest point on the Ohio River, and seventy-five miles from Lake Erie. . . . It has upwards of sixty houses of brick, stone, and frame There

* For history of county buildings, see chapter x. in this volume.

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are two important cross roads here,-one running east and west, from Georgetown to Canton, and the other north and south, from Steubenville, through Warren, to Lake Erie.

"Our wells produce good water by digging fifteen or twenty feet. Stone-coal, lime, and building-stone are plenty. There are three bridges across the Beaver within a quarter of a mile of the village, built at a great expense by the voluntary subscriptions of the people of this village princi- pally. . . . Maple sugar is made in great abundance, and one of our merchants was known to have on hand, at one time, 10,000 pounds of that article.

" The inhabitants are principally from Virginia, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland; the religions, Presbyterian and German Lutheran. The population of the county in 1803 was 543, and in 1807 it amounted to 1730. There are a number of saw- and grist-mills near the village. It may not be amiss to add that the political complexion of the place is decidedly Democratic."

The growth of the village was steady, and after 1835 was promoted by the prospects of the canal. In 1837 it was reported as having two hundred dwelling-houses, chiefly of brick or stone, and two stories high. There were six thousand fect of macadamized streets, and the sidewalks were mostly built of brick. Its improvements in every point compared favorably with other villages in the State, except in its churches, which did not display much archi- tectural beauty.

At that time the place had three lines of stages centring in or passing through the village, making the arrivals and departures eighty-four per week, and giving the village a lively appearance. A full account of these stage lines ap- pears in another part of this work.

The failure of the canal not only retarded the growth of the village, but so seriously embarrassed many of its busi- ness-men that they retired from trade or moved elsewhere, leaving New Lisbon for a number of years at a stand-still. After the completion of the Niles und New Lisbon Rail- road, in 1866, a new period of prosperity began.

The improvements made of late years are of a very sub- stantial nature, and New Lisbon now contains several fine public buildings, a handsome opera-house, opened to the public in January, 1876, several miles of clean, well-graded streets, aud numerous attractive residences. The population is estimated at 2000.

The history of the various interests which have been, or now are, at New Lisbon, is detailed in the pages devoted to " Manufacturing Industries," from data furnished by the vet- eran printer, John Frost, Esq., one of the oldest citizens of the place.

ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT.

The village was incorporated under a special act of the Legislature passed Feb. 7, 1825, and under its provisions the first board of officers was organized, at the house of Benjamin Hanna, May 10, 1826, as follows: President, George McCook ; Recorder, William E. Russell ; Trustecs, Benjamin Hanna, William Hillerman, George Graham, John Alexander, Joseph Gillingham ; Assessor, John Arm- strong; Treasurer, George Graham; Marshal, John Conover; Street Commissioners, Holland Green, George Graham, An- drew W. Loomis. These officers were properly sworn by

the clerk and by Joseph Muus, who was at that time a justice of the peace, and at once entered upon their duties.

On the 7th of January, 1828, the Legislature granted the village a new charter, whereby the old act was rendered void after April 1, 1828. This charter was subsequently amended and the village bounds extended. These are very irregular. The territory embraced lics north of Beaver Creck, and is in extent about 120 rods north and south, and about 400 rods east and west.

At the first meeting of the council, William Hillerman was appointed to contract with William D. Lepper to do the village printing, provided it would not exceed $25 per year ; and William Hillerman, William E. Russell, and John Alexander were appointed " to draft such bills as they may deem proper to be enacted for the good order and govern- ment of the town of New Lisbon." At the proper time this committee reported ordinances to regulate the building of sidewalks and providing for " turnpiking" the streets.

In 1829 a fine was imposed for descending Market Street hill with wagon-wheels locked, and a sign-board, giving waruing, was ordered to be placed on the west side of the street. Abel Lodge put up this sign, at a cost to the vil- lage of $1 .*

In May, 1832, George Graham made application for license to retail spirituous liquors at his grocery, at the cor- ner of the public square and Market Street. The council, being satisfied that he was a person of good moral character, granted a license for one year for a consideration of $10. Before adjournment it was decided that the next meeting of the council be held " in George Graham's back room."

July 12, 1833, Horace Potter, Leonard Hanna, David Begges, Ira Dibble, John Watt, and William E. Russell were appointed the first board of health.

In 1836 the marshal was ordered to notify the teamsters employed about the village " not to stand their teams, dur- ing the night season, around the public square ; and that the contractors on the canal put up the necessary fences to prevent accidents to persons and property."

In 1861 the village made provision for the support of the families of men enlisted in defense of the endangered Union, voting $2000 for this purpose. At subsequent periods ma- terial aid was extended, and the village in this respect made a good record.

The report of the recorder for 1878 shows that the re- ceipts from all sources during the year were 89522.15, and

. Soon after, Farmer Brinker, who lived in the northern part of the township, came to the village, and, as had been his custom, locked his wagon, and in that way descended the hill. He was promptly ar- rested, and, when carried before the proper officers, pleaded guilty, paid his fine, and departed, declaiming against the oppression and ruinous tendency of the time when a man's liberties were so much abridged that he dare no longer lock the wheels of his wagon. After telling his friends about his grievance, and assuring himself of the exact reading of the ordinance, he started to return home. When he renched the foot of Market Street hill he stopped his spirited .team and carefully locked both hind wheels of his wagon. Resuming his seat, he dashed up the hill at the greatest possible speed, to the great hurt of the new turnpike. He was again arrested, but stoutly main- tained his innocence. Truc enough ! He was not found guilty, for the ordinance only prohibited wagons "descending" with locked wheels. An amendment to cover the entire case followed at the next meeting of the council, and, so far as is known, no one drove up the hill thereafter with locked wheels.

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the expenditures for the same period, 87304.80. The total bonded indebtedness of the village was $+365, and the bonds redeemed within the year amounted to $4365,-showing the finances to be in a healthy condition.

June 2, 1879, the council levied the following rates for the ensuing year upon the property of the village : for a gen- eral fund, 13 mills; for streets, 2 mills ; for lights, } mill ; for cemetery, ? mills; for interest and sinking fund, 2} mills; total, 7} mills.

The village officials for 1879 are as follows : Mayor, John M. Dickinson; Council, N. B. Billingsley, Frank McCord, John M. Handte, Nicholas Way, Henry W. Bough, John Burns ; Clerk, E. L. McLane; Treasurer, C. F. Small ; Board of Health, Josiah F. Benner, W. S. Potts, John Frost, Dr. P. Tritt, Dr. T. Marquis; Water Trustces, Absalom B. King, C. A. White, George Adam ; Cemetery Trustees, Edward Whitacre, Fred Baker, H. Clay Corbett ; Fire-Wurden, J. H. White.

CIVIL LIST.

The village records from 1838 until 1859 have been either mislaid or carried away, thus preventing the compila- tion of a complete civil list. For the years whose records remain, the principal officers have been as follow :

PRESIDENTS.

1827-28, George W. McCook ; 1829, William E. Russell; 1831-32, Charles D. Coffin ; 1833, George Endley ; 1834-35, Joshua Hanna; 1836, William E. Russell ; 1837, Daniel Harbaugh ; 1838, William Helman, Charles M. Aten."

MAYORS.t

1859, W. K. Gaston; 1860, William Dorwart : 1861, S. J. Firestone; 1862, James L. Smith ; 1863, W. A. Nichols; 1864, John W. Morrison ; 1865, John McVicker; 1866, R. J. Powers; 1867-68, H. E. Frost; 1869-71, John M. Dickinson; 1872-73, S. D. Cushman; 1874, HI. E. Frost; 1875-79, John M. Dickinson.

RECORDERS.

1827-28, William E. Russell; 1829, A. L. Brewer; 1830, David E. Harbaugh; 1831-32, Leonard Hanna; 1833, B. W. Snodgrass; 1834-35, David Small ; 1836, James Clark : 1837, J B. Graham ; 1838, D. Anderson; John McClymonds,t John Clark,; R. B. Pritchard,; J. F. Benner ;# 1859, Wm. J. Jordan; 1860, Gev. J. Lucky ; 1861-63, R. B. Pritchard ; 1864, D. Anderson : 1865, W. S. Young ; 1866, H. E. Froet : 1867-68, George S. Miller ; 1869, Edwin Dutton; 1870-71, B. S. Young; 1872, Samuel J. Adams; 1873-77, H. Clay Corbett; 1878-79, Ed. L. MoLane.

TREASURERS.

1827-28, George Graham ; 1829, Joseph Richardson ; 1830-38, David Begges; Wm. H. Helman,t George Endley ;# 1859-62, B. F. Thompson ; 1863-72, John Burns ; 1872-73, Ezra Frost; 1874- 79, C. F. Small.

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.

The Iron Interests at and near New Lisbon .- In the primitive days of New Lisbon the iron interest was a con- spicuous feature. Gideon Hughes was an early resident of the place, and in 1808 erected the first blast-furnace in this part of the country, about a mile northwest of the village, which was also one of the first in the State of Ohio. The

machinery was propelled by water-power, and charcoal was used to smelt the ore. The manufacture of charcoal, until the furnace was shut down about 1843, was a heavy draft on the surrounding forest. Hardy pioneers, § skilled in the use of the axe, cut vast quantities of timber into four-feet lengths, and, having heaped it in great piles of a conical shape, covered the whole with one or two feet of earth. These kilns were then fired, and in a few days produced a quantity of excellent charcoal, usually from thirty to forty cords.

Iron ore was found near the furnace in abundance. Some pig-iron was made, but most of the furnace production consisted of plow-iron, dog-iron, flat-iron, pots, kettles, Dutch-ovens and many other household utensils, besides castings of numerous special classes. One of the large items of this industry consisted of ten-plate stoves, used only for burning wood. On the sides of these stoves were the words, " Rebecca . of New Lisbon," the name of the furnace, so called after the wife of the proprietor. After the furnace was operated several years, Mr. Hughes built near it a tilt-hammer and forge, and was thus enabled to turn out wrought iron. The demand for this sort of iron increasing, he erected a rolling-mill about three miles above his furnace on the same stream (the middle fork of Little Beaver) in 1821 or '22. At this place there were also erected forges and nail-making machines of a kind which had not then been many years in use in this country. About 1830, or a little later, Mr. Hughes failed, and the old furnace was afterwards run by Benjamin Wilson, Perry Doyle, and others. During their active years all these iron- works were the scenes of lively interest, causing much bustle and stir among the operatives and parties who had business with them. One or two dry-goods stores at the old furnace supplied many people with all they required in that branch of trade. All these works have long since gone out of existence, and but little remains to indicate their places, once swarming with life.

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History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Part 28

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co. Publication date: 1879 Publisher: Number of Pages: 541

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 541