USA > Ohio > Columbiana County > History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 4
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The Shawanese had made, Jan. 31, 1786, a treaty, con- firming a prior treaty of Jan. 14, 1784, and reserving as their hunting-grounds "the territory lying west of the Great Miami, and north of a line drawn due west from the mouth of Mad River to River de la Panse, and down that stream to the Wabash." ** They, and other Indians upon the head-waters of the Wabash and Maumee, refused to join in the treaty of Fort Harmar. Owing to this, and to adverse British influence, the treaty of Fort Harmar proved valueless.
It was not until after the campaign of Gen. Wayne against the tribes of the Northwest, resulting in the decisive battle of Maumee Rapids, Aug. 20, 1794, that a treaty was made effectually alienating the Indian title to the terri- tory now constituting the State of Ohio. Such a treaty was made by Gen. Wayne, commissioner on the part of the United States, with the twelve tribes, called Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanese, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawata- mies, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshas, and Kaskaskias.
GOVERNMENT GRANTS.
There were no extensive tracts of land purchased within the present limits of Columbiana County by organizations such as the "Ohio Company," through whose instrumen- tality the first settlement in the Northwest Territory was made, in 1788, at Murietta.tt Grants were made by the
{ " It is evident that the British Cabinet, in retaining the North- western posts, had not abandoned the hope that circumstances might yet compel the United States to recognize the Ohio River as their Northwestern boundary."-Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, vol. ii. p. 225.
** Ibid., p. 219.
tt In June, 1783, the officers of the army, to the number of 283, petitioned Congress that the lands to which they were entitled might be located in "that tract of country bounded north on Lake Erie, east on Pennsylvania, southeast and south on the river Ohio, west on a line beginning at that part of the Ohio which lies twenty-four miles west of the mouth of the river Scioto, thence running north on a meridian line till it intersects the river Miami, which falls into Lake Erie, and thence down the middle of the river to the lake." They speak of this. tract as " of sufficient extent, the land of such quality and situation as may induce Congress to assign and mark it out as a tract or terri- tory suitable to form a distinct government (or colony of the United States), in time to be admitted one of the Confederated States of America ;" and also as " & tract of country not claimed as the prop- erty of, or within the jurisdiction of, any particular State of the Union."
This petition was forwarded by Gen. Rufus Putnam to Gen. Wash- ington, in a letter urging his co-operation. Gen. Putnam suggested the formation of townships six miles square, with reservations for the ministry and schools.
In January, 1786, at a meeting held in Boston on the 1st of March,
* Below the mouth of the Scioto. t Towanda.
+ Owego, N. Y. ¿ Doc. Hist. N. Y., vol. i. p. 587.
|| See chapter on Organisation of Columbiana County.
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.
United States direct to individual settlers. The greater por- tion of the following grant constitutes more than a quarter of the present corporation of Salem, in the northeast part thereof, and is introduced as an illustration.
"THOMAS JEFFERSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
"TO ALL TO WHOX THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, GREETING: KNOW TE, That Samuel Davis, assignee of Samuel Smith, having deposited in the Treasury a certificate of the Register of the Land-office at Steubenville, whereby it appears that full payment has been made for the Lot or Section of Land number Thirty-one of Township number Sixteen, in Range number Three, of the Lands directed to be sold at Steubenville by the act of Congress entitled ' An set providing for the sale of the Lands of the United States in the Territory northwest of the Ohio, and above the mouth of Kentucky River,' and of the sots amendatory of the same, THERE IS GRANTED by the United States unto the said Samuel Davis the lot or section of land above described. To HAVE AND TO HOLD the said lot or section of land, with the appurtenances, unto the said Samuel Davis, his heirs and assigns forever.
" IN TESTIMONY WHAREOF I have caused these Letters to be made PATENT, and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed.
GIVEN under my Hand at the City of Washington, the Ninth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the thirty- first.
" By the President, [SEAL] "JAMES MADISON, Secretary of State."
"THE. JEFFERSON
CHAPTER VI. GEOLOGY.
PRACTICAL investigations, having in view the develop- ment of deposits of coal and limestone, have supplied the principal information so far obtained concerning the geol- ogy of Columbiana County. The groups which underlie the coal series are perhaps most definitely and accurately de- scribed by Col. Charles Whittlesey, in a recent paper upon the "General Geology of the Counties of Columbiana, Stark, and Tuscarawas."" He says,-
the "Ohio Company of Associates was organized, whose object was to raise a fund in Continental certificates, for the sole purpose of buying lands in the Western Territory, and making a settlement." The price of the land was one dollar per acre. The tract was bounded on the east by the seventh range of townships, south by the Ohio, west by the west boundary of the seventeenth range, extending so far north that an east and west line would embrace the number of sores, besides the reservations. These were, " section 16 for schools; 29 for the support of religion ; 8, 11, and 26 to be disposed of by Congress; and two townships for a university." The company paid down one- half of the purchase-money, but were unable to fulfill the original contract, whose terms were subsequently modified. Patents were issued May 10, 1792, for one-half of the original tract, 750,000 sores ; for one-seventh, 214,285 acres; und for 100,000, to be conveyed in tracts of 100 acres esch, as a bounty to each male person of eighteen years of age, being an actual settler.
The patents were issued to Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Greene, in trust for the Ohio Company of Associates. They were signed by George Washington, President, and Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State. With the exception of one to the State of Pennsylvania, March 3, 1792, these are the first land patents issued by our government, and are deposited, together with the original contract of Oot. 2, 1787, in the library of Marietta Col- lege. See pamphlet address, by Israel Ward Andrews, D.D., presi- dent of Marietta College, 1876.
. Prepared for the annual report of the Secretary of State. See Ohio Statistics for 1878.
" Until it is definitely settled what is Portage and Che- mungt in Pennsylvania, to the Ohio line, those terms can- not be used with much certainty in this State.
"The paleontologists have lowered the line of the carbon- iferous here until it lies below both of them.
"Stratigraphically, the following arrangement seems to me the nearest approach to solution :
."First .- Bencath the coal a ' conglomerate group,' em- bracing the flags and shales below the Berea grit, to the black or Huron shale. This is characterized by sandstone layers of a finer grain, a greenish-yellow color, and occa- sionul pebbles, rapidly passing into olive or light-green shales, with thin plates of iron ore and ferruginous sand- stone. The local subdivisions of these two groups, from the Lake to the Ohio River, yet remain to be worked up.
" We must keep constantly in mind the distinction bo- tween the general dip of the strata and their local irregular- itice
" Locally they all present curved and warped surfaces, producing basins, troughs, mounds, and ridges of no regular pattern.
"Taking the lowest places in these basins, representing the sumps and swamps of the mines over large spaces, the elevations of such points show an inclination quite regular as to direction, but differing materially as to the amount or rate of inclination. Whenever we fix the elevation of three such points, we have a plane of dip for the space repre- sented. Until this is done, there is ample room for mis- takes in the identification of strata. Any survey where these data are neglected will soon require rectification. It is much easier to arrange them conjecturally, but quite unsafe. It would be reasonable to conclude that the upheavals of the Alleghany mountain chains, which occurred after the carboniferous epoch, would produce undulations, folds, or disturbances in the Ohio coal strata, but a close examina- tion does not sustain such an hypothesis. The irregularities visible in these beds appear to be due to currents of deposi- tion which swept about in channels and eddies, producing ridges and hollows on the ancient bottom, as the ocean waters do now.
" Beds of sandstone and shale are the most irregular of the series. Those of limestone, iron ore, and coal are more persistent, because their deposit is due not only to mechan- ical sediments, but to chemical attraction and segregation. The shales and sandstones are almost without chemical affinities, and were deposited by the currents, with a variable force, acting without system. The mineral substances with which the carboniferous seas were charged sank in compara- tively quiet and muddy waters, and therefore with more regularity than the earthy matters; but in neither case with perfect uniformity. Theoretically, the thin mineral strata should be, and in fact are, about equally persistent ; but it is not safe to assume that any of them are identical with other beds of the same mineralogical character, until the connection is made out by close examination in the field.
" We have now all the facts we are likely to have for
t The Portage and Chemung groups are extensively developed in Central and Western New York, disappearing under the coal measures near the Pennsylvania line. They are well exposed at the head of Lakes Seneca and Cayuga and along the Chemung River .- EDITOR.
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.
many years to come relating to the physical geology of Ohio. Whoever looks through the reports on economical geology in the coal-producing counties of the northeastern district will be unable to reach satisfactory conclusions."
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Whether the several strata of coal and limestone known to exist in the county are continuous to any considerable extent, and what are their relations to similar formations in the counties west and south, are questions not fully an- swerable by geologists. The persistence of none of these strata can be said to be fully established, save, perhaps, that of the " Pittsburgh, Wheeling, and Pomeroy bed, above the so-called barren measures." Granting the per- manence of this, and " using it as the only well-fixed hori- zon, there are below it, . . . in Columbiana and Jefferson Counties, ten (10) seams of coal and six (G) of limestone ; in the Conotton Valley, according to Prof. Read, there are seven (7) beds of limestone and seven (7) of coal; in Muskingum County eight (8) scams of coal and twelve (12) of limestone. Farther south, in Hocking and Athens Counties, differeut observers do not agree as to the number of limestone, iron ore, and coal strata. There are profiles showing eleven (11) beds of limestone and seven (7) seams of coal. In Gallia and Lawrence Counties, on the Ohio River, Messrs. Andrews and Gilbert give, in the same ver- tical space, seven (7) beds of limestone and ten (10) of coal." *
A survey and map made in 1854 by Professor Forrest Shepherd, of New Haven, for the "Ohio Diamond Coal Com- pany,"-whose property was situated in Jefferson County, on the left bank of Yellow Creek near its. junction with the Ohio,-gives a vertical section of the various strata at that point. The lowest stratum, at the level of the river, was iron ore, which was succeeded by coal, three to five feet; a "great bed of fire-clay; coal; iron ore; slate ; sandstone; white clay ; very rich calcareous ore; fossil- iferous limestone; coal ; sandstone; coal, eight feet ; sand- stone ; slaty limestone; coal; slate, thick bed; coal; iron ore; heavy bed of limestone; sandstone, good for build- ing; coal, five feet. The total thickness of coal in the seven veins was about thirty feet, of which twenty-one feet were workable."
The eastern or most hilly portion of the county of Co- lumbiana would doubtless reveal, in section, deposits of similar extent and character.
Analyses of specimens from three of the coal veins yielded, respectively, of
Volatile matter, including water .. 43.04
43.76
40.53 p. ct.
Carbon.
52.51
48.70
57.32
Ash.
4.45
7.54
2.15
100.00 100.00 100.00
Coke ...
.. 59.96 76.54 59.47 "
IRON ORES.
Concerning the four considerable deposits of iron ore, the report of Professors B. Silliman, Jr., and J. A. Porter, of Yale College, as published in May, 1855, was as follows: " These all belong to the class of calcareous ores or car-
bonate of iron, with various proportions of carbonates of lime and magnesia, alumina, etc. There are four seams of iron ore, . . . one below the lowest visible coal seams, one immediately over the Shepherd coal, one of very valuable calcareous ore not far below the 'Ray vein,' and above which occurs a stratum of fossiliferous limestone. The last bed of iron ore rests upon the uppermost coal seam save one. . . . Two of them which we have examined at several points are abundantly stocked with nodular iron, in masses from the size of a kidney to those which will weigh from one hundred to two hundred pounds.
" ANALYSES OF IRON ORES.
" BAND IRON ORE.
Carbonate of iron ... .88.05 p. c, = 42.51 p. c. of metallic iron.
Alumina. .2.68
Carbonate of lime 2.66 6.
Silicic acid.
5.85 "
Water
.76
100.00 p. c. Sp. gr., 3.592.
" BALL IRON ORE.
Carbonate of iron .. 84.72 p. c. = 40.90 p. c. of metallic iron.
Alumina.
6.12 "
Carbonate of lime. 2.43 "
Silicic acid 5.82
Water.
.91
100.00 p. c.
Sp. gr., 3.460.
" The band, or stratum, which yields the so-called calca- reous ore, appears to us peculiarly valuable, since the ore, as far as we are able to judge, contains sufficient lime to flux itself.
" Taken in connection with the coal, limestone, and fire- clay, these ores must be esteemed of great value.
" We broke very many of the nodules, with a view of determining the presence of other metals or of sulphur, but we did not find a trace of anything but iron."
The sandstone strata furnish good stone for buildings and other structures, and have been to a considerable extent utilized. Fossils are found in the rocks in some localities.
CHAPTER VII.
EARLY SETTLEMENT AND PROGRESS.
THE earliest settlement in the county of Columbiana was doubtless made in 1792-93, by John Quinn, t who built a
t It has been supposed that the first settlement in Columbiana County was made by a family named Carpenter, in 1797, who located at West Point, in Madison township. The following story is told of an occurrence which happened soon after the settlement: "On one occasion Capt. Whiteyes, a noted Indian chief, stopped at the dwell- ing of Mr. Carpenter. Being intoxicated, he got into some difficulty with a son of Mr. C.,-a lad of near seventeen years,-whom he threatened to kill. The young man upon this turned and ran, pur- sued by the Indian with uplifted tomahawk, ready to bury it in his brains. Finding that the latter was fast gaining upon him, the young man turned and shot, wounding him so that he soon after died. As this was in time of peace, Carpenter was apprehended and tried at Steubenville, under the territorial laws, the courts being then held by justices of the peace. He was cleared, it appearing that he acted in self-defense. The death of Whiteyes created great excite- ment, and fears were entertained that it would provoke hostilities
Col. Charles Whittlesey in Ohio Statistics for 1878.
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.
cabin near Calcutta, in the township of St. Clair, where he seems to have led the life of a hunter. Liverpool was set- tled between the years 1795 and 1800 ; Madison, by the Scotch, in 1802; Washington-formerly Saline-by Scotch families, in 1803; Fairfield and Middleton, by Friends, in 1800-3; Wayne, in 1802; Perry, at Salem, by Friends, in 1803; Centre, at New Lisbon, in 1802.
After the organization of the State and the erection of Columbiana County-both in 1803-settlements rapidly increased. The growth of the county for the ensuing quarter of a century is illustrated by the additions of new townships to the tax lists, and by items of contemporaneous history, as given by the Hon. H. H. Gregg, of New Lisbon, in an address delivered before the Columbiana Pioneer As- sociation, Sept. 13, 1873.
TAX LEVIES-CONTEMPORARY HISTORY.
Suid Mr. Greggy" The first levy of taxes ever made in Columbiana County was made at a term of the court held at the house of Christian Smith (whose hotel was just in rear of the stone house on Washington Street), in New Lisbon, on the 6th of September, 1803, Robt. Simison, Henry Bachman, and Wm. Smith sitting as judges. The levy was made upon five townships, for the amounts follow- ing: Springfield, $94.69, Peter Forney, Jr., Lister or As- sessor ; St. Clair, $98.38, Hugh Clark, Lister ; Middleton, $88.62, Benjamin Bradfield, Lister; Salem, $27.02}, George Buir, Lister; Centre, $31.94}, Isaac Pearce, Lister. Total tax for 1803, $310.66.
" At this day the people may wonder why the taxes were only levied upon the five townships named above. The reason is easily given. At that day Springfield, Mid- dleton, St. Clair, Salem, and Centre were the centres of population, settlement, and civilization, and Salem and Centre were on the western frontier. The first county- seat, at Matthias Lower's barn, was fixed in the centre of this population, and all outside was pretty much wilderness and woods.
" Two years after, in 1805, when Mr. Blocksom came to New Lisben, he gave me this description of his journey : " ' On the 3d day of November, 1805, left Steubenville for New Lisbon, on horseback. Came on first day to Gil- lingham's salt-works, sixteen miles south of New Lisbon. At that time there were but three houses, or rather log cabins, between the salt-works of Mr. Gillingham and New Lisbon,-one three miles north, occupied by George Clark, who was afterwards elected to the Legislature, oue about three and three-fourths miles, and the other at West Fork, north side, occupied by Thomas Hoovey, and afterwards by Peter Koffel. The country at that time, with the above exceptions, was a dense forest or wilderness, and but a very narrow road through it. And,' Mr. Blocksom further says, ' at that time, on the road to Canfield, there were but three houses,-one about where Samuel Burger now lives, = very
small log cabin at the creek beyond Franklin Square, and also a house about where Green village now stands, the balance of the road being all woods.'
"Such is Mr. Blocksom's description of the country, south as well as north, two years after this levy of taxes was made, which fully explains the reason why the levy was only in five townships, and only for $340.66. Col- lectors were then appointed for each township, and were ordered to have the money collected in three months, and the assessor, or lister, was generally the collector. If Springfield, Middleton, St. Clair, Salem, and Centre paid all the taxes, they also did all the voting; for the only persons paid for bringing in election returns were the fol- lowing : Springfield, Moses Blackburn ; St. Clair, Enos Thomas; Salem, George Baird; Centre, Isaac Pearce ; Middleton, Jason Morelund and Benjamin Wright. And these election returns were for June and October elections, and had to be taken both to New Lisbon and Steubenville. The court allowed to the persons named for carrying the returns a total sum of $40.
" The number of inhabitants in cach township at that early period may be judged of by the following number of grand and petit jurors ordered at the court held Dec. 2, 1803:
Grand Jurors. Petit Jurora.
"Springfeld
12
20
Middleton.
12
20
St. Clair ..
12
20
Balet
4
6
Centre.
5
6
" And, further, it must not be forgotten that the boundary lines of Columbiana County at this early day took in a great portion of Carroll County, including Carrollton, the county-seat, which was cut off in 1832, and nearly all of Stark to the Tuscarawas River, including the territory now occupied by the wealthy and prosperous towns of Massillon and Canton, and of Alliance and Minerva, which was cut off as early as 1808, and also five of the best townships in Mahoning County, which are bounded on the north by the forty-first degree of north latitude, or old Western Rc- serve Line, and which last-named five townships were cut off in 1845.
" If, however, the territory for taxation in 1803 only covered five townships, the court expenses were likewise reduced and very moderate, and the puy of jurymen was so small that they must have lived very cheap, or paid part of their expenses out of their own pockets. For instance, at the March term of the court, 1804, the following amounts were appropriated out of the county treasury, to pay the grand jurors :
" Thomas Gillingham, $1.30 ; John Bubb, $1.30; John Hindman, $1.10; John Quin, $1.30; Jason Moreland, $1; James McConnell, 85 cts. ; Samuel Richardson, $1.20; Peter Shriver, $1.20; Francis Andrews, $1.20; Matthias Lower, 95 cts. ; Samuel Smith, $1.05 ; Nathan Heald, Jr., 85 cts. ; and John Gartner, $1 as constable of court; mak- ing the whole expenses $16.45.
" But our early settlers and pioncers lived economically in those duys, had none of the luxuries of our time, and but few of the necessaries ; and they cared so little for show or the glitter of our times, that it is told by reliable authority that one of our very early representatives actually rode to
from the Indians. Great exertions were made to reconcile them, and several presents wore given to the friends of the late chief. The wife of Whiteyes received from three gentlemen the sum of three hundred dollars, one of the donors being the Inte Bezaleel Wells, of Stouben- ville. This was the last Indian blood shed by white men in this part of Ohio."-Ohio Historical Collections, by Henry Howe, Cincinnati, 1869.
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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.
the Legislature, at Chillicothe, on a sack well filled with straw,-from which we may conclude that saddles were scarce, and straw soft, comfortable, and legislators independ- ent, and not afraid of losing votes. And I say, all honor to the old pioneer, who could take to the wilderness, on a sack of straw, and hunt his way to Chillicothe, through the woods, for the benefit of a constituency who had braved the dangers and hardships of the then Western frontier. Even in my day, the representatives of some of the Western Re- serve counties came through Columbiana County to Wheel- ing, in order to get to Columbus by the national road. And our own representatives used to rely on Colonel Har- per and his hack (' Perseverance' as it was called) to got to Columbus; and the colonel would always take along a hatchet to repair a wheel, in case one turned inside out. But I am digressing.
" In 1805 the commissioners added Unity, Fairfeld, and Yellow Creek to the list of townships for taxation, showing some progress in the amount of revenue to be collected, as well as in the settlement of the county. For instance, the taxes of Springfield on personal property were returned at $74.10; Unity, $82.80; Middleton, 8G7.40; Yellow Creek, 857.50; Centre. $174.71 ; Fuirfield, $53.90; Salem, $91.80; making a total of $668.41* to be collected in 1805 ; and eight per cent. was allowed for collecting the taxes in the remaining townships. And in the year 1805 elections were held in the eight organized townships named above.
".In 1806 the same eight townships wore listed for taxation to the amount of $666.97.
"June, 1807, the commissioners added to the tax list the recently or the newly organized townships of Elk Run, Green, Butler, Hunover, Wayne, and Lake, and, of course, with taxution comes the privilege of having elections and voting; Lake being the first organized township in the Territory, which was struck off to Stark County in the following year. The taxes in those six townships were listed as follows : Elk Run, $+7.86; Green, $66.37 ; Butler, $45.97; Hanover, 866.37; Wayne, $27.99; Lake, $46.51. The total taxes on personal property, in fourteen townships, being listed in 1807 at $880.27; land taxed on resident proprietors, $464.86 ; making a total tax for the year 1807 of $1345.13.
"Sept. 8, 1807, the first account of an organized town- ship at Canton is the allowance of $3.15 to Christian Bair for bringing in the returns of the election of Justice Leonard to the clerk of our court.
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