History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Part 3

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 541

USA > Ohio > Columbiana County > History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 3

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

t See Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, p. 475.

# Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, vol. i. p. 372.

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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.

adopted into Logan's family, in the following words, viz. :

"" CAPTAIN CRESAP,-Why did you kill my people on Yellow Creek ? The white people killed my kin at Concetago a great while ago, and I thought nothing of that. But you have killed my kin again on Yollow Creek, and took my cousin prisoner. Then I thought I must kill too, and I have been three times to war since; but the Indians are not angry, it is only myself. July 21, 1774. . 'CAPTAIN JOHN LOGAN.'".

The first expedition, under Gen. McDonald, was directed against the Wappatomica towns on the Muskingum, six- teen miles below the junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding branches, but was attended with small suc- cess. The route pursued to reach the towns was by the Ohio to Captina Creek, and thence westward. The most sanguinary battle of the war took place at the mouth of the Kanawha, Oct. 10, 1774. The Virginians engaged were twelve hundred in number, commanded by Gen. Andrew Lewis, and had recently mado a difficult march through the wilderness down the valley of the Kanawha. The flower of the Indian tribes were engaged under Corn- stalk, the great Shawanes chief, aided by his son Ellinip- sico; Red Hawk, a Delaware ; Chiyawee, a Wyandot ; and Logan, a Cayuga chief.t The slaughter was terrible, but resulted in a victory for the Virginians.

A second division, under Lord Dunmore, which was not engaged in this battle, proceeded down the Ohio to the mouth of the Hocking, up that river to the falls, near the present town of Athens, and thence westward to the Scioto, and established its camp "in the margin of the Piqua plains, near Sippoo Creek." At this place was perfected a treaty of peace by which the Indians acknowledged the Ohio River as the boundary between the white man's ter- ritory aud the Indian hunting-grounds.t

The great chief Logan wus unappeused and did not attend the council; but subsequently uttered, in the pres- ence of Gen. Gibson, the words which have given him an undying name in history, and which, it is claimed, have received a more polished dress since they escaped the lips of the swarthy orator.

CHAPTER IV.

BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION-INDIAN TRAILS- INDIAN TOWNS.

IN 1754, a detachment of English, forty in number, under Lieut. Ward, erected a fortification at the junc- tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, known as the "Forks" of' the Ohio, now the site of Pittsburgh. The post was captured, in April of that year, by a strong force of French and Indians under Contrecoeur, who erected a fortification which he called " Fort Duquesne." On the 28th of May, Col. Washington surprised and captured without resistance a detachment of fifty men, under M. Jumonville, whereupon, anticipating an attack from a larger force, he fell back to the Great Meadows,

where he erected a defense afterwards known as " Fort Necessity." The fort was invested by a force of nine hun- dred Freuch and Indians, July 3, and capitulated after a brave defense. One year afterwards, July 9, 1755, Gen. Braddock was slain and his army routed in a campaign un- dertaken for the reduction of Fort Duquesne. The scene of the conflict, called " Braddock's Field," was upon the Monongahela, ten miles above its junction with the Ohio. Another army was organized in 1758 for the reduction of the fort, upon whose near approach the French, " having dismantled the works, set fire to the buildings at night, and departed down the Ohio, in a blaze of light, to join the French troops on the Mississippi."

The Indian tribes were not parties to the treaty between England and France made in February, 1763; but con- tinued to menace and assail the settlements, and began the " Pontiac War" in the same year. Having been sorely defeated at "Bushy Run," neur Fort Pitt, by Col. Bouquet, August 5, the Indians retreated north of the Ohio, deserted their former towns, all the country between Presque Isle and Sandusky, and all of Eustern Ohio.

Determined to bring the Indians to submission, Gen. Guge planned two expeditions, of whose operations the fol- lowing is a condensed narrative.§ Delays prevented the advance of the columns until the full of 1764:

A body of troops under Col. Bradstreet was sent against the Wyandot, Ottaican, Chipperas, and other nations living upon or near the lakes; and another corps, under the command of Colonel Bou- quet, should attack the Delavares, Shamanene, Minyons, Mokichons, and other nations between the Ohio and the lakes.

Col. Bradstreet was to proceed to Detroit, Michilimackinac, and other places, return to Sandusky, and there remain to prevent assist- ance being sent by the Western Indians to their belengured brethren in Ohio.

Col. Bouquet with his force of regular and provincial troops, amounting to about fifteen hundred men, after many delays, marched from Fort Pitt on the 3d of October.

On October 5 the army reached Logstown, Pa. (situated seventeen miles and a half, fifty-seven perches, by the path from Fort Pitt), former trading-place of the French and English, which the Shawa- neve and Deluxearen had abandoned in the year 1750. On the 6th they came again to the Ohio, about three miles from Logstown, and continuing the march a half-mile farther, passed Big Beaver Creek. About a mile below its confluence with the Ohio stood formerly a large town, on a steep bank, built by the French of square logs, with stone chimneys, for some of the Shuicamere, Delaware, and Mingo tribes, who abandoned it in 1758, when the French deserted Fort Duquesne. Near the fording of Beaver Creek also stood about seven houses, which were deserted and destroyed by the Indians after their defeat at Bushy Run. . . . About two miles before the ariny came to Beaver Creek, one of the people who had been made prisoner by six Dela- wares about a week before, near Fort Bedford, having made bis es- cape from them, came and informed the colonel that these Indians had the day before fallen in with the army, but kept themselves con- cealed, being surprised at our numbers. Two miles beyond Beaver Creek, by two small springs, was seen the skull of s child that bad been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The tracks of fifteen Indians were this day discovered. The camp No. 5 is seren miles, one quarter, and fifty-seven perches from Big Beaver Creek; the whole march of this day being about twelve miles.

Sunday, 7th October, passing a high ridge, they had a fine prospect of an extensive country to the right, which in general appeared level, with abundance of tall timber. The camp, No. 6, lies at the foot of . steep descent, in a rich valley, on a stony ground, three sides thereof

American Pioneer, vol. i. p. 18, or Monette's Valley of the Mis- sissippi, vol. i. p. 373.

t Butler's Kentucky, p. 61.

# Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, rol. i. p. 385.

Bouquet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians, in 1764, with map, and preface by Francis Parkman. Ohio Valley Historical Series, Cincinnati, 1868.

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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.

surrounded by a hollow, and on the fourth side a small hill, which was occupied by a detached guard. This day's march was six miles, sixty-five perches. Monday, 8th October, the army crossed Little Beaver Creek, and one of its small branches. This creek is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country about it interspersed with hills, rivulets, and rich valleys, like that described above. Camp No. 7 lies by a small run on the side of a hill, commanding the ground about it, and is distant eleven miles, one quarter, and forty-nine perches from the last encampment.

Tuesday, October 9th. In this day's march the path divided into two branches, that to the southwest leading to the lower towns upon the Muskingham. In the forks of the path stand several trees painted by the Indians in a hieroglyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have been engaged, and the particulars of their success in prisoners and scalps. The camp, No. 8, lies on a run and level piece of ground, with Yellow Crock close on the left, and a rising ground near the rear of the right face. The path after the army left the forks was so brushy and entangled that they were obliged to cut all the way before thein, and also to lay several bridges, in order to make it passable for the horses, so that this day they pro- ceeded only five miles, three quarters, and seventy perches.

Wednesday, 10th, inarched one mile with Yellow Creek on the left at a small distance all the way, and crossed it at a good ford fifty feet wide; proceeding, [passed] an alternate succession of small hills and rich vales, finely watered with rivulets, to camp No. 9, seven miles and sixty perches in the whole.

On the 11th the army crossed a branch of the Muskingham, and on the 13th the Nemenshebelas,-a little above where it empties into that branch of the Muskingham,-and another tributary of that branch, and passed on to the main branch of the Muskingham, where they encamped, a short distance from Tuscarawas.

Two messengers who had been dispatched from Fort Pitt with letters to Col. Bradstreet were made prisoners by the Delawares, but were released when the arrival of the army became known, and ordered by their captors to inform Col. Bouquet "that the head men of the Dela- wares and Shuwanese were coming as soon as possible to treat of peace with him."

Col. Bouquet, trusting nothing to their protestations, made safe arrangements for a meeting with the Indians at some distance from the camp on the following day, October 15th. Several large bodies of Indians were within a few miles of the camp, who were represented at the meeting by Kiyashuta, chief of the Senecus, and fifteen warriors ; Cus- tuloga, chief of the Wolf tribe, and Beaver, chief of the Turkey tribe of the Deluwares, and twenty warriors; Keissinautchtha, a chief of the Shawanese, and six war- riors.

The firmness of Col. Bouquet, backed as he was by a strong force, and, what was quite as influential, the prestige of victory achieved at Bushy Run, brought the Indians to accord all that he demanded. " I give you," said he, " twelve days from this date to deliver into my hands at Wakatamake all the prisoners in your possession, without any exception,-Englishmen, Frenchmen, women, and children, whether adopted into your tribes, married, or living amongst you under any denomination and pre- tense whatsoever,-together with all negroes. And you are to furnish said prisoners with clothing and provisions, and horses to carry them to Fort Pitt. When you have fully complied with these conditions, you shall then know on what terms you may obtain the peace you sue for."

The Indians acceded to the terms, and by the 9th of November most of the prisoners had arrived, two hundred and six in number. Of these were-Pennsylvanians, forty- nine males and sixty-seven females and children ; Virginians,

thirty-two males and fifty-eight females and children. The scene which followed the arrival of the prisoners has few equals in the world's history, and is described in the sub- joined account :

"In the camp were to be seen fathers and mothers rec- ognizing and clasping their once-lost babes, husbands hang- ing around the necks of their newly-recovered wives, sisters and brothers unexpectedly meeting together after long sep- aration, scarce able to speak the same language, or for some time to be sure that they were children of the same parents! In all these interviews joy and rapture inex- pressible were seen, while feelings of very different nature were painted in the looks of others,-flying from place to place in eager inquiries after relatives not found; trem- bling to receive an answer to their questions; distracted with doubts, hopes, and fears on obtaining no account of those they sought for, or stiffened into living monuments of horror and woe on learning their unhappy fate!

" The Indians too, as if wholly forgetting their usual savageness, bore a capital part in heightening this most affecting scene. They delivered up their beloved captives with the utmost reluctance, shed torrents of tears over them, recommending them to the care and protection of the commanding officer. Their regard to them continued all the time they remained in camp. They visited them from day to day, and brought them what corn, skins, horses, and other matters they had bestowed on them while in their families, accompanied with other presents and all the marks of the most sincere and tender affection. Nay, they did not stop here, but, when the army marched, some of the Indians solicited and obtained leave to accom- pany their former captives all the way to Fort Pitt, and employed themselves in hunting and bringing provisions for them on the road. A young Mingo carried this still further, and gave an instance of love which would make a figure even in romance. A young woman of Virginia was among the captives, for whom he had formed so strong an attachment as to call her his wife. Against all remon- strances and warnings of the imminent danger to which he exposed himself by approaching the frontiers, he per- sisted in following her at the risk of being killed by the surviving relations of many unfortunate persons who had been captured or scalped by those of his nation." *

INDIAN TRAILS AND INDIAN TOWNS.t

The following trails led from Fort Pitt to Indian towns north of the Ohio River :

FIRST ROUTE, ABOUT N.N.W.

Miles.

Milen, .

From Fort Pitt to Kushkuskies town,

Big Beaver Creek.

Up the east branch of Beaver Creek to

Shaningo ..

Up the east branch of Beaver Creek to Pernatuning.

To Mohoning, on the west branch of Beaver Creek.

32 104

Up the branch Salt Lick

114

To Cayahoga River ..

146

To Ottawas town, on Cayahoga

10 156

. See Bouquet's Expedition, Ohio Hist. Series.

t See appendix to Bouquet's Expedition, Ohio Hist. Seriea.

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A MAP OF THE COUNTRY ON THE OHIO & MUSKINGUM RIVERS SHOWING THE SITUATION OF THE INDIAN TOWNS. WITH RESPECT TO THE ARMY UNDER THE COMMAND OF COLONEL BOUQUET BY THOS HUTCHINS, ASST ENGINEER

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Path to the Lower Towna

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Chartiers Creek

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Cufinlogas

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Honterence House

Old Wyandot Turn

Forka of Xufkingunt

Bullets Town

A SURVEY OF THAT PART OF THE INDIAN COUNTRY THROUGH WHICH COL. BOUQUET MARCHED IN 1764. BY THOS HUTCHINS ASST ENGR

SCALE OF MILES.

Lith By L. H Everts, Philadelphia.

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This Part of the Ch to thaver Creek is Laid down from other Har et not from

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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.

SECOND ROUTE, W.W.W.

Miles. Miles.

From Fort Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver Creek

To Tuscarawas ..

116

To Mobiokon, John's town

166

To Junundat, or Wyandot town.

212

To Sandusky

216

To Junqueindundeh, on Sandusky River

240

THE THIRD ROUTE led west southwest from Fort Pitt.

FOURTH ROUTE (in part).

Miles. Miles.

By water from Fort Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver Creek ...

To the mouth of Little Beaver Creek ....

To the mouth of Yellow Creek .. 10

The following is a schedule of the Indian nations in Ohio at the time of Bouquet's expedition, with the number of fighting men in each :

Wyandots, near Lake Erie, warriors. 300 Miamis, on Miami Biver, falling into Lake Erie, warriors ... 350

Delawaree -- Leg Loups-on the Ohio, warriors. 600

Shamances, on the Scioto River, warriors 500

Total number of warriors 1750

CHAPTER V. LAND-TITLES.

Colonial Charters -- Indian Treaties-Government Grants.

COLONIAL GRANTS.

THE conflicting claims of European nations to lands in America were succeeded by those of rival companies, to whom grants had been issued by one or other of the rival powers.

Some of the early patents issued by Great Britain were, by reason of carelessuees or favoritism, made to "overlap," giving rise to controversies which lasted until the 'year 1786.

The earliest grant for lands on this continent was prob- ably that in 1603 to Henry De Monts-or Dumont-by Henry IV., King of France, covering all the territory from sea to sen, lying between the parallels of 40° and 46° north latitude. Little claim seems to have been made' under this patent.

The first English patent was issued by James I., in 1606, to the London and Plymouth Companies, the former receiving a grant for " South Virginia, extending from the thirty-fourth to the fortieth degree of north latitude, and from the Atlantic on the east to the South Sea on the west," and the latter receiving " North Virginia or New England."

The Plymouth Company was incorporated Nov. 3, 1620, as "The Great Council of Plymouth," and received a grant covering all of New England in America lying between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels, north latitude, and ex- tending from son to sen, excepting lands "actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian prince or state." Of this grant the Massachusetts Colony purchased, in 1628, a part whose southern boundary was afterwards settled to be the forty-second parallel of north latitude.

In 1681, Charles II., of England, by letters patent granted 3

to William Penn, his heirs and assigns, all that tract of land in America bounded " on the east by the Delaware River, on the north by the beginning of the forty-third degree of northerly latitude, on the south by a circle drawn twelve miles distant from New Castle town, northward and west- Ward to the beginning of the fortieth degree of north lati- tude; thence by the beginning of the said fortieth degree of northerly latitude to extend westward through five de- grecs of longitude, to be reckoned from the said easterly bounds." This grant covered a part of the previous grant to the Virginia colony on the south, and caused protracted lawsuits, and surveys which finally ended in compromise. It also trespassed upon the territory previously granted to Connecticut,-to the extent of one degree in width through- out the length of the present State of Pennsylvania,-and the conflicting grants of two colonies caused agitations, not unmixed with riot and bloodshed, lasting for more than a century.

In 1754 a congress composed of deputies from the British colonies north of Virginia, held at Albany by direc- tion of the Lords of Trade and Plantations of England, - declared " the ancient colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut were by their respective charters made to extend to the South Sea."*

The territory lying north and west of the Ohio was claimed partly by the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia. The claims were based on the indefinite royal charters, with the additional claim, on the part of Virginia, of title by conquest. For the purpose of adjusting amicably the several claims, the four States named, with others of the old colonies, ceded their interests in the territory to the Federal government. Two reservations were made. One was made by Connecticut to compensate for lands lost under the charter to Pennsylvania, and em- braced " that region of the present State of Ohio lying north of latitude 41º, and west of the Pennsylvania line. It was bounded on the north by Lake Erie, and was about one hundred and twenty miles in length from east te west, and its greatest breadth from north to south was about sixty-eight miles. The area comprised, by estimate, three millions of acres, and was known as the ' Connecticut Re- serve.' "+

Virginia reserved the lands lying between the Scioto and Little Miami, to be appropriated to the liquidation of the claims of her Revolutionary soldiers. This reservation was known as the " Virginia Military District." In addition, Congress reserved or appropriated lands on the east side of the Scioto, known as the " United States Military District," for the payment of claims of Revolutionary soldiers upon the Federal government.

New York made the first cession, March 1, 1780; Vir- ginia, April 23, 1784; Massachusetts, April 19, 1785; Connecticut, Sept. 13, 1786.

Commissioners from New York and Massachusetts met in convention at Hartford in December, 1786, and awarded to Massachusetts six million acres in the western part of New York, the latter retaining the jurisdiction. Thus the claims

. H. B. Poiroe, in Hist. of Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins, and Schuyler Counties, New York. L. H. Ererts, Phila., 1879.

t Monette's Hist. of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 236, 237.

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HISTORY OF COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO.

of the individual States to lands north of the Ohio were fully extinguished, other claims adjusted, and the way pre- pared for the erection of the " Northwestern Territory."

INDIAN TREATIES.

The first line established between the Indian and English lands, termed the " line of property," was agreed upon at Fort Stanwix, on the Mohawk River, iu 1768. This agree- ment was made by Sir William Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs in America, with the Iroquois on behalf of themselves and their dependent nations, the Shawanese, Delawares, Mingoes of Ohio, and other tribes.

This line began where the Cherokee or Hogohee River, then so called, emptied into the Ohio* River, and " run- ning thence upwards along the south side of the said river to Kittaning, which is above Fort Pitt; from thence by a direct line to the nearest fork of the west branch of the Susquehanna ; thence through the Alleghany Mountains, along the south side of the west branch until it comes op- posite the mouth of a creek called Tiadaghton; thence across the west branch along the south side of that creek and along the north side of Burnett's Hills to a creek called Awandae;t thence down the same to the east branch of the Susquehanna, and across the same and up the east side of that river to Oswegy ;t from thence east to Delawar River, and up that river to opposite where Tianaderbs falls into Susquehanna ; thence to Tianaderha, and up the west side of the west branch to the head thereof; and thence by a direct line to Canada Creek, where it empties into the Wood Creek at the west of the carrying-place beyond Fort Stanwix."§ In this agreement the lands east of the described boundary were recognized as the property of the whites ; all west thereof as the exclusive property of the Indians.

The boundary described was repudiated by the Chickasus and Cherokees south of the Ohio, in the present State of Kentucky, who denied the authority of the "Six Nations" to make the cession. Their protest was respected, and subsequent treaties made to confirm the English titles.

By the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in New York, concluded Oct. 22, 1784, the Indians ceded a large part of their pos- sessions in the western part of that State, and on the 21st day of the following January the Treaty of Fort Mc- Intosh, in the western part of Pennsylvania (where is now the town of Beaver), was concluded and signed. The treaty was effected by George Rogers Clark, Richard But- ler, and Arthur Lee, commissioners on the part of the United States, and was subscribed by the Wyundots, Dela- wares, Ottawas, and Chippewas, who then occupied the country near Lake Erie, west of the Cuyahoga River. By the terms of the treaty the Indians relinquished all the ter- ritory in the present State of Ohio lying east of an irregular line, extending from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, which afterwards became the western boundary of the county of Washington.||

The Indians of New York were dissatisfied with the last treaty of Fort Stanwix, and the Northwestern Indians no less with that of Fort McIntosh. England had reluctantly

surrendered the country between the lakes and the Ohio, and through her agents and traders continually urged the Indians to claim to that river as the rightful limit of their lands, fixed by the treaty with Sir William Johnson, in 1768.7 Thus pressed to renewed negotiations, Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwestern Territory, as commis- sioner, secured a treaty at Fort Harmar, signed Jan. 9, 1789, by which all the " Six Nations," except the Mohawks, reaffirmed the treaty of Fort Stanwix, and the six North- western tribes, Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatamies, and Sauks, recognized both treaties, and the boundaries established by them respectively.

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History of Columbiana County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Part 3

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co. Publication date: 1879 Publisher: Number of Pages: 541

Author: D. W. Ensign & Co.
Publication date: 1879
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 541