USA > Pennsylvania > A geography of Pennsylvania : containing an account of the history, geographical features, soil, climate, geology, botany, zoology, population, education, government, finances, productions, trade, railroads, canals &c. of the state : with a separate description of each county, and questions for the convenience of teachers : to which is appended, a travellers' guide, or table of distances on the principal rail road, canal and stage routes in the state > Part 8
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51
Chincapin, ( Castanea pumila) though abundant in Maryland and the states farther south, is not much known in Pennsylvania, except in some of the southern counties. It is a small tree, or more generally appears in the form of a large shrub, from seven to twelve feet in height, and is only worthy of notice on account of its fruit, the outer covering of which resembles that of the chesnut, only half as large. The nut is convex on both sides, like an acorn ; it is sold in the markets, but is less esteemed than the chesnut.
White Beech (Fagus sylvestris) and Red Beech (Fagus fer- ruginea) are both found in Pennsylvania; the latter being most abundant in the northern part of the State. The white beech pre- fers a deep moist soil and cool situations, generally growing in low grounds and along the borders of streams. The heart or perfect wood of this species bears a small proportion to the sap, frequently occupying but a few inches in the trunk of a large tree. The seeds of the white beech are ovate triangular and obtuse at the smaller end : those of the red beech are acutely triangular and pointed at the end. The heart-wood of the red beech occupies most of the trunk, and the wood is stronger, tougher and more
6*
66
GEOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
compact. It is, however, liable to injury from worms, to speedy decay when exposed to changes of dryness and moisture, and is seldom used in building. It is employed for various kinds of tools, shoe lasts, the boards of wool cards, and other purposes. It makes good fuel when dry, and is said to yield excellent charcoal.
Hornbeam ( Carpinus americana) and Iron Wood (C. ostrya) are not uncommon in low moist grounds. They are small trees and not particularly useful, though the wood is white, compact and fine grained. The seeds are borne in clusters resembling hops.
Of the Sour Gum we have two species, the Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica ) and the Tupelo or Sour Gum (Nyssa aquatica.) The black gum is usually a larger tree, and grows on more elevated grounds than the latter, which prefers the borders of swamps and wet soils. The fibres of the wood are peculiarly twisted and interwoven, which renders it very difficult to split : for this reason it is frequently used for the hubs of wagon and carriage wheels, and also for hatters' blocks. As a fuel it consumes very slowly, and is often used for the back logs in fireplaces.
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) is not uncommon in fertile soils, where it sometimes attains a considerable size. Though belonging to the order monccia, the fertile and barren flowers frequently grow on separate trees, which is the reason why some mulberry trees never bear fruit. The wood is yellow, strong and compact, and when seasoned is almost or quite equal to the locust in durability.
Of the Ash we have several species : the White Ash (Fraxinus americana,) the Red Ash (F. tomentosa) and the Black Ash (F. sambucifolia) being the most common. The wood of the white and red ash is highly esteemed for its strength and elasticity, and is advantageously employed for a great variety of uses by coach- makers and the manufacturers of many agricultural implements, in which strength, elasticity and lightness are required. It is pre- ferred to any other wood for oars, and is used for handspikes and the blocks of pulleys. The wood of the black ash is of a brown colour, and not so much used as that of the other species.
Willow of several kinds grows in Pennsylvania, besides some species introduced from Europe, but we shall not notice them par- ticularly, as they are applied to few useful purposes, except the twigs of some species of which baskets are made; and for the manufacture of charcoal for making gunpowder.
White Elm (Ulmus americana) grows in moist and fertile grounds in company with the maple, gum, shell bark hickory, and such trees as delight in similar situations. It frequently attains a great height, and is a noble tree with long, flexible, pendulous branches, forming a top of fair proportions and great beauty. The wood is of a brown colour, and being inferior in solidity, hardness and strength to many other kinds, is not much employed by mechanics. Red elm, Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra or fulva) has larger, thicker, and rougher leaves than the white elm ; the bark is also of a darker colour. The wood has a dull red tinge, and is rather coarser grained and less compact, but is said to be more durable than that of the other species. The inner bark, when soaked or chewed,
67
BOTANY.
yields a great amount of mucilage, and is used in medical pre- scriptions on that account.
The Linden, Lime tree or Bass wood (Tilia americana) is not uncommon along the banks of rivers and in deep rich soils. There is another species called the White linden ( Tilia alba ) which much resembles the former, but is a smaller tree, and has the underside of the leaves whitish. Neither species is abundant, nor does the wood possess qualities to render it much esteemed.
Pines. The Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) and Scrub Pine (P. inops) are most common in light, sandy or stony soils, and on barren mountain ridges. They are not usually distinguished from each other, being both called by the names of pitch pine or yellow pine. The true Yellow pine (Pinus mitis) is not very common in Penn- sylvania ; but grows abundantly in the sandy soil of the lower part of New Jersey and the eastern shore of Maryland, where the pitch pine also abounds. The leaves of the yellow pine grow in pairs, (seldom in threes) and are four or five inches long ; while those of the pitch pine are in threes, and usually shorter. The buds of the pitch pine are always resinous ; the bark is thick, dark coloured and deeply furrowed. It has many branches, occupying two-thirds of the trunk, on which account the wood is usually knotty. On mountains and gravelly lands the wood is compact, heavy, and filled with resin; but in wet grounds it is lighter, softer, contains but little heart-wood, and is called sap pine. The timber of this species is not so valuable as that of the true yellow pine ; but is used for sawing into boards and scantling. It makes an excellent fuel for purposes where a brisk flame is required, and is much used for heating steamboilers, bakers' ovens, and for burning bricks. In those parts of the State where this tree is abundant, tar is manufactured from the more resinous parts of it. The scrub pine, sometimes called Jersey pine, is smaller than the pitch pine; its bark is blackish, and its limbs remote from each other. The leaves are in pairs, one or two inches long, stiff, and scattered over the young branches, which are flexible and smooth, while those of the other species are scaly. The wood contains a large proportion of sap, and is not of much use except for fire- wood.
White Pine (Pinus strobus,) though much less abundant in Pennsylvania than formerly, is still found growing in considerable quantity on the upper streams of the Lehigh, the head waters of the Susquehanna, and some of the tributaries of the Allegheny It is also found in other places, but thinly interspersed among the other forest trees. Its value as a timber for manufacturing boards, shingles and other lumber has caused it to be eagerly sought after, and such enormous quantities of it have for years been cut and floated down our rivers to market, that this noble tree has now become comparatively scarce in those parts of the State where it formerly grew in abundance. It is probable that in forty or fifty years but few trees of this species will remain, fit for making good lumber, and that some substitute must be found for a timber now so universally useful. The height to which this ancient and
68
GEOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
.
majestic inhabitant of our forests attains is almost incredible : on viewing from a distance the timber lands where it grows, the sum- mits of the pines may be seen towering far above the surrounding trees, and lifting their noble heads majestically above their meaner and more humble companions. Trunks are frequently felled measuring from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet in length and four or five feet in diameter at the base. When this tree grows in thick and crowded forests it is almost destitute of branches to near the top; but when growing alone, or more widely separated from other trees, the branches are numerous and verticillate, or disposed opposite to each other around the trunk at intervals, forming a fine cone-shaped top. The leaves, like those of the other pines, spring from a little sheath, each of which, in this species, contains five leaves about four or five inches long, slender, and of a bluish-green colour which is peculiarly delicate and beautiful on young shoots, early in the season. The wood of the white pine possesses many desirable qualities ; it is white, soft, free from knots, easily wrought, durable, and not so liable to split when exposed to the sun as many other kinds of timber. The quality of the wood, like that of most other trees, differs according to the soil and situation in which it grows. In loose, deep and moist grounds, it is lighter and of finer texture, and may be worked more easily and smoothly ; while that growing on more elevated and dry soils has a harder, firmer and more resinous wood, with a coarser grain. It is not necessary, nor would it be possible, to mention the endless variety of objects to which this useful wood is applied in architecture, ship-building, carpentry, cabinet-making and other mechanic arts.
Black or Double Spruce (Abies nigra) is rare except in cold and moist soils on the high table-lands or mountain flats in the northern part of the State. It is, perhaps, most abundant in the mossy swamps on the waters of the Lehigh, in Monroe, Pike, and Lu- zerne counties. This is a beautiful tree, growing to a height of sixty or seventy feet, with a smooth straight trunk and a pyra- midal top. Its wood resembles that of the white pine, and is . used for masts, boards, shingles and building timber.
Hemlock Spruce (Abies canadensis) is common in most parts of the State in dark and shaded situations, on the steep banks of streams. In the northern counties, and on the elevated range of the Allegheny mountains, it grows abundantly on the high lands among the beeches and sugar maples, where it attains a large size, the older trees being often seventy or eighty feet high and five feet or more in diameter. The properties of the wood are such as to give it only a secondary importance : it is coarse grained, very liable to split, and the old trees frequently have the concentric circles or growths separated at intervals, or as it is termed, " wind- shaken," which renders the timber splintery and much diminishes its usefulness. The woody fibre of the hemlock is frequently oblique, running spirally round the stock of the tree, which pre- vents its splitting in a straight line : this is a serious defect, as when sawed into boards or scantling it renders them " cross
69
BOTANY.
grained" and greatly impairs their strength. But notwithstanding these defects, as the white pine becomes more scarce, the hem- lock is substituted for it wherever it can well be done. For the frame work of buildings, where not exposed to the weather, it an- swers well, as when sound it is sufficiently strong, and being harder and firmer than pine, it affords a tighter hold to nails. The bark is used in tanning leather, and it is asserted by some that hemlock and oak bark mixed together are better for that purpose than either alone.
Tamarack, or American Larch (Larix americana) is a small but graceful tree, growing in cool mountain swamps ; but even there it is not very common, and never attains the size to which it grows about Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland. Our climate is too warm for its northern constitution. It is not an evergreen, like most resinous trees ; but sheds its leaves in the fall and renews them in the spring. Its wood, in regions where it grows to a suf- ficient size to be useful, is considered superior to any species of pine or spruce, being very strong and durable.
Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is common in most parts of Pennsylvania ; but seldom grows large enough to make its wood of much use. The branches are numerous and close, growing near the earth and spreading out horizontally. The trunk de- creases rapidly in size as it ascends, and is often irregularly in- dented by deep crevices or furrows. If the tree, when young, were trimmed to two-thirds of its height, the size and regularity of the trunk might be improved. The wood is red, odorous, com- pact, fine-grained and exceedingly durable : it is, therefore, valu- able and highly esteemed for making posts and for other purposes in which its qualities are desirable.
Many of our ornamental and shade trees are not natives, but have been introduced from abroad. Among these are the Lom- bardy and Athenian Poplars, (Populus dilatata and P. græca ; ) the Paper Mulberry, (Broussonetia papyrifera ;) the Horse Chesnut, (ÆEsculus hippocastanum ; ) the European Linden, (Tilia europea; ) Chinese Ailanthus, (Ailanthus glandulosa ; ) and others.
Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants.
The method of arranging plants together in Natural Orders ac- cording to the system of Jussieu, as improved by Lindley and other eminent botanists, affords so many advantages that we shall adopt it in the following short notice of some of the more common or re- markable genera and species which grow in Pennsylvania. By this method plants are brought together in groups or families, in which the different individuals resemble each other in their exter- nal appearance and internal structure, as well as their general qualities and medicinal properties. The artificial system of Lin- næus, however, affords invaluable aid in determining the genus and species of a plant, and no student of botany should neglect to make himself familiar with both the natural and artificial systems.
Those introduced plants which have become naturalized in our State are marked thus * for the purpose of distinction.
70
GEOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
RANUNCULACEE. The Crowfoot tribe.
Crowfoot, Ranunculus, many species ; generally in moist low grounds ; fl. May, June. Wind flower, Anemone, several species ; woodlands and fence rows ; fl. April, July. Liverwort, Hepatica triloba ; open woods ; April.
Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis ; shady rocky banks; May.
Virgin's bower, Clematis virginiana ; climbing vine ; thickets and fence rows ; Aug. - Marsh marygold, Caltha palustris ; about springs and wet meadows. April.
Black snake-root, Actea racemosa ; tall; flowers in white spikes ; woods ; June. Meadow rue, Thalictrum ; several species ; meadows and woods. May, June.
PODOPHYLLACEE.
May apple, Podophyllum peltatum ; moist woods and meadows ; May : root cathartic. FACEE. The Water-lily tribe.
White water-lily, Nymphea odorata ; in ponds ; July.
Spatter dock, Nuphar adrena ; ponds and rivers ; June, Sept.
PAPAVERACEE. The Poppy tribe.
Blood-root, Sanguinaria canadensis ; open woods ; April ; root medicinal.
CRUCIFERE. The Cruciferous tribe. (Petals four, in the forin of a cross.)
Winter cress, Barbarea; Wall cress, Arabis ; Spring cress ; Cardamine; several species.
Tooth wort, Dentaria laciniata ; rich woodlands ; April.
*Shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris ; fields and waste places ; April, Sept.
*Pepper grass, Lepidium ; Mustard, Sinapis ; Radish, Raphanus ; Cabbage, Brassica ; and several other introduced garden plants also belong to this order.
POLYGALACE.E. The Milk wort tribe.
Seneca snake-root, Polygala senega ; dry hilly woods ; May.
Purple milk wort, P. purpurea ; fields and meadows ; July : and some other species. VIOLACEE. The Violet tribe.
Violet, Viola, many species ; woods ana meadows ; Apr. May, June. HYPERICACEE. The John's wort tribe.
John's wort, Hypericum ; several species. The H. perforatum is common in fields and pasturės and is acrid, producing sores on horses and cattle which have white feet and noses, the skin of such being more tender than others.
CARYOPHYLLACEE. The Pink tribe.
Catch-fly, Silene antirrhina ; viscid ; dry sandy fields ; June : other species.
Four leaved campion ; S. stellata ( Cucubalus ;) dry woodlands. July.
*Cockle, Agrostemma githago ; fields, among grain ; June. PORTULACACEE. The Purslane tribe.
*Purslane, Portulaca oleracea ; gardens and cultivated grounds ; July.
Spring beauty, Claytonia virginica ; moist low grounds ; April. GERANIACEE. The Geranium tribe.
Crane's bill, Geranium maculatum ; woods and meadows ; May; other species. BALSAMINACEÆ.
Snap weed, Touch-me-not, Impatiens, two species ; wet shady places ; July. OXALIDACEE. The Sorrel tribe.
Sorrel, Oxalis, several species ; woods and fields ; May, June. ANACARDIACEE.
Stag's horn sumac, Rhus typhina ; rocky hills ; June ; branches hairy.
Mountain sumac, R. copallina ; dry rocky hills ; July.
Common sumac, R. glabra ; old fields and fence rows ; used in tanning morocco. Poison sumac, R. venenata ; low grounds along streams ; June.
Poison vine, R. radicans ; woods and fence rows ; May, June.
MALVACEE. The Mallow tribe.
*Mallows, Malva ; Hollyhock, Althea ; Hibiscus, S.c. are introduced plants. VITACEE. The Vine tribe.
Fox Grape, Vitis labrusca ; Chicken grape, V. rulpina ; and other species.
Creeper, False grape ; Ampelopsis quinquefolia ; woods, thickets and fences ; July. CELASTRACEE.
False bittersweet, Celastrus scandens ; climbing shrub ; woods and fences ; June. Burning bush, Euonymus, two species ; woods ; June.
RHAMNACEE.
New Jersey Tea, Ceanothus americanus ; small shrub ; woods ; June. LEGUMINOSE. The Bean tribe.
Wild beau, Phaseolus perennis ; woods ; July. Also Vicia, Apios, Amphicarpa. Goat's rue, Tephrosia virginiana ; dry hilly woods ; July.
*Clover, Trifolium, several species, most of which are introduced plants. Wood trefoil, Desmodium, (Hedysarum) many species ; woods ; Aug. Bush clover, Lespedeza, five or six species ; dry hills and woods ; Aug. Rattle-box, Crotalaria sagittalis ; dry and sandy fields and woods ; July. Wild indigo, Baptisia tinctoria ; dry hilly woods ; July, Aug.
Wild senna, Cassia marilandica ; low alluvial grounds; Aug. ; medicinal. Wild sensitive-plant, Cassia nictitans ; small ; dry sandy places ; Aug. Partridge pea; Cassia chamacrista; dry sandy soils ; July.
71
BOTANY.
ROSACEA. The Rose tribe.
Nine bark, Spirea opulifolia ; shrub ; low moist grounds ; June. Meadow sweet, S. salicifolia ; low wet places ; June : other species. Indian physic, Gillenia trifoliata ; woods and thickets ; medicinal. Cinque-foil, Potentilla, several species ; fields and woods ; May, July. Strawberry, Fragaria virginiana ; fields, fence rows, &c. May. Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis and other species : fences and borders of woods ; May. Flowering raspberry, R. odoratus ; flowers large ; thornless ; rocky hills : June, Aug. Blackberry, R. rillosus, and other species ; borders of fields ; May, June. Dewberry or running brier ; R. trivialis ; old fields ; May, June. Wild rose, Rosa parviflora ; borders of woods and old fields ; June. Swamp rose, R. carolina ; thickets and wet grounds ; June, July. *Sweet brier, Eglantine, R. rubiginosa ; road sides and dry banks ; June. Hawthorn, Crategus, several species ; borders of woods, &c. May, June. Red plum, Prunus americana ; low grounds about meadows, &c. April. 'To this order also belong the Cherry, Cerasus ; Apple and Pear, Pyrus. ONAGRACEÆ. Evening primrose tribe.
Evening primrose, Enothera biennis and other species; fields, &c. June, July. Willow-herb, Epilobium, several species ; moist grounds ; July, Aug. Enchanter's night-shade, Circa lutetiana ; moist shady woods ; July. GROSSULARIACEE. The Currant tribe.
Wild currant, Ribes floridum ; borders of woods ; May : berries black. Wild gooseberry, R. rotundifolium ; mountains and rocky woods ; May. SAXIFRAGACEE. The Saxifrage tribe.
Saxifrage, Saxifraga virginica ; dry rocky banks and woods ; April.
Tall saxifrage, S. pennsylvanica ; wet meadows; May.
Golden saxifrage, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium ; springs and brooks ; May. Alum root, Heuchera americana ; woods ; June : root astringent. HAMAMELACEA.
Witch hazel, Hamamelis virginica ; shrub ; moist woods and thickets: the flowers ap- pear in Autumn after the leaves have fallen, and the seeds ripen the next season.
UMBELLIFERA. The Umbelliferous tribe.
Water hemlock, Cicuta maculata ; meadows and wet grounds ; July : poisonous. Water parsnep, Sium latifolium ; low grounds, along streams ; July.
Angelica, Angelica atropurpurea ; stem purple; meadows ; June.
Cow parsnep, Heracleum lanatum ; large ; low grounds ; June : called poisonous. * Wild parsnep, Pastinaca satira, and Wild carrot, Daucus carota, have escaped from the gardens and become naturalized. The latter is troublesome in fields.
*Poison hemlock, Conium maculatum ; waste places about buildings ; July. ARALIACEA. The Aralia tribe.
False sarsaparilla, Aralia nudicaulis ; rich rocky woodlands ; May.
Spikenard, A. racemosa ; moist rich woods ; July.
Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium; rich woods ; July : rare in the eastern counties.
Dwarf ginseng, P. trifolium ; moist shady woods ; April ; root globular.
CAPRIFOLIACEE. The Honeysuckle tribe.
Honeysuckle, Lonicera, several species ; rocky woods ; May, June.
Horse gentian, Fever root, Triosteum perfoliatum ; woods ; May : root medicinal. Black haw, Sloe, Viburnum prunifolium ; small tree; thickets ; May. Arrow wood, V. acerifolium ; woods ; June.
Hobble bush, V. lantanoides ; mountain woods ; June : (other species of V.) Common elder, Sambucus canadensis ; thickets and fence rows ; June. Red berried elder, S. pubens ; mountains ; May.
RUBIACEE.
Partridge berry, Mitchella repens ; creeping evergreen ; woods. June. Button bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis ; shrub ; swamps and streams ; July. Bed straw, Goose grass, Galium, eight or nine species, moist shady places ; July. Innocence, Hedyotis carulea (Houstonia ;) fl. small, blue ; grassy banks. April, Sept. DIFSACEA.
*Wild teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris ; road sides and waste places ; July. COMPOSITE.
Thistle, Carduus, several species ; fields, fence rows, &c. June, Aug. Wild lettuce, Lactuca elongata ; thickets and fences ; July.
*Dandelion, Leontodon taraxacum ; road sides and pastures ; April, Sept. Lion's-foot, Prenanthes alba ; dry woods and clearings ; Aug. Sow thistle, Sonchus, several species ; woods and cultivated grounds ; Aug. Hawk-weed, Hieraceum renosum ; leaves red veined ; woods ; May : other species. Meadow iron weed, Vernonia noveboracensis ; tall ; fl. purple ; low grounds ; Aug. Blue blazing-star, Liatris spicata ; moist grounds, borders of woods ; Aug. Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum ; meadows and low grounds ; Aug. : medicinal. Golden rod, Solidago, many species ; fields, woods, &c. Aug., Sept. Star-flower, Aster, many species ; woods, fields and meadows. Aug , Sept. Flea bane, Erigeron, several species ; fields and woods ; June, Aug.
.
72
GEOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
*Elecampane, Inula helenium ; farms and road sides ; July.
Clot-bur ; Xanthium strumarium : X. spinosum has ternate thorns ; farm yards, Aug. Rag-weed, Ambrosia, two species ; fields and fence rows : Aug.
Wild sun-flower, Helianthus ; woods and thickets : July, Aug. Heliopsis, Rudbeckia, Helenium, &c. are sunflower like. Spanish needle, Bur marygold, Bidens, several species ; low grounds, &c. Aug. *Yarrow, Achillea millefolium ; pastures and fences ; June, Sept.
*Ox-eye daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ; fields and meadows ; June.
*Wild chamomile, Hog-weed, Anthemis cotula ; farm yards, lanes, &c. June. Sweet Balsam, Graphalium polycephalum ; old fields, &c. Aug : other species. Groundsel, Senecio, several species ; moist grounds ; May, June, July.
Indian plantain, Cacalia atriplicifolia ; tall ; moist shady places ; July, Aug. LOBELIACEE.
Indian tobacco, Lobelia inflata ; pastures and road sides ; July, Sept ; medicinal. Cardinal flower, L. cardinalis ; bright crimson ; wet places ; July, Sept. other species. ERICACEAE.
Spicy winter-green, Teaberry, Gaultheria procumbens ; mountains and dry hills ; June. Ground laurel, Epigea repens ; creeping evergreen ; hilly woods; April Pepper bush, Andromeda ; several species ; woods and thickets ; June.
Laurel, Calico bush ; Kalmia latifolia ; rocky hills ; May, June.
Dwarf laurel, K. angustifolia ; low moist grounds ; June : said to be poisonous to sheep. Large or mountain laurel, Rhododendron marin m; moist grounds along creeks and rivers, but largest in mountain swamps, where it sometimes forms almost impenetrable thickets : flowers in large clusters,-pale rose coloured ; June, July.
Bush honeysuckle, Rhododendron (Azalea,) several species ; woods ; May, June. VACCINEE.
Whortleberry or Huckleberry, Vaccinium, several species; woods ; May, June. Cranberry, Oxycoccus macrocarpus ; swamps : June ; not common.
PYROLEÆ.
Winter-green, Shin-leaf, Pyrola, several species ; woods ; June, July. Pipssissawa, Chimaphila, two species ; woodlands ; June.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.