USA > Alaska > Pribilof Islands, Alaska : genealogy and census, 1870-1928 > Part 5
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In these cases the internal administration of gallic acid and ergotine seemed to be of service. One case. Mrs. Peter Peshuikoff. had characteristic symptoms accompanied with coughing up of pure bright red unmixed blood. The most serious sequence was pneumonia. The first death was that of Barbara Pohomoff on Oct. 18th of double pneumonia. I personally administered to her quinine in large doses in licorice together with wine and whiskey. Her condition changed rapidly and suddenly for the worst with very rapid pulse, quick, short respiration, high fever, total lose of
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appetite, with pains to the ears and eyes and intense head-ache. I ordered supplies of sugar and food for her from the house, which were promptly furnished and reported to the Treasury Agent the lack of warmth and coal in lier house which he immediately remedied.
The next case of death was that of Eupheme Kozhevnikoff of the 2 1st followed by that of George Buterin on the same day and Yustemia Mandregin on the 22nd, all of pneumonia. Other sequels of the disease were bronchitis, in only a very small number of cases, kidney derangements, excessive nervous prostration and in one case meningitis. The latter occurred in the case of Mrs. Antone Melevidoff who at this date is not expected to recover-despite active measures and careful nursing. The most marked instance of nervous prostration was (and of course yet is-as these cases, recover with extreme slowness and difficulty) Alaxandra Nedarazoff.
The treatment has consisted mainly in the use of cardiac and vascular sedative as veratrum viride, acouite and gelsemniumn in the beginning only followed by quinine, digitalis, whiskey, wine and ammonia. In some instances a calomel purge was given in the beginning withi advantage. Blisters and cupping served of little use. The most useful remedies appeared to be veratrum viride at the beginning and digitalis later.
I have not endeavored to give a complete and detailed account of the epidemic, but rather a general view of some of the main features of the disease as it has existed here. I may add that at present date, quite a number are making a very poor uncertain and difficult convalescence. George Kotchooten is dangerously ill with pneumonia. Mrs. Peter Oustigoff is very sick with the same disease-as is Alexandra Nedarazoff; and Mrs. Antone Melevidoff is likely to die.
On the whole. I think it may be said the disease has about spent itself: and the probabilities are that the restriction in regard to keeping school may be safely lifted next Monday week.
Very truly and respectfully yours,
C. A. Lutz, MD
P.S. Since the above was written, Antone Melevidoff has reported the sad news of his wife's death. C. A. L.
Monday, October 27, 1890
Nothing new to record, except a very perceptible change for the better in the majority of those who are sick. A few of the natives reported having heard a noise during Sunday night or early this morning, resembling the sound of distant cannon shots, but today we cannot find a sign of anything new or strange and the watchmen at N.E.P. and at S. W. Bay report all well.
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Tuesday, October 28, 1890
Mrs. Antone Melevidoff and George Kotchooten were buried today the whole population being present and participating in the ceremony. All well on the rookeries and no schooners in sight. The sick are all on the mend.
Wednesday, Oct 29, 1890
Made a drive of seals for food today from Middle Hill and killed 134 of which 23 were good and accepted. No new cases of sickness but on the contrary the sick are all getting better. No physician could be more careful or more attentive to his patients than what Dr. Lutz has been to these people during the present troubles.
Thursday, October 30, 1890
Alexander, son of Eupheme Koshevinikoff died today. No new cases of sickness have been reported, but all those who have been sick are in a fair way of recovering.
Friday, October 31, 1890
No more new cases of sickness. The men are up and able to walk around. We can send a full set of watchmen to the rookeries tomorrow. No schooners, not any other vessels have been sighted since the "Bear" left last Sunday.
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35. [Fredericka Martin Collection 1991-022300129, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.]
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36. Gee Wing, cook12
1900 MEASLES ON ST. PAUL ISLAND
Watson Colt Allis, North American Commercial Company Agent on St. Paul Island in 1900, recollected the measles epidemic as a terrible time on the island.
I remember one tragic time when an epidemic of measles broke out after all the ships had gone south, and we were frozen in for the winter. Ignoring the doctor's orders, the sick natives broke quarantine and went visiting friends until every soul, except one, was down with the disease. The only help the doctor had consisted of myself, the one well native, and Gee Wing. Wing cooked for the entire population about four hundred. I was nurse and coffin-maker. The native dug the graves. But the sick died so fast he was obliged to forego single graves and dig pits which would accommodate three bodies each.13
12 Greta Ericson Collection. UAF Elemer E Rasmuson Library, p. 12.
13 Willoughby. 1940. Alaska Holiday, p. 221.
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37. St. Paul Island Aleut kitchen and cooks, Wing Lee on the right, n.d.
[G Dallas Hanna No. 16 (Photographer Richard Culbertson, Agent); U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Photograph Collection, ca. 1907 to ca. 1921; RG 22; NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage).]
The tale recalled by Mr. Allis spans a year filled with sorrow. The village lost two of its chiefs within months of each other. Nine people died in a week's time during the month of June from an influenza outbreak that swept through the village. The oldest native Aleut, Kerrick Artomanoff aged 75, succumbed to the virus. Kerrick was born on St. Paul Island about 1826, and was noted by Agent James Judge to be the most knowledgeable man on the island. He had helped with historical recollections during the Fur-Seal Arbitration investigation of 1896-1897. In his interview with Dr. David Starr Jordan on the afternoon of September 6, 1896, he gave a brief account about sealing near the old village at Northeast Point and the "old rookery said to have existed on the North Shore. Artimonof[sic] said in substance":
I am the oldest man of the island, and was chief for eighteen years during the time when Dr. McIntyre was Superintendent of the company [Alaska Commercial Company]. Marunichen was a small rookery when I was a boy, about seventy-five years ago. In those days a small body of seals gathered on the rocks of the point south of North Shore. There was a little hauling ground behind and another farther east on the next point and on the island adjoining it offshore. The rookery was smaller than Little Polovina is today. I never saw a drive from there, but heard the men talking about it. They used to kill the seals there, and carry the skins to the village at Northeast Point.
Thirty-four years ago (probably in 1834) [1862] the summer was late, so that all around the island was piled up with snow and ice, so that the seals could not land. Thousands of them were killed under the ice, and after that there were very few seals on the island, so that only 100 bachelors a year were killed for several years. They never killed cows. After that time the rookeries
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were very small for a long time. There were only 2 bulls on the Lagoon: only 7 bulls were left on Gorbatch, and all the rookeries, Northeast Point and all, were very much smaller than now. There has not been any more killing of the seals under the ice since 1834. The natives always go now and break roads through the ice to let the seals land. 14
So it was, St. Paul Island had lost its oldest native chief. Two months later at the end of the sealing season, measles appeared at every village household and took its toll of twenty-one more individuals, including Martin Nederazoff, the second chief. From these two illnesses alone, the village of about 200 people lost fifteen percent of its total population. Robert J. Wolfe, assistant professor at the University of Southern California, conducted a study of the 1900 measles and influenza epidemics in Alaska. In describing the health conditions for St. Paul Island he referenced two experts, Henry W. Elliott and David Starr Jordan: "The St. Paul Aleuts at the turn of the century were extremely acculturated compared with many other western Alaskan groups. (Figure 4, Jordan (1899) Plate XXXII). The community had a hospital with a full stock of drugs in addition to the physician providing free medical care (Elliott 1886: 232). The food, clothing and technology of St. Paul so reflected Western patterns that the residents were called the 'rich Aleuts' by their southern relatives on the Aleutian Islands. (Elliott 1884: 22; 1886: 233)"15
John G. Brady, Governor, District of Alaska said, "During the summer, fall, and winter of 1900 the natives upon the Aleutian Islands and the shores of Bering Sea and St. Lawrence Island were suffering from la grippe accompanied by pneumonia and measles. It is estimated that fully 2,000 of them perished"16
14 Jordan. 1898. The Fur Seals, pt. 2, pp. 465-466.
15 Wolfe. 1982. "Alaska's Great Sickness," pp. 101-103. 16 Brady. 1905. Report of the Governor,-pp. 5, 28.
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ST. PAUL ISLAND AGENT LOG OF THE MEASLES EPIDEMIC17
According to the agent's log, the measles epidemic began on August 28, 1900, when Agafia, wife of George Kochegin, broke out with measles. She was isolated at Halfway Point Watch House under Dr. Ross's supervision. She became well by September 4 and her husband brought her back to the village, but by then the whole village had succumbed to the disease. Dr. Ross notified the men of the village that all should be vaccinated and they agreed.
August 30, 1900
The "Rush" arrived. Lt. Burns reported 75 cases of measles at Unalaska.
August 31, 1900 Three more cases of measles.
Sept. 2, 1900
There is not a family in the village but has one or more of its members sick with measles, in some cases whole families are down.
Sept. 4, 1900
No improvement among the sick. Rice and milk carried to every individual. Mr. Marr rendered valuable assistance in the good work. Dr. Ross is working like a Trojan and predicts that he will bring them all through. Sun shining beautifully. During the afternoon I took the buckboard to H. W. [Half Way] Point and brought George & Agafia Kochegin to the village. George has not been sick at all. Agafia alınost well.
Sept. 5, 1900
Nicoli Krukof, Nicoli Gromof, Simeon Nozekof, Auna Lessentona, Mike Kushing, Mary Bogodanof, Mrs. Glotof, and Ellen Volkof who have been acting as nurses and distributors of food and medicine since the epidemic broke out are all down today. There is no one to take their places. The hospital corp today consists of George Kochengin, George Shisuekof, Mar. Marr. Dr. Ross and myself. Soup and rice cooked in Company house was carefully passed around. Mr. Allis has offered everything in the Company's possession for the relief of the sufferers. We would have his personal assistance were he not suffering from rheumatism which incapacitated him from running about.
Vassili Seduli died two hours ago-at 9 p.m. He was quite old and a noted character here. Like the remainder of the natives he suffered with the Grip last June and has been complaining more or less all summer. He was a type of native rapidly disappearing on the Seal Islands. One of the old time Bidarkie men.
17 St. Paul Is. Agent's Log. 1900. Aug. 28-Sept. 30, pp. 490-500, and Oct. pp. 1-12 and 1-5.
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38. Interior of Hospital Dispensary, St. Paul Island, 1915. Photographer G Dallas Hanna.
FOR CPEL BTSECO
:
a
[RG 22-95-ADMC-2243A, NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)]
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I
[RG 22-95-ADMC-2242A, NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)]
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Sept. 6, 1900
George Kochergin and George Shisnekof assisted the Doctor in distributing medicine to the sick while Mr. Marr and I carried boiled rice and milk to every house giving each sick person a cupful and inore when they wished it. We made two trips one in the morning and again in the afternoon. Karp Buterin and Zahar Tetoff with the assistance of Charles Berg the teamster delivered a sack of coal at every house. Karp Buterin dug Sedulis grave and Mr. Allis although suffering dreadfully fromn rheumatism made the coffin. Four natives (all who are on their feet), Mr. Marr and I buried the corpse. The teamster drove it to the grave. Driving rain all day.
Sept. 7, 1900
Boiled rice and milk distributed twice today at every house in the village. In a few cases an improvement is noticeable and that is about all. Zaliar is complaining this evening and will probably be down tomorrow. Late this afternoon Olga Serebinkof and Stephan Nederazof died of measles. Both liave been suffering from tuberculosis for some time and were therefore weak when this epidemic came on.
Sept. 8, 1900
Many of the natives convalescing. Others still in critical condition. Rice and milk distributed but not to so many places as heretofore as some of the convalescents are cooking a little themselves. Mr. Marr and I delivered provisions all around so that none of the sick will have occasion to go outside until they are fully recovered. Olga Serebinkof and Stephan Nederazof were buried this afternoon, Karp dug the graves. Mr. Allis made the coffins and Mr. Marr and I assisted at the obsequies there being but three natives on hand.
Sept 9, 1900
Karp Buterin and George Shisnekof are both sick today. This leaves George Kochugin and Zahar Tetoff as the only native men in the village who are on their feet. Aside from these two new cases there seems to be a general improvement all along the line. The measles are fast disappearing and the Doctor thinks that if they stay indoors and not take cold all will recover.
Sept 10, 1900
Macket Volkof & Aggie Kushin not so well today. The remainder are improving nicely.
Sept 11, 1900
The natives are recovering slowly from the effects of the measles. There are only four critical cases now which is quite a relief. Still the Doctor has forbidden the convalescents to leave their homes. He is fearful of their taking cold and of complications setting in on consequence. Coal was delivered at every liouse by the native force (consisting of two men) assisted by the companys' teamster and Mr. Marr. Mr. Allis kindly loaning the wagon for the purpose.
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Sept. 12, 1900
Aggie Kushin age 45 originally a native of the Kunle [Kuril] Islands died this evening of capillary bronchitis super-induced by measles. His death will be a special loss to the community as he was the best all around workman in the village capable of turning his hand to anything that was to be done and doing everything well. Four of the convalesces suffered a relapse today and the Doctor is very much discouraged. It is difficult to impress upon the minds of the people the possible consequences of their taking cold after an attack of measles. It has not been necessary to distribute food from the kitchen since Sunday as some member of the family in every house is able to do the cooking.
Sept. 13, 1900
Aggie Kushin was buried this p.m. George Kochergin, Zahar Tetoff, Mr. Marr and I acted as pall bearers. Mr. Allis made the coffin; George & Zahar dug the grave. They are the only natives in the village able to turn a hand. Neither have had the measles and both have worked manfully since the breaking out of this epidemic.
Sept. 14, 1900
Kerrick Terrakanof age 46 died during the night of capillary bronchitis super-induced by measles.
Sept 15, 1900 Markel Volkoff age 55 died at 6 p.ın.
Sept. 16, 1900
Alexandria Volkoff wife of Markel who died yesterday was found dead in lier bed this morning ... About noon Philip Sedick died ... All three were buried late this afternoon the white men making the coffins and attending to the internment [sic]. On our return from the cemetery Alex Galaktionoff informed us that lris wife had just died. Her case has been critical for several days. It is a terrible thing to witness these poor people dying by wholesale and still be unable to do anything except bury them. It is doubtful whether the dreaded small pox with our facilities for vaccinating would liave been a greater scourge than this epidemic of measles and its resulting complications.
Sept. 17, 1900 George infant son of Simeon Nozekoff died last night. He was buried this p.m. as was also Mrs. Marthia Galaktionof [Galaktioineff] who died yesterday.
Sept. 18, 1900 It is a pleasure to note that there are neither deaths or burials to be recorded today.
Sept. 19, 1900
Anna Terrentona age 47 and a spinster died at an early hour this morning. She was buried this afternoon. This was the first funeral since the epidemic began conducted without the assistance of tlie white men.
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Sept. 20-22, 1900
No changes to report
Sept 23, 1900
Ellen Volkoff age 46 and a spinster died about noon. Her brother and his wife died a week ago.
Sept. 27, 1900
Eupheona Kochooten 56 years old died at noon.
Sept 28, 1900
My unpleasant duty today consists in recording three deaths all victims of measles and resulting complications. There were as follows; Dana Sedick widow 56 years old; Catherine Emanof wife of George age 26; and Lazarus Bogodanof son of Mary Bogodanof 1 year old. The funeral of Eupheona Kochooten took place today. Nearly a gale blowing from the East all day.
Sept. 29, 1900
Peliga widow of Eupheona Kochooten who was buried yesterday died at 4 o'clock this morning. She was buried this p.m. as were also the three who died yesterday making at total of four funerals today.
Sept. 30, 1900
Trefan Kochooten both of whose parents died within a few days had decided to make his home with Alex Melovidov.
Oct. 2, 1900
Martin Merculief age 19 died at 3 o'clock this morning and was buried this afternoon. He was an exceptionally sturdy boy and it seems strange that a months illness would carry him off.
Oct. 3, 1900
Martin Nederazoff second Chief died at 2 p.m. today. He was quite recovered a few days ago but unfortunately took a Russian Bath which again laid him up and did for lıim.
Oct. 12, 1900
Strong S. W. Wind and heavy rain prevented branding today. Arseny Arkashof aged 33 died at 4 o'clock this morning and buried this afternoon. We trust that his death will wind up the long list of fatalities brought on by the measles. Everybody else seems fully recovered.
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39. St. Paul Island ca. 1920s. Photographer Merl La Voy.
[NMML Library, Seattle, WA]
40. Radio Station work gang, ca. [U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Photograph Collection, ca. 1907 to ca. 1921, No. 1920. 21; RG 22; NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)]
GENEALOGY OF ST. PAUL ISLAND DURING THE 1920s18
At the start of the third decade of the twentieth century, the St. Paul Island Aleut native population totaled 188. The island census of December 1928 showed a population increase to 221 individuals. Much happened to make daily life on the island easier than at the start of era under U.S. government control beginning in the 1870s. At that time, families lived in small wood frame homes without indoor plumbing or electricity. As the 1920s advanced, progress brought lighting, indoor running water, automobiles, and tractors as improvements to the sealers' daily lifestyle. New concrete homes replaced many of the older wooden structures. The approach of World War I brought the U.S. Naval Radio Station to the island and it increased the need for better water and an electricity supply. The Naval Station ran its own operation separate from the U.S. Fisheries Station, but both parties helped each other with equipment, food, and manpower whenever the need arose.
41. Concrete House, ca. 1920.
[U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Photograph Collection, ca. 1907 to ca.
1921, No. 20; RG 22; NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)]
18 Information derived from: St. Paul Island Agent Logs and Annual Reports, 1920-1932. Record Census of St. Paul Island, Alaska, from June 30, 1906 to Dec. 31, 1928; St. Paul Operations Office (St. Paul, AK), Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Records of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, RG 22; Pribilof Islands Programı Records, 1923-1969; NARA-Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage); 1920 Federal Census Schedules for St. Paul Island, pp. 695-696, NARA Microfilm Publication T625, roll 2031; and Social Security Death Index
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Native Aleut Vital Data, St. Paul Island, Alaska, compiled from Agents' Logs, March 31, 1920-Dec. 31, 1929
Balakshin, Matrona, widow, 72, b. Nov. 21, 1848. St. Paul Is., AK
Shaposhnikoff, Parascovia, spinster, 54, b. Aug. 5, 1866, St. Paul Is., AK (d. July 16, 1927)
Rukovishnikoff, Marfa, daughter of Elisaveta (Sedick)Rukovishnikoff Petroff,*
b. Sept. 13, 1909, St. Paul Is., AK *Elisaveta Sedick , b. June 28, 1887, St. Paul Is. (widow of Stephen Rukovishnikoff,) age 32, married Aug. 13, 1920, St. Paul Is. to Peter Petroff of Biorka Is., AK. She left St. Paul with husband and 2 children.
George Rukovishnikoff, 7, b. May 26, 1912, St. Paul Is., AK Ifrosenia Rukovishnikoff, 3, b. Oct. 9, 1916, St. Paul Is., AK
Bourdukofsky, Peter, husband, 41, b. Nov. 22, 1879, St. Paul Is., AK
Married Sept. 6, 1908, St. Paul Is. [illustration NARA]
Alexandra Peterson wife, 29, b. April 23, 1892, Marzhovia, AK
[schooled at Jesse Lee Home, Unalaska]
Helen Stepetin, adopted daughter, 15, b. May 14, 1905, St. Paul Is., AK (daughter of Dorofey & Lubov Stepetin)
Martha, daughter, 9, b. May 7, 1911, St. Paul Is., AK
George, son, 1,. b. Oct. 6, 1919, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Oct. 15, 1991)
Apollon, father of Peter, 67, b. June 5, 1853, Unalaska, AK. (d. May 30, 1921, St. Paul Is.)
Victor, b. Sept. 28, 1921, St. Paul Is., AK
Judmilla, daughter, b. Sept. 15, 1925, St. Paul Is., AK
Julia, daughter, b. April 24, 1927, St. Paul Is., AK Eolampia, son, b. Oct. 23, 1928, St. Paul Is., AK
Butrin, Constantine, husband, 34, b. June 2, 1886, St. Paul Is., AK (d. April 5, 1930) Marina, wife, 30, b. May 12, 1890, St. George Is., AK Alexandra, daughter, 8, b. May 4, 1912, St. Paul Is., AK
Butrin, Karp, husband, 69, b. Oct. 25, 1851, St. Paul Is., AK Parascovia, wife, 66, b. Aug. 7, 1854, Unalaska, AK (d. March 10, 1923) Juliania Emanoff, adopted daughter, 12, b. Jan. 2, 1909, St. Paul Is., AK (daughter of Mary Emanoff, widow)
Maxim Krukoff, adopted son, 8, b. Jan. 31, 1913, St. Paul Is., AK (son of Condrat & Vassa Krukoff)
Emanoff, Ioniky, son of Mary Emanoff, 19, b. Nov. 17, 1901, St. Paul Is., AK Married Agriffinia Tetoff, daughter of Neon Tetoff, May 15, 1921, St. Paul Is., AK (d. age 19, May 30, 1922, St. Paul Is.)
Emanoff, Mamant, b. Sept. 15, 1906, St. Paul Is., AK (d. July 1972, St. Paul Is.) m. Sept. 18, 1927 Anna Misikin, wife, b. Feb. 9, 1910, St. Paul Is., AK
Karp, son, b. Oct. 24, 1927, St. Paul Is., AK
Mary, widowed mother, 46, b. Feb. 17, 1875, Atka, AK (d. June 3, 1933)
Maxim, brother, b. Nov. 24, 1911, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Aug. 1980, St. Paul Is.) Gregory, son, b. Dec. 2, 1928, St. Paul Is., AK
Fratis, Akalina, widow, 47, b. Dec. 8, 1872, Unalaska, AK (husband John b. on Ladrone Islands; d. Jan. 26, 1906, age 64) Agrippina, daughter, 27, b. June 13, 1892, St. Paul Is., AK Simeon, son, 36, b. Feb. 15, 1894, St. Paul Is., AK Juliania, daughter, 24, b. Jan. 13, 1896, St. Paul Is., AK Martha, daughter, 21, b. Feb. 19, 1899, St. Paul Is., AK
(Fratis family left permanently by March 31, 1921, to Salem Indian Training School Chemawa, OR) Fratis, John, husband, 34, b. June 18, 1886, St. Paul Is., AK Snandulia, wife, 30, b. Nov. 15, 1890, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Aug. 22, 1932, age 41)
David, son, 10, b. May 15, 1910, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Nov. 25, 1965 St. Paul Is.) Anfesa, daughter, 4, b. April 24, 1916, St. Paul Is., AK Anna, daughter, 1, b. Sept. 20, 1919, St. Paul Is., AK Martha, daughter, b. May 7, 1922, St. Paul Is., AK
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Olga Ada, daughter, b. July 18, 1924, St. Paul Is., AK Taheesi, daughter, b. Oct. 19, 1925, St. Paul Is., AK (d. April 25, 1935)
Galaktionoff, Lukia, widow, 44, b. Jan. 1, 1877, St. Paul Is., AK (d. May 29, 1930) Maria, daughter 18, b. May 29, 1902, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Sept. 27, 1921, St. Paul Is.) Matrona, daughter, 17, b. Oct. 17, 1903, St. Paul Is., AK Aggey, son, 14, b. Nov. 3, 1906, St. Paul Is., AK Elena, daughter, 10, b. July 15, 1909, St. Paul Is., AK
Goley, Matrona, widow, b. April 11, 1900, of Necon Shablin, St. Paul Is., AK (m. Sept. 22, 1918 to Stephan Goley, b. 1897, Unalaska, AK) (left St. Paul with daughter Anfia to live in Akutan, 1929) Shablin, Moisey, son , b. Sept. 10, 1917, St. Paul Is., AK Nestor , son, b. Nov. 9, 1927, St. Paul Is., AK (d. Sept 21, 1928) Anfia Goley, daughter, b. Dec. 28, 1924, St. Paul Is., AK Maria Goley, daughter, b. April 12, 1929, St. Paul, Is., AK
Gromoff, Elary Stepetin, adopted son, (Nicoli Gromof) 19, b. July 24, 1901, St. Paul Is., AK (son of Elary and Anna Stepetin) d. Feb. 1981, Los Vegas, NV. Buried St. Paul Is., AK [political leader; church reader; choir conductor; cook on seal hunts; ordained a priest, served on St. George Island.]19
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