USA > California > History of California, Volume IV > Part 29
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28 Nov. 11th, V. to Marsh. Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 335. Bidwell, Journey, 20, who was not one of the 15 who went to S. José, notes the arrival of Nye with the summons to Marsh. Hopper, Narr., MS., 3-4, also mentions the fact; but he says there was only 5, Chiles, Bartleson, McDowell, Nye, and himself, who went to S. José.
29 Nov. 13th, corresp. between V. and the sub-prefect, in which the for- mer states that the Missourians are permitted to remain and travel. It seems they had with them a letter from Marsh, urging some of them to come to Cal. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., v. 104-5; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., iv. 29;
275
RECEPTION BY VALLEJO.
All agree that Vallejo, as well as other Californians, treated them with consideration and kindness, taking great pains to explain the laws under which he was obliged to act.30 In his reports to the governor and supreme government, the general stated frankly what he had done, and his belief that he "had employed the only means to reconcile justice with circumstances and duty with prudence, the country having the dire alternative of consenting to what it cannot prevent, or conimanding without being able to enforce, for want
of military strength." He even seems to have taken a certain degree of pleasure in preaching to Alvarado a sermon on the defenceless condition and impending danger of the country from the text, "I told you how it would be if my plans were not followed in the mat- ter of military organization;" while the governor in his report to Mexico implied that Vallejo had acted unwisely in permitting the foreigners to remain, though he himself had not interfered, wishing to avoid trouble with the general.31 Meanwhile the im- migrants scattered in a few days to various parts of
Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 339; Monterey, Arch., MS., x. 20. Nov. 17th, V. to Ignacio Alviso, recommending 5 of the company, not named, who go to So- noma to see the country with a view to settlement. They are to be provided with room and food until he arrives. Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 350. Nov. 13th, Marsh becomes security for 15 of the men, Rickman, Bartleson, Green, Hop- per, Patton, Chandler, Nye, Barnett, McDowell, the Kelseys, Chiles, Cook, G. McMahon, and M. Walton. Id., x. 340. Nov. 7th (17th ?), a kind of pass from Vallejo for Belty, Roland, Schwartz, and Birny (?) Dawson. S. José, Arch., MS., ii. 40. Nov. 18th, Thos G. Bowen becomes security for Bidwell, Springer, N. McMahon, N. Dawson, and A. Walton. Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 355. Dec. Sth, John A. Sutter becomes security for Huber, John, and Weber. Id., x. 375. For the others, Belden, Brolaski, Henshaw, Jones, and Thomes, the bondsinan was J. A. Forbes, who is named by Belden, Hist. Statement, MS., 14-15.
30 My narratives from memory by Bidwell, Belden, Chiles, and Hopper contain many minor differences about the events of these days which I have no space to notice.
31 Nov. 17th. V. to A., declaring that there is no power to enforce the law, though he is 'filled with horror at the audacity' of the American newspapers. Doubtless many more immigrants will come soon. Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 349. About same date, V. to min. of war. He gives the number of the company as 33, and says a larger party is expected. Id., x. 147. Nov. 30th, A. to V. It is necessary to ask promptly for assistance, and if none comes, to prepare for a brave defence, and not tamely submit to foreign domination. Id., x. 369. Jan. 11, 1842, A. to min. of rel. The general is frightened, and owns his inability to prevent the entry of 30 adventurers. Dept. Rec., MS., xiii. 8-13.
276
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION-1841.
the country, whither it is not my present purpose to follow them. Many went for a time to Sutter's Fort. 32 Chiles and Hopper travelled quite extensively over the northern portion of the department, and the next year, as we shall see, went back east with seven of their companions. It should be added also that in December Charles Flügge, one of the company that had gone to Oregon, came down to New Helvetia with the trappers, and reported that his companions had arrived safely, and were contented in the north.
Another party of immigrants, twenty-five in num- ber, came this year, arriving at Los Angeles nearly at the same time that the Bartleson party reached San José. This company was organized in New Mex- ico, where most of the members had for a time re- sided; but a few men, including Given and Toomes, had come to Santa Fé from Missouri with the inten- tion of going to California. They had formed one of the small parties which had planned to meet at Indepen- dence, but which, arriving at the rendezvous after the company had started, preferred to follow the Santa Fé trail with a large party rather than take the risks of starting alone on the northern route.33 There were
32 Bidwell was one of these, and in his California, MS., 75-8, he relates that Marsh brought passports for those who had not gone to S. José, and delivered them as fast as the men could pay his price; but the writer got none, and subsequently on going to the pueblo was arrested and kept in jail for several days until Bowen procured him his pass from Vallejo without charge. The author is somewhat bitter against the doctor, and evidently had some serious personal misunderstanding with him. Marsh, Letter to Com. Jones, MS., p. 13-14, speaks of the arrival of the company at his house without any other guide than a letter he had witten, and also of their kind reception by the authorities.
33 Given's statement. At the meeting of Feb. Ist at Independence, the ren- dezvous at Sapling Grove is spoken of as being on the old Sta Fé route; and one of the resolutions declares Marsh's route the best-though this may mean the route recommended by Marsh rather than the one followed by him. Colo- nial Mag., v. 229. In Niles' Reg., Ixi. 209, it is stated that one of the com- panies fitting out at Independence is to be joined by a party from Sta Fé. In the Pioneer Overlanders it is stated, on the authority of Toomes, that the two companies both started from Independence by different routes. Lancey, Cruise of the Dale, 172, mentions the Workman party as having started from Missonri. Toomes was one of the few that came from Missouri direct, and current confusion on the subject resulted chiefly from his statements, not however intended to deceive.
277
THE WORKMAN-ROWLAND PARTY.
political reasons which influenced the departure of Workman and Rowland, the organizers and leaders of the company, and probably of some others. There was much excitement in New Mexico over rumors of a design to embroil that country in the Texan trou- bles; and these men were suspected of being concerned in the plot.34 They started from Abiquiu in Septem- ber, crossed the Colorado, and followed the same route as that taken by Wolfskill in 1831, which had often been chosen by the New Mexican traders. They drove a flock of sheep for food; met with no adven- tures and few hardships; and arrived at San Gabriel early in November.35 Two, Workman and Gordon, brought their families on this trip, as others did later, about half of the whole number coming in quest of permanent homes. Others were in search of adven- tures, and soon found their way back to New Mexico; 36 while three, Gamble, Lyman, and Mead, were men of scientific proclivities, and spent but a short time in California. The immigrants were in company part of
34 Wilson's Observations, MS., 21-2. The suspicion followed them to Cal., and gave them some little trouble about getting lands. Feb. 1842, corresp. with reference to extract from Diario del Gobierno, declaring R. and W. trai- tors. Dept. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 66; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., iii. 69-71.
35 Lancey, Cruise of the Dale, 50, 172, says they arrived at the S. Diego mission Nov. 10th, and remained over winter; but this is improbable. Toomes, Overland Pioneers of 1841, says they reached Cal. Nov. 10th. The going to S. Diego is also mentioned in the West Shore Gazette, Yolo Co., 8-9. Oct. 19tl1, J. F. Vigil to Prefect Argüello, mentioning the approach of a party of American traders and colonists. S. Diego, Arch., MS., 279. Dec. 2d, 7th, an- nouncement of arrival of N. Mexicans and foreigners, 134 persons, at Angeles. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., iii. 99-108. Dec. 6th, Alvarado to Castro. Has heard that a party of strangers is approaching Angeles, and fears there is danger ahead. Vallejo, Doc., MS., x. 373. Jan. 11, 1842, A. to min. of rel. Has heard of the approach of 50 or 60 foreigners. Castro will march to meet them, and will act according to circumstances. Needs reënforce- ments, but will do his best to save the country. Dept. Rec., MS., xiii. 13-15.
36 Benjamin D. Wilson, a native of Tenn., 30 years of age, who had traded in Miss., joined the trappers, and lived in N. Mexico and the surrounding regions since 1833, was one of the men who had no idea of settling in Cal., but intended to go to China. He liked the country, however, and spent the rest of his life in it, being a widely known and respected citizen. In 1877, a few months before his death, 'Don Benito,' as he was commonly called, dictated at his ranch of Lake Vineyard for my use his Observations on Early Days in California and New Mexico, MS., fol. 113 p., signed with the au- thor's autograph Dec. 6, 1877. This not only contains the best narrative ex- tant on the Workman-Rowland company, but is in many other respects a valuable addition to my collection.
278
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION-1841.
the way with the New Mexican traders, and there were three native families who came with them to re- main.37 Rowland on his arrival furnished to the au- thorities a list of his companions, with a statement of their intention to obey all legal requirements. I ap- pend in a note a complete list of the company.33
There is little to be said of other parties that came in 1841. Joseph R. Walker, unless the archive record is at fault, came to southern California in the spring with a party of trading trappers;39 and later in the year El Cojo, or 'Peg-leg,' Smith was reported to have entered the Tulares with a band of horse-thieves;40 but there is no record that these leaders left any of their men in the country. Joel P. Walker, a brother of Joseph R., with two other settlers, Burrows and Nichols, and their families, came down from Oregon with Emmons' party of the U. S. exploring expedi- tion, to Sutter's Fort in October.41 Walker's family
37 These were Vaca, Trujillo, and Salazar, according to Rowland, Lista, MS. Hayes, Emig. Notes, 642-3, tells us that Trujillo obtained lands at Agua Manza (S. Bernardino Co.), and formed a settlement of San Salvador. Also that Isaac Slover, of Pattie's party in 1828, came with him.
38 Workman-Rowland immigrant company of 1841: * Fred. Bachelor, *Frank Bedibey, *James Doke, Jacob Frankfort, Isaac Given, *Wm Gamble, Wm Gordon, *Frank Gwinn, *Wade Hampton, Wm Knight, Thos Lindsay, *L. (or J. H.) Lyman, *John McClure, James D. Mead, Wm C. Moon, John Rowland, Daniel Sexton, Hiram Taylor, *Tibeau, Albert G. Toomes, Michacl White (of 1829), Benj. D. Wilson, and Wm Workman. Those who did not remain in Cal. are marked by a *. John Behn and John Reed are named by Wilson and others as members of the party, but are not included in Row- land, Lista de los que le acompañan en su llegada al Territorio de Alta Califor- nice, MS., signed by Rowland, and copy certified by Manuel Dominguez, juez, Feb. 26, 1842. The lists in Toomes' Overl. Pion .; Lancey's Cruise, 50, 172; Yolo Co. Hist., 13; Belden's Hist. Statement, MS .; and others agrce with each other, and all are probably taken from the first. They all omit many names, and add that of a Mr Pickman, which I omit. See also S. F. Herald, June 15, 1856. Mofras, Explor., i. 311, says that 100 Americans arrived from N. Mexico in October; and Peirce, Letter to Cummins, testifies that 200 arrived during his stay of two months. D. W. Alexander and Jean B. Rouelle seem to have come from N. Mcx. this year.
89 Feb. 10, 1841, prefect at Angeles advises gov. that Walker with two Americans, and commanding a party of 12, has come with a passport from the Mexican charge d'affaires at Washington to buy horses, and stay two months. Walker complains of robberies by the Chaguanosos. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., iv. 3. There may be an error about the year.
40 S. Diego, Arch., MS., 279.
41 Wilkes' Narr., v. 142; also Walker's own Narrative of Adventures thro'
279
LIST OF NEW-COMERS.
consisted of his wife and five children. Mrs Walker seems to have been the first American woman in the Sacramento Valley, or who came to California by land; Mrs Kelsey, of the Bartleson company, to whom the honor is usually accredited, arriving some twenty days later. 42
New names of foreigners in the records of 1841, not including the muster-rolls of the U. S. exploring expedition, number nearly two hundred, all of them given elsewhere in my Pioneer Register, and many earlier in this chapter, in connection with narratives of the immigrant parties. There were, however, only sixty-seven entitled to be classed as pioneer residents, and these are named in the appended list.43 Most prom- inent as citizens of California were Belden, Bidwell, Chiles, Green, Leidesdorff, Rowland, Stephen Smith, Temple, Thomes, Toomes, Weber, Wilson, and Work- man; and thirteen of all the number still survived, I think, in 1884.
In presenting the country's annals year by year, it
Alabama, Florida, N. Mexico, Oregon, and California, by a Pioneer of Pio- neers. Dictated by Joel P. Walker to R. A. Thompson, MS., p. 10-11. He says that he came in Robert Peel's company. Several Oregon settlers came with Emmons as assistants, most of whom soon returned to the north. These were Henry Wood, Calvin Tibbetts, Henry Black, and Warfields. The latter was accompanied by his family, and may have remained.
42 Wilkes mentions also a sister of Walker, but is probably in error, as Walker says nothing of her. Burrows brought his wife, but she may not have been American. Mrs W. brought with her a child less than a year old.
43 Pioneers of 1841: * David W. Alexander, Joseph Allshouse, Ed. Ardisson, Pierre Atillan, Elias Barnett, John Behn (?), *Josiah Belden, Wm Belty, *John Bidwell, *Robert Birnie, Bradley (?), Fred. Buel (?), Joseph W. Buzzell (?), Henri Cambuston, Dav. W. Chandler, *Joseph B. Chiles, Eph. Coffin, Grove C. Cook, *Peter Daveson, Robert G. Davis, Nic. Dawson, Wolberton Days (?), Manuel Dutra de Vargas, Francis Ermatinger, Wm Fife, Charles W. Flügge, Rich. Fourcade, Jacob Frankfort, Wm Gamble, "Isaac Given, Wm Gordon, Benj. Grable (?), *Talbot H. Green, Fred. Hegel (?), Charles Hopper, *Henry Huber, Thos Jones, Andrew Kelscy, Benj. Kelsey, Wm Knight, Wm A. Leidesdorff, *Jos Y. Limantour, Thos Lindsay, *Green McMahon, Wm C. Moon, Michael C. Nye, James Rock, John Roderick, *John Rose, Jean B. Rou- elle (?), John Rowland, John Schwartz, *Daniel Sexton, James Smith, Ste- pheu Smith, Thos Smith, James P. Springer, Hiram Taylor, Hiram Teal, Francis P. F. Temple, Robert H. Thomes, Rufus Titcomb, Albert G. Toomes, Joel P. Walker, Charles M. Weber, Benj. D. Wilson, and Wm Workman. Survivors of 1884 are marked with a *; but this in some instances means no more than that I have not heard of the man's death.
280
FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION-1841.
is of course impracticable to notice the record of old settlers individually; and a mere list of such of them as appear on the records would have little or no in- terest. For them, therefore, as for the experience of new-comers, I refer to the biographical sketches. Among the most important items in this connection, not already recorded, I may note that Nicholas Fink, of 1836, was robbed and murdered at Los Angeles in January, for which crime three men were executed in April; Anthony Campbell, of 1840, was murdered at San José in August, and the murderer was put to death in July of the next year; Daniel Ferguson, of 1824, was killed in Salinas Valley in July, on suspi- cion of having committed which crime a Mexican was banished; Isaac Sparks, of 1832, was this year in no end of trouble by reason of his amorous irregularities; James Weeks, of 1831, was assaulted and stabbed in a quarrel at Santa Cruz; William Pope, who came with Pattie in 1828, accidentally killed himself at his rancho in Pope Valley; and J. J. Warner, of 1831, returned from a visit to the east, where he had util- ized his time in behalf of both his native and adopted country, by delivering a lecture on the natural advan- tages of California.
CHAPTER XI.
ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTORENA. 1842.
PRUDON AT MONTEREY-ALVARADO'S PLOTS-BUSTAMANTE OR SANTA ANNA -THE GOVERNOR'S DESPATCHES-DEPARTURE OF THE COMISIONADOS CASTAÑARES AND PRUDON-TOO LATE-MANUEL MICHELTORENA AP- POINTED GOVERNOR AND COMANDANTE GENERAL-HIS INSTRUCTIONS -- RAISING AN ARMY OF CONVICTS-THE JOURNEY-BATALLON FIJO-LIST OF OFFICERS-ARRIVAL AT SAN DIEGO-AT LOS ANGELES-VALLEJO TURNS OVER THE MILITARY COMMAND-ALVARADO DISAPPOINTED BUT SUBMISSIVE-PROCLAMATION-MICHELTORENA ASSUMES THE GOVERNOR- SHIP AT ANGELES IN DECEMBER-JUNTA DEPARTAMENTAL-TRIBUNAL DE JUSTICIA-DISCOVERY OF GOLD.
VICTOR PRUDON arrived at Monterey January 1, 1842, on his way to Mexico as Vallejo's commissioner to the supreme government.1 The schooner California, which was to carry him and his despatches, had ar- rived from San Francisco the day before. But diffi- culties presented themselves. Prudon called on Alvarado to ask if his despatches were ready. "What despatches?" "Those for the interior." "Ah!" said the governor, "I have not yet concluded what to do; I am awaiting the arrival of my compadre Castro to hold a conference." He then explained the reasons for his hesitation, namely: that Bustamante having been succeeded by Santa Anna, California had no protector in Mexico; he feared the schooner might be seized at Acapulco; and that there was no money in the treasury to pay expenses of the commission.
1 See chap. vii. of this vol. for Prudon's appointment and the circumstances attending it.
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282
ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTORENA.
Ábrego, Jimeno, Osio, and others of Alvarado's party, including Castro, who soon arrived, took the same view .? Apparently there was a plot to prevent his departure, or at least to devise some scheme by which the object of his mission might be defeated. At least Prudon took this view of it, and wrote some sensa- tional reports to Vallejo on the subject, warning the general against the intrigues of his foes and pretended friends.3
Finally, however, the obstacles were overcome and Alvarado consented to despatch the schooner for Aca- pulco, to carry not only Vallejo's commissioner, but his own. There are indications that this consent may have been given under the belief that Prudon went accredited to Bustamante and not to the new president-a fact likely to put him at a disadvantage in his diplomatic efforts against the governor, who addressed his despatches with a proper amount of flattery to Santa Anna.4 Alvarado's commissioners
2 Jan. 2, 1842, Abrego to Vallejo, declaring that there is no money to cash his order in favor of Prudon for $1,500, though a French ship just arrived may pay her duties in coin. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xi. 6. Jan. 9th-10th, Abrego finally offers and P. accepts $500 in money and $1,000 in cloths. Id., xi. 19-20, 27. In l'.'s original instructions of Dec. (21st), a draft for $8,000 on Barrios is mentioned, the remainder of which, after paying expenses, was to be invested in war material. Id., xiv. 28. So it seems that the general had made provi- sion for financial obstacles.
3 Jan. 5th, 6th, Sth, P. to V. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xi. 11-12, 15-16. He declares that there is a conspiracy to intercept all V.'s communications, and to slander him in Mexico. Describes a drunken brawl of Castro and his com- panions, which had put the town in a tumult. Fears they may manage to get the general's despatches from Capt. Cooper by deception. Abrego refuses to pay even $50 for writer's present expenses. Fears his own life is in danger. Matters have a most alarming aspect. 'Poor Rodriguez is in bed because of a caning from Castro.' Castro has deceived V. when he pretended to be dissatis- fied with Alvarado's acts. The California will probably sail, or pretend to sail, for the Islands. Alvarado's agents will go accredited to Santa Anna, and V. will be seriously compromised. Jan. 2d, Roberto Pardo from Sta Bárbara warns Vallejo not to trust the azules, as they will do their best to upset him. Id., xi. 7. Who the azules (blues) were is not very clear: but Vallejo, IIist. Cal., MS., iv. 242-3, says they were Pico, Carrillo, and others, who were al- ready beginning to plot in favor of English schemes.
+ Vallejo's version, Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 259-66, is that the first plan against him was to despatch the California with A.'s agents to Santa Anna before Prudon could be ready; but finally in the belief that V.'s despatches were addressed to Bustamante, and in the fear that Prudon might wait to have them changed and follow quickly in another vessel, it was decided to let him go on the schooner. V. had originally addressed his communica- tions to Bustamante; but on hearing of the change, at once forwarded to
283
THE GOVERNOR'S PLANS.
were Manuel Castañares-a brother to Don José María, who had recently come from Mexico with an appointment as administrator of customs, which place for some unknown reason he had not assumed-and Francisco Rivera. Their exact instructions are not known, but we have Alvarado's despatches to the minister of relations. In the first, while admitting that his government was involved in some slight dif- ficulties from lack of funds and lack of cooperation on the part of the general, he pictured the situation of the country as in most respects satisfactory. The Russians were at last to leave California; Sutter's establishment had been in every way a great advan- tage; and most current complaints were without foundation. The natives were now at peace, and when hostile had been and could be easily controlled by the auxiliary force of citizens. The number of civil servants was already smaller than was called for by law, but he would gladly reduce it for the benefit of the treasury if authorized to do so. The general with a force amply sufficient for actual needs had con- fessed his inability to prevent the entry of thirty armed adventurers from Missouri, and had most un- wisely given them passports. "There are ambitious schemes affecting this department," he continues, "and endangering the integrity of Mexican territory. The comandante general is afraid, and I shall have to act according to circumstances; let the government decide whether it be best to authorize me to raise forces or to send Mexican troops." In his second
Prudon blank sheets of official paper with his signatures and rubric, to be filled out and substituted for the others-an operation rendered easy by the fact that Prudon as his secretary had written the originals. The messenger between Monterey and Sonoma allowed himself to be seduced and showed his papers to the spies of Castro and Alvarado; but he had been provided with a carta gansa, or decoy letter, intended to be shown, and thus the con- spirators were thrown off the scent! Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 193-203, admits that it was not thought best to let Prudon reach Mexico before his own commissioner; but says the only way to prevent it was to refuse money from the treasury. This measure became useless, because V. furnished the money required. He does not admit that Prudon outwitted him, and thinks the despatches to Bustamante were not changed.
284
ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTORENA.
despatch, in view of the arrival of another party of foreigners from New Mexico, he admitted that it might be well to send 150 or 200 men "with some pecuniary resources;" though confident that if the foreign invasion should occur before the arrival of troops he would still be able to defend the national honor! It was certainly an ingenious argument, not unlikely to be effective with a new administration hard pressed for funds, and ready to favor any theory respecting a distant province that did not involve expense.5
The nature of Vallejo's despatches has already been stated, and about his plans there is no mystery what- ever." Neither is there room for doubt that Casta- ñares' mission was simply to prevent the success of the general's project of uniting the two commands in a Mexican officer, and to maintain the Californian government in statu quo. There is no evidence that Vallejo desired the governorship, or that Alvarado plotted to remove Vallejo from the military com- mand;7 neither are we to credit Alvarado's later state- ment that he had sent a commissioner to Mexico to urge the acceptance of his resignation offered the year before.8 Before the middle of January the expedi- tion was ready, and waiting only for a wind;9 and the alleged conspirators hastened to assure Vallejo that all the charges against them had been groundless.10
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