USA > California > History of California, Volume IV > Part 55
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536
RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO -POLITICAL ANNALS.
chapter42_only one of its phases, the controversy that to some extent grew out of it, requiring attention here.
Pico claimed the exclusive right to organize the militia according to Mexican decrees of June; and his jealousy of all military interference was shared by Pre- fect Castro, the representative of civil authority in the north. There resulted a controversy between the pre- fect and Colonel Alvarado on the matter of enlistments, a quarrel which was thought to be healed on the gen- eral's return to Monterey.43 It was revived again, however, when Pico declared that no military fuero could be recognized except in officers of the regular army, and called upon General Castro to put all other officers, including Alvarado of course, at the disposi- tion of the civil authorities.44 This the general deemed
42 See chap. xxv., this vol. Sept. 10th, Híjar to Pico, announcing Casti- llero's appointment, and receipt of $1,000 for travelling expenses. Sept. 13th, C.'s instructions published. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 37-9. Sept. 20th, Jones writes to Larkin: 'You will have learnt the news from Castiyares (Castillero), who, by the way, is the most outrageous liar I ever encountered. Do not be- lieve a word he tells you. He has no commission whatever, only a letter from the new governor to advise him of the state of the coast when he arrives. He is a spy, nothing more.' Larkin's Doc., MS., iii. 278.
Sessions of the assembly Aug .- Oet .: Aug. Ist, election of president of the republic. Aug. 4th, Botello siek; petition of a sub-prefeet for inerease of sal- ary, refused; land grants. Aug. 6th, nothing done. Aug. 7th, sceret session to deliberate on war. Aug. 8th, 11th, 13th, same subjeet, and lands. Aug. 1Sth, 20th, 22d, lands; supreme court. Aug. 25th, 27th, 29th, com. on mis- sions; prop. to adjourn at end of month carried, and members not residing at Angeles permitted to retire-but the sessions went on just the same. Sept. 3d, dept treasurer; lands. Sept. 5th, report of com. on missions. Sept. 9th, vote for magistrate of supreme court in Mexico. Sept. 10th, missions; elec- tions; military organization; celebration of the fiesta of the 16th. Sept. 12th, forms of celebration; Carrillo absent on account of sickness; Castillero's ap- pointment. Sept. 13th, form of ceremonial at the fiesta. Sept. 19th, elee- tions; military organization; Botello objeets to a proclamation which Pico proposes to publish. Sept. 22d, preliminary reports of committees; sup. court. Sept. 24th, regulations for militia in 13 articles; a treasurer to be ap- pointed; lands. Sept. 26th, lands. Oet. Ist, lands; cattle-stealing; see. to get his salary notwithstanding the adjournment; sup. court: reference to election of senators of the republic. Oet. 3d, land grants. Oet. Sth, regula- tious for the sale of hides; land grants; sessions suspended for the rest of the year, because inability to pay salaries makes it necessary to allow members to retire. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 104-244; Olvera, Doc., MS., 37-8. Oet. 11th, Pico's proclamation closing the sessions.
13 August. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 109, 112-13, 118-19. Sept. Ist, Pico calls for information about rumors of disturbances at Monterey, Id., ii. 125; and is assured Sept. 12th by Castro that all is quiet now, though there had been uneasiness in consequence of rumors that the prefeet and citizens would attack the soldiers. Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MS., v. 363-4.
" Sept. 13th, P. to C. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 148-9.
537
GENERAL AND PREFECT.
an unwarrantable interference with his prerogatives, and issued a general order annulling the governor's de- cree on the ground that the officers in question were in active service and therefore under his own command. The prefect then issued a proclamation in defence of Pico's rights, and declared that dissensions between the chief authorities should not be allowed to interfere with the military organization, since while they were quarrelling he would put himself at the head of the citizens and save the country! General Castro re- plied, praising Don Manuel's patriotic zeal, but remind- ing him that the country's defence was a duty belong- ing only to the comandancia general." The trouble continued to some extent in October, the only definite result being to prevent the enlistment of defensores, and to lay the foundations of a still minore bitter con- troversy for 1846. So far as the north was concerned, Castillero's visit and his tour with Castro to Sonoma and New Helvetia tended somewhat to allay personal dissensions in the last months of 1845.46
45 Sept. 29th-30th, prefect's proclamation; Castro to Pico and to prefect; and Alvarado's protest. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 168; Avila, Doc., MS., 56- 8, 61; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 56. Larkin, Off. Corresp., MS., ii. 27, writes on Sept. 29th that matters were getting worse and worse between the two parties, so that the people hardly cared what flag was exchanged for their own. 46 Oct. Ist, Castro to prefect, expressing surprise, etc., at his proclamation. Doc. IFist. Cal., MS., ii. 172. Oct. 3d, Don Manuel defends himself at some length in a letter to Don José, using plain and forcible language. He has offered his resignation, but until relieved proposes to discharge faithfully aud fearlessly the duties of his office. Manuel was a much abler man than José, and was evidently not so manageable as the latter had expected to find him. Id., ii. 173. Oct. Ist, a friend of the author wrote to Robinson, Life in Cal., 214, giving a gloomy picture of the country's miserable and disorderly condi- tion, arising from internal dissensions; but all foreigners grossly exaggerated the difficulties in these days. This writer states that Pico had been arrested and imprisoned. Oct. 15th, A. M. Pico at S. José to prefect. Wants a detailed account of the troubles; thinks there should be no revolt save for serious causes. Doc. ITist. Cal., MS., ii. 192. Oct. 28th, Alvarado to Pinto, on preparations for Castro's trip to the northern frontier. Pinto, Doc., MS., ii. 208. Dec. 10th, Gen. Castro to prefect and to Castillero. In consequence of news just received, desires to see them in Monterey to take steps to avert civil war. Castro, Doc., MS., i. 239. Dec. 20th, Castro is going south and leaves Narvaez in command at Monterey. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 235. Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., v. 46-8, blames Pico for all the troubles. Osio, Hist. Cal., MS., 455-6, thinks Castro at first tried to act in harmony with Pico, but was influenced by Castillero to turn against him. Botello, Anales, MS., 126, thinks the old triumvirate, Alvarado, Castro, and Vallejo, were intriguing to overthrow Pico and recover the capital. Most Californians merely refer to the controversy of 1845-6 as a general matter, with a general
538
RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO-POLITICAL ANNALS.
At the capital in the mean time the abajeños not only circulated exaggerated rumors of northern trou- bles, but made some' progress in their own phases of the current quarrel.47 In the night of September 15th- 16th, the garrison revolted, but next day returned to duty, some changes being made by the governor and assembly in the officers commanding. José A. Car- rillo accused Pico of having instigated the troops not to recognize his authority; while the governor's ver- sion was that the troops had risen because unable to endure the comandante's oppression, but had been persuaded to submit. Carrillo was temporarily re- Jieved of the command, or at least a recommendation to that effect was sent to General Castro.48 Pico's messengers bearing despatches for Castro respecting the late occurrences were overtaken north of Santa Bárbara by a party sent in pursuit by Carrillo to seize the despatches and carry others to Castro, in which they were successful; while another party sent by the alcalde of Santa Bárbara to capture Carrillo's messen- gers failed. Neither were those messengers arrested in the north as ordered, but soon came back with passes from Castro, much to the disgust of Pico, who with reason looked upon the proceeding as an outrage
expression of opinion that governor and general wished to get rid each of the other. Both are accused of favoring their friends without much regard to the public welfare.
47 Jones, now that the troubles were no longer quite imaginary, wrote on Sept. 3d: ' His Excellency still continues to hold the reins, and rules with even-handed justice. I begin to think the chair of state might have been filled by a much less worthy citizen.' Larkin's Doc., MS., iii. 279.
48 Sept. 17th, Pico to Castro. Hilario Varela, José Carrillo, and Jacobo Sanchez seemed to be ringleaders. A junta de guerra called by the assembly on the 16th put Lient Somoza in command, and left the chief command- Carrillo's place-for the general to decide upon. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 150. Sept. 17th, Somoza to Pico. All is tranquil, the men regretting their acts. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 54. Sept. 18th, Pico orders a prosecution of Carrillo for saying that he could prove Pico to have reduced the troops. Id., vi. 54. Sept. 18th, -- to Castro. Protests against Carrillo's restoration to the com- mand. Id., viii, 11. Jones on Sept. 16th sent an inaccurate report of the matter to Larkin, to the effect that Pico and his friends had tried to put down Carrillo, failed, and been arrested. Larkin's Doc., MS., iii. 278, 297. The bishop's prayers had been invoked to restore tranquillity. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 149. Sept. 30th, prefect publishes Pico's report at Monterey; and Gen. Castro tells P. that he has ordered the disbandment of the rebellious troops as a punishment! Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 57; Id., Monterey, iii. 109.
539
GOVERNOR AND ASSEMBLY.
upon his authority.49 The governor protested that there was no foundation in the current reports that he was disposed to ignore the military authority; and he urged upon Castro the necessity of united efforts, so that the chiefs of the department might no longer be objects of ridicule. But a little later, in a report to Mexico urging the sending of military forces under a new general, he accused Castro and Alvarado not only of creating dissensions which endangered the territo- rial integrity, but also of squandering the public funds.50
The assembly adjourned on the 8th of October, assigning as a reason the necessity for country men- bers to go home and earn a living, as there was no money with which to pay their salaries.51 During the sessions the northern members had not been in attendance, ostensibly on account of sickness, but in reality because they were unwilling to serve as a minority and at a southern capital.52 Two days before the adjournment, October 5th-6th, a general election was held, the last under Mexican rule, at which Juan B. Alvarado was chosen diputado to con- gress, with Manuel Requena as substitute, though
49 Sept. 21st-29th. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., ii. 175-7; Lar- kin's Doc., MS., iii. 297. Pico's messengers were Juan Supúlveda and Leonardo Cota; Carrillo's, Capt. José Carrillo, José Lugo, and Jacobo Sanchez, who re- turned in Nov. Capt. Valentin Cota had also been summoned by Carrillo, and was intrusted with a comision reservada to Sta Bárbara on Sept. 23d. Cota, Doc., MS., 17-18.
50 Oct. 2d, Pico to Castro. Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 17-21. Oct. 9th, P. to Ábrego. Id., vi. 91-2. Oct. 24th, P. organizes a special force under Capt. Juan Gallardo and Lieut Leonardo Cota to preserve order. Olvera, Doc., MS., 51. Nov. 3d, Jones writes: 'The civil and military authorities are at open war in the capital. The governor and people have refused to allow the can- non to be removed to this place in compliance with Castro's order, and J. A. Carrillo is on his march to establish his headquarters in Sta Bárbara.' Lar- kin's Doc., MS., iii. 364. Nov. 11th, P. to min. of rel. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 96-7.
61 Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 243-4.
52 On July 26th, in accordance with a vote of the assembly, and in conse- quence of some current charges that that body was not acting legally, Pico published in a bulky document his corresp. with Spence and Munras, show- ing that they had been legally summoned and repeatedly urged to attend be- fore the suplentes were called in. Pico, Correspondencia con los vocales recal- citrantes del Norte, 1845, MS. Botello, Anales, MS., 120, has also something to say on this topic. Munras claimed that he had no horses to make the journey. Spence had sore eyes, and feared the Angeles climate.
540
RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO-POLITICAL ANNALS.
neither ever went to Mexico to tale his seat.53 At the same time there were chosen three vocales for the assembly, to take the places of Spence, Munras, and Estrada, whose terms had expired. The suc- cessful candidates were Juan Bandini, José Ábrego, and Santiago Argüello, leaving one northern mem- ber against six southerners, with Joaquin Carrillo, Abel Stearns, Santiago E. Argüello, Agustin Olvera, Ignacio Palomares, Antonio M. Pico, and Joaquin Ortega as suplentes.54
At the end of November there were some new de- velopments in the politico-military quarrel at Los Angeles and Santa Bárbara. José Antonio Carrillo, with the Varela brothers, Sérbulo and Hilario, formed a conspiracy to depose the governor and seize his person. An attack was to be made upon his house in the night of November 28th; but Pico was in- formed of the plot, put Carrillo under arrest, and called upon his friends in the city and ranchos for assistance. The Varelas ran away, and even suc- ceeded on the 29th in capturing the horses of a party of rancheros who had come in at the governor's call; but they were promptly pursued and taken prisoners. After an investigation before the alcalde, it was de- cided to banish Carrillo and Hilario Varela, who were put on board the Clarita and sailed for Maza-
53 Oct. 5th, election. Olvera, Doc., MS., 37; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 58. 5+ Oct. 6, 1875, election of members of assembly. Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 37-8, 125-6. There was a tie between Bandini and A. M. Osio, which was decided by lot in favor of the former. Preliminary corresp. and orders as follows: Laws of June 19th, Mexican, in Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 39. July 11th, 12th, decree of gov. and assembly on details of the election. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 89-91; Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 36-7; S. José, Arch., MS., i. 42; Castro, Doc., MS., i. 131. Local, primary, and secondary elections in Aug .- Sept. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 70, 88, 94, 108, 126-7, 136, 140, 180; iv. 1161; Castro, Doc., MS., i. 149; S. José, Arch., MS., iii. 6; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 49-52. The S. F. elector was not chosen because the compromisarios from Sonoma and Contra Costa failed to appear. Those who went to Angeles were Narciso Botello, Pedro Carrillo, and Antonio F. Coronel for Angeles; Juan M. Marron for S. Diego; Francisco de la Guerra and Raimundo Carrillo for Sta Bárbara; and Pablo de la Guerra and Joaquin Escamilla for Montercy. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 282, 287. Incomplete record of preliminary organization of the electoral junta on Sept. 28th, in Coronel, Doc., MS., 115-17.
541
REVOLT AT ANGELES AND SANTA BÁRBARA.
tlan the 5th of December from San Diego. Serbulo Varela was detained in prison, but escaped before the end of the year; while the exiles found their way back early in 1846, Carrillo not deeming himself safe at Angeles, but joining Castro in the north.55
The outbreak at Santa Bárbara, presumably as a part of the same general plan, occurred on November 29th, one day later than the proposed movement at the capital. A large number of citizens under Captain Gumesindo Flores, José Antonio de la Guerra, and José Lugo arrested the sub-prefect and alcalde, de- claring their purpose to ignore the authority not only of those officials but of the governor also, and to rec- ognize only General Castro. The alleged grievances were that the civil authorities had disregarded a peti- tion of the citizens to be relieved from guard duty, and that at the capital military officers had been oppressed by the governor. Flores, the comandante at Santa Bárbara, was the chief instigator, and doubtless had an understanding with Carrillo. At a meeting held on the 30th it was proposed to march on Angeles; but the news being unfavorable, this project was abandoned. On December 11th the pronunciados held another meeting, at which it was decided to send for the sub- prefect and submit to the civil authority. By Pico's order there was a later attempt at legal investigation, leading to no practical results; as it soon became ap- parent that a large majority of the people had directly or indirectly favored the revolt, and that they would
55 Nov. 30th, alcalde's investigations. No details except that José A. Tapia, Agapito Ramirez, Dolores Higuera, Casimiro Rubio, and Romero were arrested as accomplices. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzy., MS., ii. 102, 130, 140-1, 152. Nov. 30th, Pico to sub-prefect of S. Diego. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 99-102. P. to Célis and to Capt. Vioget of the Clarita. Id., vi. 98-9; viii. 22. Sailing of the exiles. Id .. vi. 63; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., ii. 68. Dec. 2d, P.'s report of the whole affair circulated by Sec. Covarrubias and the sub-prefects. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 223, 231; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxiv. 170. Dec. 24th, escape of Serbulo Varela. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., ii. 169. Some particulars are given by Pico, Hist. Cal., MS., 140-6, and a general account is found also in Vallejo, Ilist. Cal., MS., v. 49- 58; Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., v. 100-14. Botello, Anales del Sur, MS., 126-8, tells us that an outbreak of some prisoners in the jail under one Ri- cardo Uribes started the investigation which implicated Carrillo.
542
RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO-POLITICAL ANNALS.
not permit the governor to select a few individuals for vengeance.56
Castro's part in the disturbances just described is not brought to light by the evidence. Friends of Pico in the south believed that Castro and Carrillo were acting in perfect accord to overthrow the governor. Such was probably the case, though it is possible, as Vallejo and Alvarado insist, that Carrillo may have acted independently so far as the details of this par- ticular revolt were concerned. At any rate, Castro in his communications, while he urged the people to pre- serve harmony and submit to the lawful authorities, had no blame for Flores, and accepted that officer's theory that the revolt had resulted from Pico's ar- bitrary acts.57 I have also a private letter from Hila- rio Varela to Castro, which shows not only that the latter was in secret communication with the leaders of the southern revolt, but that Pico, with the support of the northern prefect, was believed to be preparing for a golpe de estado against the general.58 The de- velopment of this quarrel will form a prominent topic in the earlier annals of the next year.
56 Dec. 2d, Sub-prefect A. Carrillo to Pico, announcing his arrest and that of the Ist alcalde (apparently Nicholas Den) and Antonio Rodriguez. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., ii. 168. Nov. 30th, Jones to Larkin, de- scribing the affair as the work of a gang of outlaws, who now have possession of the town. Hopes that Castro will sustain the gov. Larkin's Doc., MS., iii. 386. Dec. 11th, record of submission and promised pardon. Dept. St. Pap., Ang., MS., xi. 168-9; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., ii. 168. Dec. 23d-30th, in- vestigations. Id., Ben., iv. 27-35. Jan. 9th, prefect still in quest of evidence. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 98.
57 Dec. 15th, Castro to Flores, Pico, and to the people. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 63-4; Id., Ben. Mil., lxxxvi. 9-11. The general announced his pur- pose to come in person to the south.
58 Oct. 25, 1845, Varela to Castro, reservada. Says that Castro's orders to him have been obeyed; and that Pico is trying, by offers of good places in the custom-house when it shall be removed to the south, to gain support among the people against Castro, though not with much success. He continues: 'I will also tell you that communications from Señor Manuelote'-Manuel Castro, the prefect-'have been shown me, in which he tells the gov. to make his grito when he chooses; that he will tie them here. This is true, my friend. All this has been laid before me, probably to induce me to take part with them, but I would never do it. I therefore await you without fail for Nov. 8th. Be not afraid-we will die together-and let me know in time of your coming, that we may be prepared ... Don't fail to come at the time I tell you, para fregar ó que nos frieguen.' Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 204.
543
INDIAN AFFAIRS.
The Indians were still troublesome, though their ravages-with the exception of killing Thomas Lind- say in the spring and William Brander in November59 -were confined for the most part to the stealing of horses and cattle. One of Pico's first acts was to try a new experiment in Indian policy, by letting a contract to punish the savages. Captain Gantt and Dr Marsh, with their followers who had marched south under Micheltorena and Sutter, agreed to undertake an ex- pedition, and to free the country from its Indian pests at their own expense. Their compensation was to be 500 cattle, and one half of all live-stock that they might recover from the robbers.60 This raid was to be begun apparently in connection with the return march of Gantt's company to the north; but I find no information respecting its results, except that in June Captain Sutter declared his belief that the contractors would not be able to accomplish any of the great things promised, because the men were not willing to accom- pany them.61
Soon after making this contract for the country north of the capital, Pico made an effort to organize a campaign against southern horse-thieves. From April to June active preparations were made, on paper at least, for a grand combined movement of volunteer forces from all the southern towns. The force was to march from San Fernando on June 15th; but about a week before that date all communications cease, and we are left to conjecture that the Indians' operations
59 Brander was killed on Nov. 30th, at Amesti's rancho. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 219, 252.
60 Feb. 27, 1845, contract between Pico and John Marsh and John Gantt for an expedition against the Indians. Also Gen. Castro's instructions to Gantt. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 169-74; Id., Angeles, xi. 140-2. Also referred to in Sta Bárbara, Arch., MS., 45; Estudillo, Doc., MS., ii. 85. According to the contract, any men who joined the party might take their own animals recovered before the division was made. In the instructions certain friendly tribes were named which must be respected, and others who were notorious robbers. Men might be killed if they resisted; but women and children were to be put at the disposal of govt; and no inhumanity was to be shown to those who would submit.
61 June 14th, Sutter-Suñol Corresp., MS., 20.
514
RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO-POLITICAL ANNALS.
were not seriously interrupted at this time.62 In the San Jose region at the north complaints of depreda- tions seem to have been somewhat less frequent than in former years. In June Colonel Alvarado announced that he had taken command of the forces and was about to march against the Indians, making at the same time some extended explorations; but his achieve- ments are not of record.63 North of the bay we read of a raid from Sonoma to the region of Ross, made by rancheros with a view to obtain Indian laborers, and brought to light in the local courts on account of a quarrel about the division of the spoils.64 At New Helvetia Sutter's men made a few successful raids on hostile rancherías, having also a degree of success in making treaties with several chieftains. The captain still sold Indian children and the labor of older cap- tives to his creditors around the bay. 65 A Walla Walla chief from Oregon was killed at Sutter's Fort early this year, or at the end of 1844, by Grove Cook, from whom he had stolen a mule; and his tribe were much excited about the matter, proposing to send 1,500 warriors to avenge the act. Elijah White, missionary and Indian agent in the Walamet Valley, reported the matter to Consul Larkin and Governor Pico, urg-
62 April 19th to June 7th, orders and corresp. on the proposed expedition. Dept. Rec., MS., xiv. 31, 37-8; Dept. St. Pap., Ang., MS., x. 51-2; xi. 145- 6; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., ii. 104, 109-10, 149; Sta Bárbara, Arch., MS., 45, 49-53; Guerra, Doc., MS., iv. 188-9. July Ist, B. D. Wilson from Jurupa sends a diary of his recent expedition against the Indians, who are still trou- blesome. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 43-4. Aug., further alarms. Id., Ang., xi. 139; Id., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., ii. 132. Oct., alarm caused by the coming of Wak, a Yuta chief, with 180 persons to S. Bernardino; but his purpose proved to be friendly and commercial. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 177; Id., Angeles, xi. 163-6.
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