USA > California > History of California, Volume XXII > Part 31
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HIST. CAL., VOL. V. 19
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AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH.
frequent remarks on the manners and customs of the people-the whole being an excellent picture of the times, whose reproduction en résumé is of course im- possible. The Savannah remained at anchor in the bay during Stockton's absence in the south; and Cap- tain Mervine was military commandant of the post. On the commodore's return Lieutenant Maddox was made commandant of the central district on Sept. 18th, and a company of dragoons was organized. On the hill in a position commanding both town and harbor were built by Cecil a block-house and battery, where three 42-pounders were mounted. The structure, sur-
date of whose arrival from Honolulu is not recorded, sailed for Panamá with despatches. No. 6 of the Californian. Sept. 20th (or 22d), the Savan- nuth sailed for S. Francisco. Sept. 25th (or 24th), the Congress with Stock- ton sailed for S. F. Additional orders on the sale of liquors. Sept. 26th, no. 7 of the Californian. Sept. 29th, order forbidding gambling. A cou- rier from Los Angeles brought news of a revolt of the Californians in the south.
Oct. Ist, arrived the French corvette Brillante, bringing M. Moerenhaut, French consul at Monterey. Oct. 3d, no. 8 of the Californian. Oct. 5th, news that the Savannah had sailed for the south, 'to bring the insurgents if possible to an engagement; but the probability is that they will instantly dis- band and fly to the forests.' Oct. 10th, no. 9 of the Californian. Lieut Mad- dox's company mustered into the service; 2 officers and 15 men. 30 men joined later. Mustered out April 1847. 31st Cong. 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 24, 22 h. vol. vii. Oct. 14th, streets barricaded and other preparations made for defence. 'Bands have been gathering in the vicinity to make a night assault on Montercy. Their plan is to capture or drive out the small American force here and plunder the town.' Oct. 15th, alarm still continued. A company of Californians seen in the distance. A despatch sent by the Barnstable to Stockton for aid. Oct. 16th, Stockton arrived in the Congress, having been met outside by the messenger while en route for the south. He landed a force sufficient to protect the town, 50 men and 3 guns under Baldwin and John- son. Oct. 17th, no. 10 of the Californian. Oct. 19th, a party of 20 Califor- uians left the town and vicinity to join the insurgents. The Congress sailed for S. Pedro. Oct. 23d, the Vandalia arrived from the south with news of Gillespie's capitulation at Angeles and Mervine's defeat at S. Pedro. Oct, 24th news of the Sterling with Fremont and his men, who had turned back while en route for the south. No. 11 of the Californian. Oct. 27th, Lieut W. B. Renshaw arrived in the Malek Adhel, a prize brig taken at Mazatlan. Oct. 28th, Fremont and his men arrived in a famished condition. Scouts reported a large band of Californians in the hills; and it was thought that they intended to attack the town that night, Maddox being absent with 30 men at S. Juan, but that their plan was frustrated by Fremont's arrival. Oct. 29th, Maddox returned with a field-piece and many horses. Oct. 30th, a man in charge of the horses near the town was shot by two of the Californians, but not killed. Oct. 31st, no. 12 of the Californian. See Colton's Three Years in California, 20-84. In the S. J. Pioneer, Oct. 13, 1877, is a narrative of the excitement caused by the discharge of a cannon when strapped on the back of a mule that had brought it from S. Juan; also in Id., Jan. 19, 1878, of Mariano So- beranes' tussle with a sentinel, while surreptitiously visiting his family in town.
291
THE FIRST NEWSPAPER.
rounded by a ditch, was at first called Fort Stockton, but the name was soon changed to Fort Mervine. At first all was quiet: but at the news of southern revolt, the arribeños also began to show disaffection. Bands of Californians, more or less fully organized, ranged the hills and drove off horses, even threaten- ing the town; so that before the end of October much fear was experienced, not only by Americans, but es- pecially by the many native families who had been somewhat prominent in espousing the American cause. Respecting the acts of the rebels in later months I shall have something to say hereafter.
The appearance of the first newspaper is an event which merits notice here. Not only had there never been a paper published in the country, but there had been no subscribers to any paper, except a few in the last two or three years to the Honolulu Polynesian. The Mexican official paper was sent with some show of regularity to the Californian government; small packages of different Mexican and Spanish papers were forwarded occasionally by friends to officers, pa- dres, or citizens; while trading vessels sometimes brought to resident foreigners old numbers of jour- nals from the United States, from the Sandwich Is- lands, or even from Oregon. It was probably Robert Semple who conceived the idea of a Californian news- paper in 1846, as Figueroa had done without any practical results in earlier times. Semple knew some- thing of setting type. Colton favored the scheme, and had had some editorial experience in Philadelphia on the North American. The two agreed to edit and publish a paper in partnership. Colton describes his partner as "an emigrant from Kentucky, in a buck- skin dress, a fox-skin cap; true with the rifle, ready with his pen, and quick at the type-case." At the government house were found the old press and type, whose products in 1834-42 I have had frequent occa- sion to cite in past chapters. The apparatus had not been used for several years, having been pronounced
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AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH.
useless, perhaps as a mere excuse, when Pico wished to transfer it to Angeles in 1845. It had not, as one of the editors stated, and as many have repeated, been " picked up in a eloister," or " used by a Roman Catho- lie monk in printing a few sectarian tracts;" nor had it ever been used by the padres at all; but had been the property of Agustin V. Zamorano, who sold it to the government, which made some slight use of it in publishing official orders, both at Monterey and So- noma. Colton says: "The press was old enough to be preserved as a curiosity; the miee had burrowed in the balls; there were no rules, no leads; and the types were rusty and all in pi. It was only by seouring that the letters could be made to show their faces. À sheet or two of tin were procured, and these with a jack-knife were eut into rules and leads. Luckily we found with the press the greater part of a keg of ink; and now came the main seratch for paper. None could be found, except what is used to envelope the tobacco of the eigar smoked here by the natives. A coaster had a small supply of this on board, which we procured. It is in sheets a little larger than the com- mon-sized foolscap." It was the ordinary Spanish foolseap on which most of the archives of California and other Spanish American provinces are written, the thicker the better for writing, the thinner grades being preferred for cigarettes, but there being rarely any opportunity of choice for either purpose. The font of type being intended for the Spanish lan- guage, vv had to serve for w. "The upper room in the north end of the upper barracks was furnished by Lieutenant Minor as an office," writes Semple; and the first number of the Californian appeared on August 15th. "A crowd was waiting when the first sheet was thrown from the press. It produced quite a lit-
tle sensation. Never was a bank run upon harder; not, however, by people with paper to get specie, but exactly the reverse." The paper appeared every Sat- urday during the rest of the year and later, being
293
GARRISON AT S. JUAN.
transferred to San Francisco in May 1847. It con- tained official orders, current news chiefly local, edito- rials and correspondence on the condition and pros- pects of the country, contributions from native Cali- fornians who favored the new order of things, and several historical articles on the Bear Flag revolt and other past events. By the aid of Hartnell, a portion of the contents was printed in Spanish. The man- agement of the paper reflected much credit on the publishers. Semple, though he had obtained his dis- charge from Fauntleroy's company in order that he might devote his whole attention to the new enter- prise, was absent much of the time in the region of San Francisco Bay, engaged-according to the state- ment of his partner, who with a type-setting sailor had most of the work to do-in land speculations and in vain search for a wife.2
Just before Stockton's departure for the south, Cap- tain Fauntleroy and 'Major' Jacob Snyder with fifty men were sent to occupy San Juan in the place of the small garrison left there by Fremont. Of their expe- rience there all that is recorded is an expedition dur-
2 The set of The Californian, Aug. 15, 1846, to May 6, 1847, nos 1-38, so far as published at Monterey, which I have consulted, and a MS. résumé of which forms a volume in my Library, is that of the heirs of Ramon Arguello, iu possession of Juan Malarin of Sta Clara, originally preserved by David Spence. I have also a few specimen numbers of the original. There is a set in the Cal. State Library at Sac .; also one nearly complete in the library of the Cal. Pioneers in S. F. It appears that the first page of no. 1 was printed as a prospectus, bearing the name of Semple alone as publisher. A copy is in Taylor's Specimens of the Press, in the Mercantile Library of S. F. Iu the 'extra' of Jan. 28, 1847, Colton gives an account of the enterprise. A letter of Semple to Fauntleroy explaining the plan and asking his own dis- charge, is found in Cal. Pioneers, Arch., MS., 225-7. The paper is noticed in the Oregon. Spectator of Nov. 12, 1846; also in the Honolulu papers. See full particulars in Colton's Three Years in Cal., 32, etc. Francis D. Clark, in a letter of Feb. 22, 1878, in S. José Pioneer, March 9, 1878, gives a statement of John R. Gould of Maryland, that he fitted up the office, restored the type, and printed the first numbers of the Californian. Gould may be the sailor alluded to by Colton; but as he also says that Semple did not become a part- ner for several months, the accuracy of his whole statement may be ques- tioned. Gould's claim is also noticed in Upham's Notes, 387. The S. Jose Pioneer, Dec. 15, 1877, prints a bill for $20, the subscription to the paper for 5 years to John H. Watmough, signed by Semple on Aug. 28, 1846. See also Hist. Or., i. 467, this series, for claim of M. G. Foisy that he worked as printer on the Monterey Californian.
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AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH.
ing the first week in August against a party of Ind- ians who had driven off two hundred horses from San José, and who were forced to give up their booty after a fight in which several of their number were killed. It would appear that Fauntleroy's men were subse- quently withdrawn; for late in October, after the revolt at Los Angeles had begun to trouble the northerners, Maddox marched with thirty men to San Juan, spiked the iron cannon, took the locks from the muskets, and carried the brass pieces with all horses obtainable to Monterey.3
Respecting events at San José from August to October, our information is hardly less meagre. James Stokes was succeeded as alcalde by George Hyde, who was appointed "civil magistrate for the district of Santa Clara, with headquarters at San José," by Montgomery on August 26th. Purser James H. Watmongh, being appointed commandant of Santa Clara on the same date, with a company of forty men, was sent down from San Francisco; but of his exploits we know only that on September 14th he is said to have returned to San José from an Indian expedition of two weeks, in which he recovered one hundred horses and killed several gentiles; and that he prob- ably went back to San Francisco before the end of September. Early in October, Charles M. Weber returned from his captivity in the south, and was made military commandant of San José district by Mont- gomery, who also desired him to accept the position of alcalde. Weber was authorized to organize a mili- tary force and defend the town and vicinity if possi- ble, but to retreat to Yerba Buena rather than to run too great risks. No hostilities were committed, how- ever, beyond the occasional cutting of the flag-staff halyards at night; and Captain Weber was able to collect a considerable body of horses, with which he
3 See Colton's Three Years in Cal., 25, 82; Monterey Californian, Oct. 31, 1846; and Maddox's letter of Oct. 28th to Weber, in S. José Pioneer, March 6, ISSO.
295
AT YERBA BUENA.
is said to have arrived at San Juan just after the de- parture of Maddox.4
At San Francisco, where Montgomery remained in the Portsmouth as military commandant of the northern district, while Watson commanded the little garrison on shore, all was peace and quiet, with no rip- ple of excitement, except on the arrival of vessels or couriers with news from abroad, or on the occasion of a grand social festivity on shore or on shipboard. Lieutenant Washington A. Bartlett was on August 26th appointed alcalde of the San Francisco district, with headquarters at Yerba Buena. September 15th a municipal election was held, at which nearly a hun- dred votes were cast. The officers elected were Wash- ington Bartlett, alcalde; José de Jesus Noé, second alcalde; John Rose, treasurer; and Peter T. Sherre- beck, collector.5 In the last days of September the Savannah and Congress arrived from Monterey, and Stockton was given a public reception the 5th of October. As the commodore landed from his barge, at a point corresponding to what is now Clay street between Montgomery and Sansome, William H. Rus- sell delivered a flowery address of welcome; after which the people marched in procession round the
Monterey Californian, Sept. 5, 26, IS46; original letters of Bartlett and Montgomery to Weber, in Halleck's Mex. Land Laws, MS .; account from Weber's own statements and papers, in S. José Pioncer, March 6, 1880. In one of his letters, Montgomery orders Weber to throw a 'kurral' round his camp to prevent surprise. Sends him three recruits, also powder and cloth- ing. Militiamen can draw no pay except when in actual service. $15 per month for subsistence is too much. Sept. 15th, Alcalde Hyde takes the pa- role of Capt. José Fernandez. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 241.
5 Monterey Californian, Sept. 5, 26, Oct. 3, 1846; Hyde's Statement, MS., 8; S. José Pioneer, Jan. 4, 1879. The vote at the election was as follows: al- calde, Bartlett 66, Ridley 29, Spear 1; 2d alcalde, Noé 63, Haro 24, scatter- ing 9; treasurer, Rose 67, Francis Hoen 20, scattering 9; collector, Sherreback 86, J. Cooper 2. The inspectors were Win H. Davis, Frank Ward, Francisco Guerrero, and Francisco Haro. Aug. 29th, Bartlett enclosed to the alcalde of Sonoma "rules and regulations for trade in the bay.' Santa Rosa Sonoma Democrat, Dec. 30, 1871. On Sept. 15th Montgomery issued an order that Indians should not be held in service except under a voluntary contract, ac- knowledged before a magistrate, and equally binding upon employer and em- ployé. Californian, Oct. 3. Among the festivities are notably a ball at the residence of Leidesdorff on Sept. 8th, at which over 100 ladies, Californian and American, were present; and another on board the Magnolia on the 1Sth.
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AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH.
plaza and back to Montgomery street, where they listened to a speech from Stockton. The discourse, in which he narrated the conquest of Los Angeles, and made known his plans of vengeance on the "cow- ardly assassins" who had dared to revolt against his authority, was decidedly of the bombastie and 'spread- eagle' variety, marked by the same disregard of truth that had been shown in his first proclamation; but the speaker was eloquent and the audience pleased. Then there was more marching; and finally, the gov- ernor with prominent citizens made a tour on horse- back to the presidio and mission, returning in time for a collation given by the committee of arrange- ments at Leidesdorff's residence.6 The rumor of an impending Indian invasion had hastened Stockton's visit to the north. This rumor proved unfounded; but news of a revolt in the south had reached him just after his arrival at San Francisco. October 4th, the day before the reception, Mervine had sailed in the Savannah for San Pedro; on the 13th the Con- gress and the chartered merchant vessel Sterling, Captain Vincent, left the bay for the southern coast, the former with Stockton on board, and the latter bearing Major Frémont and his battalion. There is nothing to be noted at San Francisco after their de- parture.
Revere had been sent by Montgomery to command the garrison at Sonoma, consisting of Company B of the battalion, under Captain Grigsby. Revere tells us that a few disaffected Californians were still prowl- ing about the district, in pursuit of whom on one occasion he made an expedition with sixteen men to
6 Monterey Californian, Oct. 24, 1846, with Stockton's speech in full; Ore- gon Spectator, April 1, 1847; Davis' Glimpses of the Past, MS., 349-51, the author having been present at the reception; Stockton's Report; and Lancey, Cruise, 131-2, who gives additional particulars. He names Frank Ward as marshal; describes the composition of the procession formed at 10 A. M .; says that in addition to his reply to Russell made at the wharf, Stockton made a long speech in reply to a toast at the collation, declaring that if one hair of the brave men left to garrison the sonth should be injured, he 'would wade knee-deep in his own blood (!) to avenge it;' and mentions a ball which closed the day's festivities, and lasted until daylight the next morning.
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AT SONOMA.
the region of Point Reyes. He did not find the party sought, but he was able to join in a very en- joyable elk-hunt. The only other feature of his stay at Sonoma-and a very interesting one, as described by him, though not very important from an historical point of view-was an expedition by way of Napa Valley to the Laguna, now Clear Lake, and back by the Russian River Valley, in September. With the exception of a few military and hunting expeditions, meagrely recorded, this was the first visit to the lake by a traveler who included in the record a description of the country.7 On his return, the lieutenant heard of the threatened Walla Walla invasion, and hastened with a force to the Sacramento ; while the Vallejos were commissioned to protect the Sonoma frontier with a force of Christian Indians, and Misroon be- fore September 11th assumed command of the garri- son. Manuel E. McIntosh was now alcalde of So- noma; and the victims of the capture of June 14th
" Revere's Tour of Duty, 77-95. 112-18, 130-47. The anthor's description of the regions visited is quite extensive. He and his few companions passed the first night at Yount's; arrived by noon at the place of J. B. Chiles, who was one of the party, ranking as sergeant; and spent the second night at the rancho of Greenock (Guenoc?), the frontier settler. Next morning, crossing the last mountain pass, and riding all day through timbered uplands, broad savannahs, and shady glades, at sunset they reached the lake near its narrowest part, at the base of the high sierra-now Uncle Sam Mountain-opposite a pretty islet. After some hesitation, caused by memories of the servant-hunting raids of the Californians, the Indians ferried the visitors over on tule balzas to their island town of 200 or 300 inhabitants. Next day they journeyed over the sterile obsidian-covered plain, to go round the mountain, into the beautiful country on the upper lake-now Big Valley-and at sunset reached Hopitsewah, or Sacred Town, the largest of the rancherias, where the lands were enclosed and cultivated. Here, on the third day after arrival, a grand council of native chieftains was assembled to listen to and make the speeches of such occasions, and transfer their allegiance to the great and good govt of the U. S. After which a grand dance. Next day Revere's party travelled over the plain parallel to the lake until noon, and then turning to the left, climbed the range. They were attacked by Indians, who mistook them for foes, and one of whom was badly wounded. A difficult trail led them to the summit at sunset, and they looked foward into another broad valley and back upon the lake. ‘Few white men have visited this magnificent Laguna. In the course of time it will become famous, and perhaps the "tired den- zens" of the Atlantic cities may yet make summer excursions to its glorious shores.' Down into the Russian River Valley they went to the rancho of Fer- nando Félix, where they spent the day. On the way to Pina's rancho they killed a huge grizzly; and at Fitch's rancho of Sotoyome they found the an- nual matanzas in progress.
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AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH.
had returned from their imprisonment in August. On September 25th a meeting of the old Bears was held, at which, J. B. Chiles being president and John H. Nash secretary, a resolution was adopted "that three persons be appointed to act as a committee to investigate and gather all the information in their reach in relation to the action of the Bear Flag party, and report at a subsequent meeting." Sem- ple, Grigsby, and Nash were appointed on the com- mittee, though Semple's place was afterward taken by Ide; and the resulting report of May 13, 1847, has already been noticed in this work.8
At Sutter's Fort Kern remained in command; be- ing confirmed in his authority by Montgomery on August 26th, at which date E. J. Sutter, son of the captain, was made Kern's lieutenant at the fort.9 In August also the Sonoma prisoners were released, as they ought to have been long before. They had ap- pealed to Frémont when Sloat's proclamation and the United States flag arrived; but not the slightest at- tention was paid to their appeal. In July a letter of inquiry about them came from Larkin; and Mont- gomery interested himself in their behalf.10 In reply, Vallejo wrote to both Larkin and Stockton; but be- fore the letters were received, on July 27th, the com- modore despatched an order for the release of Vallejo and his brother-in-law; followed in a few days by a similar order in behalf of the other captives. All were required to sign a parole. Vallejo and Carrillo were discharged on or about the 1st of August, the former in very feeble health. The others, Salvador Vallejo, Victor Prudon, and Jacob Leese had to re-
8 Record of the meeting in Monterey Californian, Oct. 3, 1846. See chap. viii. of this volume; also Hist. Bear Flag Revol.
9 Monterey Californian, Sept. 5, 1846.
10 July 16th, Larkin to Vallejo, describing his efforts to learn his fate. Had sent messengers to Sonoma, and John Murphy had been sent to the Sac. -- for which service he was to be paid by V. $100. Bear Flag Papers, MS., 62. July 17th, Montgomery to Sloat, forwarding Forbes' petition for the re- lease of Vicente Peralta, and also mentioning Vallejo, in whose case he was personally interested. Sloat's Despatches, 24-5, or 661-8.
299
THE CAPTIVES RELEASED.
main in prison a week longer, Don Salvador -- and probably the rest, though Leese claims that his cap- tivity lasted until the 13th-being liberated on Au- gust 8th by Misroon, the officer sent up by Montgom- ery for that purpose. Returning to their homes, they found that cattle, horses, and other personal property had for the most part disappeared; but the change of government might enrich those of the number who were the owners of real estate.11 Montgomery sent
11 July 29th, Stockton to Vallejo. One of his first acts was to order his release; and he has now sent a courier to Montgomery to have the others freed, whose names he did not know before. Bear Flay Papers, MS., 67. No date, copy of Montgomery's order to release Vallejo aud Carrillo. Id., 72. Leese, Bear Flag, MS., 16-17, thinks the first order named Vallejo's brother- in-law, meaning himself, but applied to Carrillo. July 29th, Larkin to Va- llejo. Letters of 23d received this morning. Orders for release sent two days ago to Montgomery. Now repeated, and the courier will tell the con- versation he had with Stockton. Savage, Doc., MS., iii. 19; Larkin's Doc., MS., iv. 234. Aug. 3d, Montgomery to V., announcing the pleasure it has given him to order his release, and introducing Lieut Revere, who has in- structions to 'mitigate' his parole by accepting simply a promise of friend- ship to the U. S., or of neutrality. English and Spanish. Bear Flag Papers, MS., 70, 73. Aug. 7th, Salv. Vallejo to M. G. Vallejo, in answer to letter of Aug. 4th, which announced that a boat was on the way with the order of re- lease. The boat has not arrived, and even if it does come there is but little hope of freedom; for Kern has said he will not obey any order if the name of cach prisoner be not specified, and has even hinted that he is not bound to obey any orders but those of Fremont. Id., 76. Aug. 7th, S. Vallejo, Pru- clon, and Leese, to Vallejo, expressing their opinion that Kern did not intend to free them, and asking the colonel to write to Montgomery iu their behalf. Id., 68. Aug. 6th, Lieut Bartlett to Vallejo, in answer to letter of July 30th. With many expressions of friendly feeling, he says: 'I at once laid your note before Capt. Montgomery, who at once expressed his deep regret that you were yet a prisoner [on the 30th]. He has constantly regretted that you were not liberated on the day the American flag first waved over New Hel- vetia, which certainly would have been the case had his command extended to that post. He has directed me to assure you that among his first commu- nicatious to Com. Sloat he stated the names of all persons that had been ar- rested, ... aud requested instructions as to the course he should now pursue with regard to them, at the same time making particular mention of your case.' Id., 71-5. Aug. 8th, V. to Montgomery, in reply to letter of Aug. 3d. Thanks for his efforts; bad state of the writer's health; appeals for the re- lease of his companions. Id., 78-80. Aug. 8th, Lieut Misroou takes the pa- role of Salvador Vallejo at 'Fort New Helvetia.' Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 232. Aug. 12th, V. to Montgomery. 'Muy enfermo sali del Sacramento y peor llegue a mi casa.' Thanks for opportune sending of Dr Henderson. Bear Flag Papers, MS., 81. Aug. 17th, Montgomery to V. . Sends him documents relating to Misroon's visit to Sonoma in June. Has just returned himself from Sonoma. Id., 58. Aug. 24th, Larkin to V. from Los Angeles. Speaks of having sent a second courier to New Helvetia before leaving Monterey. Sept. 15th, V. to L. Returned from his prison 'half dead,' but is now bet- ter. Has lost over 1,000 cattle, 600 tame horses, all his crops, and mauy other things of value; but will go to work again. Larkin's Doc., MS .. iv. 280-1. Sept. 25th, Montgomery to V. Thanks for his services to the U. S.
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