USA > California > History of California, Volume XXII > Part 5
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31
PICO AND CASTRO.
other effeet than the indirect one of so disgusting a part of the people that they were ready to welcome any change. Yet each faction pretended to believe that with the cooperation-that is, the entire sub- mission-of the other faction, the country might be saved. Pio Pico had little doubt that from the patri- otie wisdom of himself and the southern assemblymen, the true representatives of the popular will, a plan might be evolved for salvation-would General Castro but recognize that wisdom, let the revenues alone, keep the Indians in check, and use his military force exclusively to carry out measures dictated by the po- litieal authorities. José Castro, on the other hand, maintained that the protection of the country was purely a military duty, since the chief danger was that of invasion, and that until the danger should be past, it behooved the governor and the assembly not to interfere with the general's prerogatives, but hum- bly to furnish such aid as might be asked for. Each entertained, personally, feelings of jealousy, distrust, and hostility toward the other; and each exaggerated the other's hostility. Each thought at times of using foree to overthrow the other, doubting not the other was devoting his constant energies to similar ends. Each appealed sometimes to the other to forget past dissensions for the country's sake; mutual friends in- terfered more or less injudiciously and unsuccessfully ; and the foolish quarrel dragged its slow length along. I have to note the controversy in some of its petty phases and results; but I have no historie lens so powerful, no balance so nicely adjusted, as to assign to either side a preponderenee of blame.
Alvarado, diputado-elect to congress for 1846-7, did not go to Mexico to take his seat, because there were no funds for his expenses, much as Pico desired his absence. Alvarado no longer had charge of the eustom-house, but he was regarded by the abajeños as being at the bottom of all Castro's politieal in-
34
POLITICAL AND MILITARY.
About the middle of January Henri Cambuston, a French teacher at Monterey, on the occasion of a ball at the house of Dr Stokes, became involved in a personal quarrel with Prefeet Castro, and came to blows with Captain Narvaez, a friend of Don Manuel. The Frenchman, on being ordered under arrest, refused to recognize Castro's authority, on the ground that he was not old enough to be prefeet legally; but he was put in prison, and a successor was appointed to take charge of his school. The matter was investi- gated before the alcalde, and submitted to the gover- nor, who decided that both parties merited a repri- mand. Meanwhile the French consul, Gasquet, had interfered, and had demanded from General Castro the prisoner's release, with heavy damages for his ar- rest. The general declined to interfere with the pre- rogatives of the political authorities; but he seems to have disapproved Don Manuel's conduet, much to the latter's displeasure. The prefeet was also displeased at Pieo's attitude in the matter. The quarrel had no other political significance, so far as can be known; neither is its result definitely recorded ; but I have introduced the affair here because of the high position of the parties involved, the interference of a foreign consul, the local excitement caused by the quarrel, and the bulky correspondence to which it gave rise, as shown by the archives.7
There is but little in the records of January and
ships engaged to take the troops have been paid the false freight and dis- charged." Larkin's Doc., MS., iv. 115. See also El Tiempo, Jan. 26, May 7, 1846. Feb. 9th, the expedition about to start, but delayed by Iniestra's illness. Bustamante, Mem. Ilist. Mex., MS., iv. 54. March 5th, the exped. lias started for Mazatlan; but it is not believed it will reach its destination. Id., iv. 83. Exped. under Morales. Id., v. 82. Guerra, Apuntes, 371, says that Tellez reached Mazatlan in April with a force, but revolted against Paredes. We have seen that Tellez wrote from Mazatlan in Aug., while engaged in a revolt.
"The quarrel occurred on Jan. 18th. Investigation iu the alcalde's court Jan. 21st, etc .; resulting corresp. between the Castros, Cambuston, Gasquet, Pico, and others, extending to March, in C'astro, Doc., MS., i. 293-303; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MIS., ii. 4-8; Doc. Hist. C'al., MIS., iii. 57, 64, 66, 91: i. 497. March 9th, 10th, Pico to prefect and to Gasquet, trying to hush up the matter, which he fears may lead to serious complications. Fernandes, Doc., MIS., 61-3; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 109, 111.
35
REVENUE DISPUTES.
February to throw light on the condition of public affairs or on the troubles of the rival chieftains;" but I have to note another unsuccessful attempt by the gov- ernor to gain control of the revenues. Failing to re- move the treasury to Los Angeles, he had sent Igna- cio del Valle to take possession of the office at the end of 1845; but General Castro had prevented the transfer. Early in February Valle came again to Monterey, Pico having agreed not to move the office, but declining to appoint a northern man in the place of Abrego. Castro, however, still continued his op- position, on the grounds that Pico had no authority to appoint a treasurer, and that any change in such critical times was inexpedient. Abrego professed to be willing to surrender the office, but received posi- tive orders from Castro not to do so; and Don Igna- cio had to content himself with the management of that small portion of the country's revenues which found its way to the south.9 Subsequently Pico re-
8 Jan. 16th, several Sta Bárbara officers resign their military rank, in- cluding Valentin Cota, José Carrillo, H. García, and José Lugo. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., ii. 61. Jan. 24th, Feb. 27th, Rafael Sanchez to Pico. Complains that Mexicans arc insulted constantly, that officers of the old bat- talion are not receiving the treatment guaranteed by the treaty of Cabuenga, while Castro's 'auxiliary aud permanent drunkards' receive pay while render- ing no service. Alvarado and Castro should be accused before the sup. govt. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 102, 108-9. Jan. 26th, Pablo de la Guerra to his father. The time is passed when the laws ruled. Now circumstances are the rulers, and it is necessary to yield in non-essentials. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 1168. Jan. 29th, Pico to Bandini. Will close the port of Monterey in case of expected infractions of order. Bandini, Doc., MS., 65. Feb. 15th, Francisco Arce to Vallejo, on the unfortunate state of affairs. Begs V. to come to the country's rescue by joining the party of Castro against Pico, whose conduct is ruining all that is good. He does nothing but build up Los Angeles and plunder the missions. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 184. Feb. 20th, Prefect Castro to Pico. Has toiled bard, but foes are in league against him. His resignation not yet accepted. The country in a deplorable state, all on account of dissensions between gov. aud gen., of which foreigners take advan- tage. Thinks Pico's presence iu the north very desirable. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 116.
9 Jan. Ist, 15th, Abrego to Pico, explaining his difficulties. He is blamed by Montereyans for his willingness to give up the office. Advises that the funds be paid directly from the custom-house to the general, and not to him; or that a northern man be appointed as treasurer. He is tired of being denounced and iusulted as a 'Mexican.' Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 96-9. Jan. 22d, Pico to Castro, with Valle's appointment. J'alle, Doc., MS., 50-1. Jan. 24th, Rafael Sanchez and Juau Bandiui to Pico, complaining of scandalous irregu- laritics in the distribution of public funds, the real govt being kept in a state of beggary. Dept. St. Pap., MIS., vii. 102-3. Feb. 10th, 12thi, Castro to
1216695
36
POLITICAL AND MILITARY.
newed the financial controversy by trying to enfore .: a recent Mexican law, which provided that the depart- ments should receive two thirds of all revenues, the national government-that is, the military branch so far as California was concerned-retaining only one third. Pico ordered the administrator of customs, therefore, to pay over the two thirds to the prefect, as representative of the civil authority. General Castro would not submit to any such reduction-from two thirds to one third-of the funds at his disposal. He held that his orders from Mexico to defend the coun- try conferred the right to use the country's revenues for that purpose; insisted that the distribution must be continued on the former basis; and his orders were obeyed.10
At the beginning of March the assembly met at Los Angeles, and I append in a note an abstract of legislative proceedings for the year, though some of the matters treated will require to be noticed more fully elsewhere.11 The members-all abajeños, though
Valle, refusing his consent to the change; Feb. 11th, 16th, Valle to Ábrego and replies. Valle, Doc., MIS., 50-3; Dept. St. Pup., MS., xiii. 18-22. No date, Valle to Castro, accusing him of disturbing the public peace by ignoring the gov. Id., vii. 4. March Ist, Castro to Pico. The change deferred until an interview ean be held. Id., vii. 41-2. March 1Sth, Valle's report to Pico after his return. Will holdl no further relations with general or treasurer. Id., Ben., iii. 136-9, 83. See also mention in Valle, Lo Pasado, MS., 38-9; Botillo, Anales, MS., 125-6; Arre, in Vallejo, Doc., MIS., xii. 184.
10 April 15th, Pico to administrator and to prefect. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 166; Dept. St. Pap., MS., vi. 79-80; Id., Ben., iii. 139. April 16th, 18th, All direct taxes, ete., must also be paid to the dept. govt. Id., Angeles, ix. 57; Pico, Doc., MS., i. 26. May 9th-15th, corresp. between gen., prefect, and admin. Unbound Dor., MIS., 206-10; Doc. Hist. Cal., MIS., iii. 224. June 16th, admin. declares that payment to the prefect would be illegal. Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MS .. iii. 86. May 28th, Gen. Castro orders Receptor Diaz to pay over directly to a military officer the duties collected from an English ship. Guerra, Dor., MS., v. 192. May 11th, Castro authorizes Vallejo to raise a loan for defenee. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 205.
11 Sessions of assembly March 2 to July 24, 1846, in Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 315-71. English translation in U. S. rs Bolton, Appellant's Brief, in U. S. Sup. Court, p. 221-33. March 2d, the new members, Bandini and Arguello, admitted. Gov.'s opening message read, and committees appointed. (The message in full is found in Olrera, Doc., MS., 13-19.) Bandini's motion for a 'consejo general de pueblos unidos' referred to a com. Ayunt. of Angeles wants funds for schools. March 4th, Abrego sends exense of sickness for his absence. (Pieoto Abrego, in Dept. St. Pap., MIS., viii. 120.) Sta B. producers ask for exemption from double taxation. Citizens ask for a grant of S. Gabriel
37
THE ASSEMBLY IN SESSION.
they do not seem to have indulged in any legislation of a violently partisan and revengeful nature-were Figueroa, Guerra, Botello, Bandini, and Argüello;
for a town. Botello granted leave of absence. Argüello not present. March 6th, Angeles wants a police force supported by contributions from men of means. March 9th, Guerra granted leave of absence to go as a commissioner to Monterey. Land grants, March 13th, Alvarado desires instructions as to his duties in congress, but gets none. American traders wish to be relieved of the annual tax of $600 for each vessel. Isaac Williams proposes to build a fort in the cajon if allowed to introduce $25,000 in goods free of dutics. March 16th, land grants. March 1Sth, lands. Sec. Olvera granted leave of absence.
(Olvera to Pico. Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 96.) March 23d, S. Gabriel can- not be granted for a pueblo. Bandini's prop. on sale of missions. Arguello sec. pro tem. March 30th, Bandini's mission prop. adopted. April 8th, Abrego sends certificates of illness, and is exempted, a suplente being sum- moned. April 15th, Pico's appointment as constitutional governor received; also the Montesdeoca doc. of Nov. 14th on mission sales; also other unimpor- taut Mex. decrees. Castro's report of March 17th on the Fremont affair re- ceived. Bandini denounces the general's disregard of law. April 18th, special session. Pico sworn in as gov. Olvera acting as suplente. (April 17th, assem- bly to Olvera. Summons. Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 121; Olvera, Doc., MS., 20-1.) April 24th (?), no record. April 29th, matter of the com. gen. to be discussed in secret session. Figueroa's act to repress Ind. hostilities passed. May Sth, more certificates of illness from Abrego. 45 land grants submitted. (May 2d, assembly decrees that interrupted sessions shall continue? Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 127.) May Ilth, report of Guerra on bis mission to Mont.
and Castro's bad faith. Pablo de la Guerra introduced as a commissioner from Castro. Speech of Bandini against Castro. Pico desires permission to leave the capital should he deem it necessary. May 13th, Mex. order on missions. Munic. matters. Bandini's proposition of March 2d for a consejo general passed. Guerra not allowed leave of absence. May 15th, Sta B. taxes. Lands. June 3d, hide regulations. Lands. Figueroa's prop. to es- tablish a fort in the cajon against Ind. Warning from Castro of Fremont's hostile intentions. The consejo general not to be held as ordered on May 13th. The gov. to take steps to defend the country. June 10th, land grants and hide regulations. June 15th, munic. affairs. Figueroa presiding. Pico absent in the north. Botello present and acting as sec. pro tem. July Ist, communications from Pico at Sta B., enclosing others from Castro on startling events at Sonoma (details elsewhere). Assembly declines to go to Sta B., as Pico desires; and refuses to bear any responsibility for consequences. (Illness of members alleged by Botello as a reason for not going to Sta B. Moreno, Doc., NS., 27-8.) July 2d, unimportant reference to business of the last session. A weekly courier to be established. July 3d, vague reference to business of last sessions. July 6th, communication from Pico on the MeNamara coloni- zation scheme. July 7th, com. report on McNamara grant approved. July Sth, land grants. Bandini says he must go home on account of illness. Ar- güello is going home because Bandini's departure will leave no quorum. Pico presiding. (July Sth, Botello to Moreno. Assembly dissolves, owing to Bandini's illness. This is the last session, Moreno, Doc., MS., 18.) July 24th, extra session. Pico submits Sloat's proclamation, etc. Members express 'patriotic fervor.' The people to be called upon for services. An auxiliary military force to be organized. (Nothing more in the Legislative Records.) Aug. 10th, session presided by Pico. Olvera, sec. Castro writes that he can- not defend the country, and is going to Mexico. Pico sees no better way than to go with Castro. The assembly to be dissolved, so that the invaders may find no legal authorities. Blotter record in Olvera, Doc., MS., 32-6. Oct. 26th, 27th, 30th, Dec. 5th, sessions under the administration of Gov. Flores.
38
POLITICAL AND MILITARY.
Pico presiding and Olvera acting as secretary. Abre- go, the only northern member elect, was absent on account of illness and perhaps his duties as treasurer. Pico in his opening message indicated the question of foreign relations-including that of immigration and the reported approach of 10,000 Mormons-as a most urgent one, that should receive exclusive attention until fully disposed of. The department was repre- sented as being from every point of view in a most unfortunate condition. Education was utterly neg- lected; as was the administration of justice, largely on account of the fact that justices of the supreme court had declined to accept their appointments. The missions were so burdened with debt that the gover- nor had been able to sell or rent only a few of them. The army was totally disorganized, soldiers enough for the protection of Monterey only being kept under arms by the general, while the rest of the department was left defenceless. Of financial matters, the writer had been able to learn but little, but was sure that most of the revenues had been wasted. Of course much was expected from the wisdom of the assembly, though its president had no definite suggestions to offer.
Early in March Pico sent Francisco de la Guerra as a commissioner to Castro, presumably to suggest some basis upon which the two chiefs might work in harmony, and perhaps to urge a conference at Santa Bárbara; though the exact nature of his instructions is not known.12 Neither does it appear that his
Members present, Figueroa, Botello, Guerra, and suplentes Olvera and Joa- quin Carrillo. Details of measures against the Americans will be given later. Fragmentary records in Id., 39-56; Carrillo (D.), Doc., MIS., 44; Castro, Doc., MS., ii. 150; Janssens, Doc., MS., 32-3; Soberanes, Doc., MS., 326.
12 March 9th, Guerra sent with verbal instructions. He was to use the good offices of influential persons. Guerra, Dor., MS., vi. 14-15. Appoint- ment, and license from assembly. Dept. St. Pap., MIS., viii. 129; Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 320-1. March 16th, Padre Duran to Gen. Castro, urging him to look favorably upon Pico's propositions, it being of great importance that the two should unite on some plan of internal policy. Pico, Doc., MS., ii. 69-70. March 2d, Rafacl Sanchez to Pico. Urges him to come to Monterey and sus- tain his authority-else he will soon be gov. only of Los Angeles. Com- plains that neither Pico nor Castro has shown good faith to the Mexicans
39
THE RIVAL CHIEFS.
efforts as a conciliator were successful. He made a report, however, of what he had accomplished, or failed to accomplish, and gave the document to Castro, to be forwarded to the governor; but the general, curious perhaps, as we are, to know its contents, kept the report. 13 About the same time that Pico's com- missioner left Los Angeles, Castro sent to the capital his report of the troubles with Fremont, coupled with the announcement of his intention to defend the country-acting by virtue of his own authority and instructions from Mexico, in case the governor would not come to Monterey as he was urged to do. He also announced the return of José Antonio Carrillo from his exile in Sinaloa, and requested Pico not to prosecute him further, as his services were needed.14 These communications on being laid before the assem- bly produced a commotion. The danger of invasion was lost sight of in view of the fact that Castro had dared to issue a proclamation to the people, the pre- fect's share in the proceedings being ignored by the irate southerners. The defence of the country was unimportant in comparison with the thought of un- dertaking that defence without consulting, or rather without awaiting the cooperation of, the political chief. Juan Bandini made a speech, denouncing Cas- tro's abuse of his powers, and called upon Pico to "reply to him with decorum, and at the same time with that firmness and energy which a proceeding so
under the treaty of Cahuenga. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 106-8. March 2d, 4th, Prefect Castro to Pico. Also urges him to come north and make up his differences with the general. Id., vii. 110.
13 So Guerra reported to the assembly on May 11th. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 337. April 14th, Castro to Pico. Believes that he will be convinced of the rectitude of writer's intentions and of the force of the reasons that prevent him from acceding to his request. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 52. May 5th, Guerra to Castro, a letter of reproaches for his conduct in not forwarding the report. Id., vii. 55. May 8th, G. to P. The most Castro would promise was to try to come to Sta B. after the meeting of a military junta. Id., vii. 56. 14 March 17th, C. to P. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 48-9. This communica- tion as reported in the assembly was to the effect that 'as Pico had not come north, Castro would proceed,' etc .; but in the original Castro still urges Pico to come. March 25th, Prefect Castro writes to the min. of rel. on the needs of Cal. Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., iii. 142.
40
POLITICAL AND MILITARY.
scandalous demanded."15 And Pico did write what was probably intended to be such a reply, but what was in reality an absurd exhibition of petty suspicion and weakness.16
But Don Pio, thus insulted by Castro's presump- tion and threats to defend the country, was at the same time comforted by the receipt of his appoint- ment as constitutional governor of the Californias. This appointment was issued by President Herrera September 3, 1845, in accordance with the assembly's recommendation of June 27th, and in consideration of "the patriotism and commendable qualities which make you worthy of the confidence of the supreme government." 17 The document was communicated to the assembly April 15th, and on the 18th, before that body and in presence of a large concourse of citizens and officials, Pico took the oath of office, delivering an address, and subsequently assisting with all the authorities at the usual religious te deum.18 On the same day the governor's speech was issued in substance as a proclamation to the people. It contained the usual expressions of patriotic zeal, lack of self-confi- dence, flattery for the people, and trust in God; and
15 Session of April 15th. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 330-1. April 14th, Castro to Pico. Has never doubted the purity of his intentions. Cannot leave the north, but hopes P. will come. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 115-16. April 17th, P. to Prefect Castro, complaining that no full reports have come from him on the Fremont affair. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 174. April 24th, a friend to Bandini. The new plan of reform, in preparation sinee Carrillo's arrival, will cause a great transformation. Mexicans are to be expelled. This alone will raise the devil. Bandini, Doc., MS., 70.
16 No date, P. to C. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 289. By what right does the gen. venture to issue proclamations, and to alarm the people with whom, not being soldiers, he has nothing to do? He must have forgotten that there is a govt; or does he desire to overturn all order? or does he flatter himself he has power over free and enlightened citizens ? How would he like it if the gov. should usurp military functions or alarm the soldiers? etc. Suspects that Castro's orders from Mexico, which nobody has seen, are ample enough to allow him to do as he pleases, etc.
17 Sept. 3d, min. of rel. to Pico. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 165; Pico, Doc., MS., ii. 167; Dept. St. Pap., Ang., MS., xi. 171.
18 April 15th, 18th. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 329-32; Pico to Abrego. Dept. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 15. May 4th, Larkin congratulates Pico. Larkin's Off. Corresp., MS., i. 98. May 16th-17th, publication of the appointment at Monterey. Dept. St. Pap., Mont., MS., iii. 123. Pico, Hist. Cal., MS., 135, claims to have kept back the appointment for several months after it was re- ceived, hoping to be relieved of so burdensome and difficult a position!
41
MILITARY JUNTA AT MONTEREY.
concluded of course with a call upon all Californians to be united for the common welfare. "With honor and law as our emblems, victory will be ours."19
Besides reporting Frémont's movements, inviting the governor to a conference, despatching Castillero to Mexico for aid, and announcing his determination to resist invasion, either with or without Pico's coop- eration-Castro. also convoked a junta of military inen at Monterey to deliberate on the condition of the country, and to advise him as to the best policy to be pursued.20 The junta met at the end of March, and its first recorded act was to declare on April 2d its adhesion to the 'plan regenerador of San Luis Potosí,' and its recognition of Paredes as president ad interim of Mexico.21 This pronunciamiento was not made public for over a month, during which time the number of signatures was increased from the six or eight of the junta proper to twenty-nine. On May 7th it received the adhesion of the Monterey ayunta- miento, and was officially communicated to the pre- fect, being also indorsed next day by the officials of the custom-house, and a little later by the local au- thorities of San Jose, and probably by those of other northern towns. Prefect Castro refused his approval of the act in all its phases, suspecting that it was in- tended as an attack on the political authority repre- sented in the north by him. Not only did the Mon-
19 April 1Sth, Pico's proclamation on assuming the proprietary governor- ship. Original in Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 178, 181; Guerra, Doc., MS., i. 161-3.
20 March 16th, Castro to Vallejo, who is summoned in the name of the country to come immediately to Monterey. Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 197.
21 April 2d, pronunciamiento in favor of Paredes, signed by the following officers: Gen. José Castro, Col. J. B. Alvarado, Comte J. A. Carrillo, Capt. Mariano Silva, Capt. Joaquin de la Torre, Lieut Fran. Arce, Alf. Bautista Castro, Col. M. G. Vallejo, Lieut-Col Victor Prudon, Treasurer José Ábrego, Capt. Pedro Narvaez, Lient Macedonio Padilla, Sub-lieut Ign. Servin, Man- uel R.'Castro, Jose Mª Soberanes, Lieut A. M. Somoza, Rafael Sanchez, Capt. Juan Castañeda, Capt. José M. Flores, Lieut Fran. Limon, Lient Valentin Gajiola, Sub-lieut Juan Soberanes, Capt. Eng. Montenegro, Mariano Villa, Lieut Man. Marquez, Lieut Fran. Eguren, Sub-lieut Man. Garfias, Capt. Gabriel de la Torre, Alf. Guad. Soberanes. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 153; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xxxiv. 193.
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