History of California, Volume XXII, Part 66

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816

USA > California > History of California, Volume XXII > Part 66

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

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629

SAN GABRIEL AND SAN FERNANDO.

Padre Ordaz took charge as curate a few months later. In June 1846 the mission estate was sold to Reid and Workman in payment of past aid to the government; but they were apparently dispossessed by the United States officers in August, and the next year Manuel Olivera was put by them in charge as administrator of the property. The purchasers' title was finally declared invalid on the ground that the governor had no right to sell the missions. A few Indians still lived in the vicinity under the care of the padre, and an auxiliary juez de paz with a few other petty officials managed local affairs in subor- dination to the alcalde of the city. At San Fernando Father Ordaz remained until May 1847, and he was the last resident minister. The mission had been

church and curate's house. He is told that they are at his orders, but not at the administrator's. On the 20th the padre protests against the granting of a lot withont his consent. Id., 102, 105, 109-10. 1545. Feb., Gov. Mason to Stevenson, says the man in charge has lately sold a still worth $800 or $1,000 for $200. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 479. Stevenson begs Ordaz to oblige his protégé Guillermo Novarro to quit the place, because the settlers complain of his selling liquor and buying stolen goods. Los Ang. Arch., MS., iii. 168- 9. March, creditors claim $3,014 and they should be secured. Unb. Doc .. MS., 266. Evidently Reid and Workman had not paid the mission debt; but on the other hand they had not been kept in possession of the estate.

Tomás Eleuterio Esténega (or Estenaga) was born in the province of Viz- caya about 1790, became a Franciscan at Cantabria, came to the Mex. college in 1810, and to Cal. in 1820. After remaining for a few months as supernu- merary he served at S. Miguel in 1820-1, at S. Francisco in 1521-33, and at S. Gabriel in 1833-47. Prefect Payeras described him soon after his arrival as a pious and worthy missionary, but in bad health. Payeras, Inf. de 1820, MS., 131-2. Estenega was tall, slender, and of fair complexion; and bad health always impaired his nsefulness, though there was an improvement after his transfer to the south. He was generally well liked by his neophytes, and not unpopular with others. Though declining to take the oath to republican- ism he promised obedience to the govt; in 1832-3 he served temporarily for several months at S. Rafael; in 1534 he was hell as a prisoner for a time by the Ind., and was also involved in the famous ' conspiracy ' of Duran and Guerra; in 1841 he was accused of neglecting the morals of his neophytes. and the same year declined to officiate at the fiesta of Sept. 16th; and in 1843 he took the oath to the ' bases constitucionales.' I fin i no trace of him in the mis- sion registers of S. Gabriel after 1845, and, rather strangely, no record of his death. But it appears that he diel there early in IS4;, since the juez on May Sth writes of what the 'late' Padre Estenega did 'over two months ago.' Los Ang. Arch., MIS., iii. 54-6.

San Fernando. 1846. Jan. Ist, inventory signed by P. Ordaz and the lessees; live-stock 710 head wild animals, 92 cattle, 16 horses, 375 sheep. $2,04S; furniture, tools, etc., $122; total $2,170. Pico, Pap. Mis., MS., 156. June 17th, sale of mission estate for 814.000 to Eulogio de Celis. Deed in Hartman's Brief, 89-92; St. Pap., Miss., MS., xi. 65. Celis was bound to support the padre and worship, also to give the Ind. the use of the lands they

630

LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO TO MONTEREY.

rented in 1845 to Pico and Manso, who apparently held possession in 1846-8, though the property was sold in June 1846-subject to the lease, I suppose- to Eulogio Célis for $14,000, the title of Célis being in later years confirmed. There were no occurrences at this ex-mission to be noted except the occupation by Fremont's battalion in January 1847, and the signing of the treaty of Cahuenga which put an end to the war in California.

Santa Barbara took but slight part in the stirring events of the conquest of 1846-7, though it was here that Governor Pico, hearing of invasion in the north, issued his patriotic but not very effective proclama- tions. From August to October 1846, a small garrison of Fremont's battalion was posted here; and from April 1847 a detachment of the New York volunteers, at first under Lieut-colonel Burton and later of Cap- tain Lippitt, garrisoned the place; but excepting the episode of the cañon perdido, there was nothing ex- citing, even from a local standpoint.3 When we add to the peaceful sequence of Santa Bárbara events the absence of the municipal records, it is not surprising

occupied during their life-time. Presumably he bought subject to the lease, though nothing is said on the subject. The purchaser was not to take pos- session for 8 months, during which time the govt might redeem the property. On the date of sale, June 17th, I have an original order from Gov. Pico to the 'lessee ' to pay the rent as it becomes due to Andrés Pico and Juan Manso on account of a debt of $3,000 due them from the govt. Pico (Pio), Doc., MS., ii. 85. Andrés Pico named as lessee in Sept. 1847. Dept. St. Pap., Ang., MS., viii. 76. 1847. Jan., Cal. army and Frémont's battalion in possession; treaty of Cahuenga. This vol., p. 401 et seq. 1848. Gov. Pico's return. Id., 589.

3 Sta Bárbara events, etc. 1846. Lieut-col Gumesindo Flores comandante, except as interrupted by the U. S. occupation. Jan., several officers of the company resign. This vol., p. 35. Feb., wreck of the Fama. Id., 578. May, plau for a 'consejo general' never assembled. Id., 37, 44-7. June, Gov. Pico here; news of the Bear Flag revolt at Sonoma; Pico's proclamation and ap- peals. Id., 138-42. July, assembly refuses to meet at Sta B. Id., 37. Mc- Namara's proposed colony and his visit. Id., 215-19. Another proclam. on receipt of news of U. S. occupation of Monterey. Id., 263. Aug., Stockton touches here on his way south, leaving a garrison aud raising the U. S. flag. Id., 267. Sept., Mitchell and his men replaced by Talbot and volunteers of the battalion as a garrison. Id., 286-7. Oct., reoccupation by the Califor- nians under Garfias; Talbot driven out. Id., 316-17. Nov., Raimundo Car- rillo comandante, under Flores. Id., 330. Dec., Fremont arrives with the battalion. Id., 376.

1847. April, arrival of Co. A, B, and F, N. Y. vol., under Lieut-col

631

SANTA BARBARA.

that local annals of the district are for the most part a blank. Anastasio Carrillo served as sub-prefect until the United States flag was raised; and town af- fairs were managed by the following justices of the peace: Antonio M. Ortega in 1846, Pablo de la Guerra in 1847, and Pedro C. Carrillo in 1848. Colo-

Burton; July, Co. F remains as a garrison under Capt. Lippitt as comandante of the post. Id., 513-16. Many details of camp life at Sta B. in Murray's Narr., MS .; Green's Life, MS. July, rumors of trouble with the Califor- nians. This vol., p. 584. Custom-house receipts; Pedro C. Carrillo collector. Id., 571-2.

1848. Feb., Gov. Mason has heard very unfavorable reports about the conduct of Co. F, and complains of the soldiers having clubbed together to purchase large quantities of supplies free of duties for purposes of trade. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 481-2. March, citizens anthorized by juez to make expeditions to the tulares in quest of wild live-stock, on which a certain amount must be paid into the town treasury. Sta B. Arch., MS., 65-7. April, affair of the cañon perdido. This vol., p. 586-7. Sept., mustering-out of the N. Y. vol. Id., 515; records, etc., turned over on Sept. Sth by Capt. Lippitt to Capt. Smith. Unb. Doc., MS., 21-2.

Municipal affairs. 1846. Anastasio Carrillo sub-prefect Jan .- June, though often desiring to be relieved. Jueces de paz Antonio M. Ortega and Juan P. Ayala, Juan Camarrillo having been appointed juez 2° but excused at his own request. Estévan Ortega collector of munic, taxes. 1847. No records until May since June 1846. On May 9th Pablo de la Guerra and Luis Carrillo were elected Ist and 2d alcaldes. They declined the governor's appointment and refused to take the oath of allegiance to the U. S .; yet iu some way they seem to have retained the positions throughout the year. Unb. Doc., 15, 123-4, 204-5. Aug., gov. to Alcalde Carrillo, has ordered Capt. Lippitt to discontinue military proceedings against two men for insulting women and theft. Is willing to yield the jurisdiction in such cases to the alcaldes when as now he has reason to believe them influenced by proper motives. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 354. Dec. 11th, alcalde to gov., criticising the decree forbid- ding the sale of liquors to Ind., which he has not enforced. Moderate drink- ing is good for working men, and the Ind. will not work for anything else. Abuse of liquor is what should be punished; and the whites behave worse in this respect than the Ind. Unb. Doc., MS., 197-201. 1848. There had been an election, if not two, in Jan .- Dec., but one set of alcaldes declined to serve, against another apparently the citizens protested, and Pablo de la Guerra went on serving until on Feb. 8th Gov. Mason appointed Pedro C. Carrillo and Estevan Ardisson as alcaldes. Unb. Doc., MS., 25, 372-3; Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 473-4. It seems that another Don Pedro (Don Pablo ?) would have been appointed, but he declined to accept the offices from a mil. gov. May, Stevenson threatens Carrillo with removal if he refuses to obey. More trouble in Aug. Unb. Doc., MS., 335, 194. July, Capt. Lippitt reports that there are no civil magistrates. Id., 10. Trial of Benj. Foxen for the murder of Agustin Dávila by the two alcakles appointed as a special court by the gov. This vol., p. 611. Gervasio Ayala, Estévan Ortega, and Inocente Lo- renzana jueces de policía. Sta B. Arch., MS., 67. Gerónimo Ruiz zanjero at Carpinteria. Id., 71. March, munic. regulations by the Ist alcalde. Unb. Doc., MS., 25-7. Trouble with Ind. thieves: Tico authorized to make a raid. Sta B. Arch., MS., 69-71. April, gov. declines to interfere with the deci- sion of an umpire in a horse-race. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 508-9. June, the military must aid the civil authorities in guarding prisoners; much fault found with Lippitt's comp. Id., 565. July, Stevenson has visited Sta B., and has arranged munic. matters there, though he had to remonstrate with

632

LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO TO MONTEREY.

nel Stevenson, in command of the southern military district, had generally some fault to find with the jueces, but the difficulties never assumed any serious form. Only seven or eight ranchos were granted by the governor in this district. The mission, which had been rented in 1845, was sold in June 1846 to Rich-

the alcalde. Unb. Doc., MS., 23-4. The town must raise funds for expenses of admin. of justice; gov. finds fault with both Lippitt and Carrillo for their acts in several minor cases. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 569-76. Sept., the mil. com. releases a prisoner for want of civil authorities and a jail. Unb. Doc., MS., 22. Dec. 13th, Ramon Rodriguez buried; he was shot at Ortega's rancho while trying to arrest evil-doers. Dec. 20th, a boy 7 years old found dead from stabs near town. Dec. 28th, Lynch, Remer (or Raymond), and Quin shot, for murder at S. Miguel. Sta B., Lib. Mis., MS., 41-2.

Private ranchos. Canada de S. Miguel and Canada del Diablo, 2 l., granted in 1846 to Ramon Rodriguez, whose heirs were cl. * Cuyama, 11 1., 1846, Cesareo Lataillade; whose widow was el. Diablo, see Cañada. Goleta, 1 1., 1846, Daniel Hill, who was cl. Liebre, 11 1., 1846, José M. Flores, who was cl. S. Buenaventura mission, 12 1., 1846, José Arnaz; M. A. Rod- riguez de Poli, cl. S. Marcos, 8 1., 1846, Nicholas A. Den, who was cl. (Ste- venson annuls the grant to R. S. Den, in Oct. 1848. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 51.) S. Miguel, see Cañada. Sta Bárbara mission, 1846, Richard S. Den, who was cl. * Sta Ines mission, 1846, José MI. Covarrubias, who was cl. Sta Ines, land near, granted by Gov. Flores in 1846 to Joaquin Ayala, who in '47 was al- lowed by the govt to retain possession, though his title could not be good. Savage, Doc., MS., ii. 78. The grant of a house at the presidio by Gen. Cas- tro to Nicolás Lopez was in Feb. 1848 declared null. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 479.

Sta Bárbara mission. 1846. Jan., several letters of P. Duran to gov. on the delivery of the rented mission property, and about lots assigned to the Ind. and for support of the padres. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 69-72. March 24th, inventory of the property valued at $6,387. Hayes' Miss. B., i. 373-6. June Sth, bond of Den and Hill, who pledge their ranchos of Dos Pueblos and S. Pedro to return all the property in good condition after the term of nine years. Id., 372; Unb. Doc., MS., 279. June 10th, deed of sale to Richard S. Den for $7,500. Hartman's Brief, app. 96-9; Hayes' Miss. B., i. 377. July 1848, the govt orders the investigation of the lease by Col Stevenson. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 573-4. Aug. ISth, govt annuls the act of Alcalde Carrillo in putting R. S. Den in possession of S. Mareos, one of the mission ranchos, though not on the ground that the mission sale was illegal. Id., 596. I find nothing about the final disposition of R. S. Den's title, except that it was confirmed by the land commission, but that in his later suit against Den and Hill to get the property he was defeated in the U. S. circuit court on the ground that Pico had no power to sell the mission estate. Death of Garcia Diego, succession of Duran and Gonzalez, and death of Duran. This vol., p. 565-6. Late in 1848 Presbyter Jose M. Rosales was for doctrinal irregularities sent away from Cal. by the gov. of the diocese, Gonzalez, notwithstanding the petition of 50 citizens that he be retained for Los Angeles, the original of which is in Carrillo (D.), Doc., MS., 121-4.

Francisco Garcia Diego was a native of Mexico, and had been 'lector de artes y de sagrada teologia' at the Franciscan college of Guadalupe de Zaca- tecas, when sent to California in 1833 as comisario prefecto in charge of the Zacatecan band of missionaries. He became minister of Sta Clara, where he remained until 1833, discontented with the general condition of affairs, but performing acceptably the routine duties of his position, and showing himself to be a well meaning and intelligent man. Then he went to Mexico, to come

633

BISHOP GARCIA DIEGO AND PADRE DURAN.

ard S. Den for $7,500, but the lessees seem to have kept possession throughout 1846-8. Den's title was confirmed by the land commission, though there are indications that it was practically annulled in later litigation. Padre Duran, the venerable president of the Fernandinos, died at his post early in 1846, one

hack in 1841 as the first bishop of California. The country needed no bishop, and Garcia Diego was in no way fitted to overcome obstacles that would have discouraged a younger and more energetic man. Without priests or money he could accomplish nothing, and only at Sta Bárbara did he receive hearty popular support. Advanced in years, somewhat overweighted by the dignities of his office, grievously disappointed at the failure of his subjects to support his grand schemes for their good, he became peevish, and even childish, rarely leaving his home at Sta Bárbara, though he made an episcopal tour to the north in 1844. The kind-hearted and inoffensive old man, having left the governorship of the diocese to PP. Durau and Gonzalez, died at mid- night of April 30, 1846, at the age of 60 years, 5 months, and 24 days. He was buried May 3d by P. Gonzalez in a new tomb made for the purpose in the mission church. Sta B., Lib. Mis., MS., 39; Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 67; Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 197; Arch. Obisp., MS., 25.

Narciso Duran was born Dec. 16, 1776, at Castellon de Ampurias, Catalo- nia, and became a Franciscan at Gerona May 3, 1792. He came to Mexico in 1803 and to Cal. in 1806, serving at S. José in 1806-33, and Sta Bárbara in 1833-46. In 1817-20 he was praised by his superiors as a most zealous and efficient missionary, fit for the prelacy. Autobiog. Autog. de los Padres, MS., Sarria, Inf. de 1817, MS., 69-70; Payeras, Inf. de 1820, MS., 139. Durau was president of the Fernandinos in 1825-7, 1831-8, and 1844-6, being comi- sario prefecto in 1837-43, and governor of the diocese after the bishop's death in 1846. In all the mission chapters of the last three volumes of this work, the reader has found Padre Narciso's name more prominent than that of any other friar, and several of his writings appear in my list of authorities. He was a most earnest and successful missionary, the only fault ever found with him in this respect being an excess of zeal in the forcible conversion of gentiles for his mission of San José; while as prelate he was a worthy successor of Sarria, Señan, and Payeras. Throughout the troublous times of seculariza- tion he managed the mission affairs with marked ability. To a greater extent . than most of his comrades he was a politic and practical man, contenting him- self with a part when all could not be won. Though an able and bitter foe to secularization, yet as a choice of evils when he realized that secularization could not be prevented he gave honest and valuable advice respecting the practical working of the successive schemes. Though he often became impa- tient and despondent, these moods never lasted long; and though he engaged in many controversies and wrote many bitter and sarcastic things, he yet re- tained the esteem of most adversaries, and was always beloved by the people of all classes, being especially popular and influential at Sta Bárbara in the later years. Rather strangely I find no direct trace of his presence at S. José before ISII. An immense music book, written in colors on home-made parch- ment and bound in heavy boards and leather, has an explanatory preface signed ' Fr. N.' in 1813. In 1817 he was present at the founding of S. Rafael. He refused the oath to republicanism in 1826; refused to aid the revolutionist Solis in 1829; and in 1831, suffering from the gout, obtained a promise of his passport for Habana. In 1832, discouraged at the mortality among his Ind., he writes ' la paciencia no me alcanza, y no veo las horas de tirar esta carga.' Figueroa recommended his exile in 1833, and Duran never had friendly feel- ings for this governor, believing him to be a much overrated man. In 1836 he had a controversy with Chico, and became an earnest and most valuable

634

LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO TO MONTEREY.

month after the death of Bishop García Diego of the Zacatecanos; but Padre Gonzalez still remained throughout this period and for nearly thirty years longer, to become the last survivor of all the Califor- nian missionaries. The mission of San Buenaventura had also been rented, but was sold for $12,000 in June 1846 to José Arnaz, one of the lessees. His title as purchaser, though confirmed by the courts in later years, was not recognized by the government in 1846- 8, and he was even ousted as lessee in 1848, Isaac Callaghan obtaining a lease from Colonel Stevenson, and being also juez auxiliar, as José Moraga and

supporter of Alvarado even against Carrillo, his personal friend. In 1839 he again thought of departure and obtained a new passport, having already one from Figueroa. In 1845 he ordered the balance due him to be paid to the neopbytes. In 1845-6 his advice was sought and in many respects followed by Gov. Pico in the matter of renting and selling the missions. In physique Duran was of medium stature, somewhat stout, of fair complexion, and blue eyes. Mofras, Explor., i. 199, gives a portrait, only a tolerable likeness ac- cording to P. Gonzalez, says Taylor. His death occurred on June 1, 1846, at 5 P. M., and he was buried June 3d, by Padre Gonzalez, in the church vault. Sta B., Lib. Mis., MS., 40; Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 72. Only two of the Spanish Fernandinos, Oliva and Ordaz, survived him.

San Buenaventura. 1846. José Moraga appointed juez de paz in Jan. May 20th, the Ind. authorize the gov. to dispose of the mission for govt needs. Miscel. Doc., MS., 14-24. June 8th, deed of sale to José Arnaz for $12,000 due him. St. Pap., Miss., MS., xi. 61-3; Hartman's Brief, app. 92- 6. June 10th, assembly approves grant of 400 varas to Fernando Tico. Leg. Rec., MS., iv. 354. June 19th, inventory of various effects delivered to the lessees, including 1,273 head of cattle. Pico, Pap. Mis., MS., 77-9. Arnaz, Rcc., MS., 83, says he paid Botello $1,000 for his interest in the lease. Gov, Pico here with his army in June. This vol., p. 48. Occupied by the Calif. in Oct. Id., 317. 1847. Fremont and his battalion arrive Jan. Id., 400. 1848. Francisco Ortega juez de paz until May 26th, when he was removed by Col Stevenson and Isaac Callaghan appointed in his place; and Gov. Mason, though criticising Stevenson's act, confirmed the appointment on June 11th. Jan. 7th, gov. authorizes 6 Ind. to continue their occupation of mission lands unless José Moraga can show a legal right to dispossess them. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 454. Feb .- June, imperfect details of Stevenson's in- vestigation of Arnaz's acts in disposing of mission property. The corresp. seems to indicate that Arnaz was regarded merely as lessee, and that his bill of sale was not presented. At any rate, he was ousted and his vineyard and other property were seized as security. Id., 479, 504, 549, 563-4; Los Ang. Arch., MS., iii. 175-84, 191-2; Unb. Doc., MS., 331-4. It was in connec- tion with this change that Callaghan was appointed to succeed Ortega; and apparently in Aug. Callaghan became lessee. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 588. Streeter, Recoll., MS., 91-5, claims to have been a partuer of C., his brother- in-law, and says nothing was heard of Arnaz's ownership till 1850. Arnaz, Recuerdos, MS., 91-3, however, says that his title as owner was presented to Stevenson and by him declared a forgery. The Arnaz title was finally con- firmed by land commission and U. S. courts, though litigation lasted many years, and many men in that region still regard the title as fraudulent. I

635

SAN BUENAVENTURA AND SANTA INÉS,

Francisco Ortega had been before him. Presbyter José M. Rosales remained in charge of spiritual in- terests until expelled by his prelate late in 1848, and Alejandro M. Branchi was the next curate from 1849. Santa Inés was sold to the lessees, Covarrubias and Carrillo, for $7,000 in June 1846; but though they kept possession until after 1848 under their lease, their title by purchase was finally declared invalid. Joaquin Carrillo, Agustin Janssens, Francisco Cota, and José M. Covarrubias are named as successive jueces de paz; and Padre Joaquin Jimeno continued as curate, being also rector of the ecclesiastical sem- inary, an institution which, with Padre Francisco de Jesus Sanchez as vice-rector, still maintained a pre- carious existence. Purísima was entirely abandoned, and nothing about the establishment appears in the records.

Though no longer the capital, Monterey had still the custom-house, the prefectura, and the military comandancia, being still as in former years the centre

have found no satisfactory reasons to doubt that the sale was made in good faith.

Santa Inés. 1846. Joaquin Carrillo juez de paz in Jau .; Octaviano Gutier- rez juez 2° in June; Agustin Janssens juez and military comandante in Oct. Jan., corresp. between P. Jimeno, Juez Carrillo, and the gov. about support of the padre, who complained, and proposed that the rent of $580 should be equally divided between the Ind. and padre. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 100. June 15th, deed of sale to Covarrubias and Joaquin Carrillo for $7,000. Hartman's Brief, app. 99-102; Unb. Doc., MS., 280-1. Interview between Gov. Pico and Pref. Castro in June. This vol., p. 143. Some unimportant troubles with the Ind. are described by Janssens. Vida, MS., ISS-91. 1847. Sept. 6th, Gov. Mason calls upon the lessees for copies of their contract, also accounts of rents, etc. Cal. & N. Mex. 1850, p. 392. Nov. 29th, gov. de- clines to recognize the sale to Covarrubias and Carrillo, because the sale had not been at auction as required, and because their acts in continuing to pay rent in 1846-7 was against the theory of a purchase. They must be regarded as renters, and must settle up and show receipts on that basis. Id., 436. 1848. Francisco Cota juez auxiliar, succeeded in March by José M. Covarru- bias; though Janssens claims to have been juez in Jan. Dec. 31st, financial condition of the ecclesiastical seminary, Fr José Joaquin Jimeno rector, Fr Francisco de Jesus Sanchez vice-rector; receipts for 1848 ($58 from parents of pupils, $667 from sales of live-stock, $250 from bishop, $239 from rector, $300 from vice-rector, from Americans $25, and alms $96), $1,635; expend. $1,846, deficit $211; deficit of 1847, $337. Crops 226 fanegas of grain. Cattle at end of 1848, 1,706 head. Savage, Doc., MS., ii. 83; Sta Ines, Lib. Mis., MS., 35.

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History of California, Volume XXII, Part 66

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 816

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816