USA > California > Santa Barbara County > History of Santa Barbara county, California, with illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 2
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*For the sake of convenience the sequence in numbering the chapters is preserved, as the conclusion of the volume will be common to both counties
CHAPTER XXXVII.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS.
Bradley Retires from the Signal-Retrospcetion-Murder and Lynching-Land-holders-Regular Election of 1873-Year of Prosperity-Bank of Ventura-Trotting Park-Low Fares-Shipments of Produce-The Fourth of 1874-Hon. Walter Murray-Local Option-Nativity of the Settlers- Chief Tax-payers in 1874-Excessive Rain-fall-Fire Com- pany-Ventura Gas Company-Ventura Planing Mill- Newspaper History-Free Press-Newspaper War-Politi- cal Affairs in 1875-People's Party-Election Returns for 1875-L. F. Eastin. 360 to 367
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
POLITICS AND PROGRESS.
Loss of the Kalorama -- The Centennial at Various Places- County Officers of 1876-Presidential Election-Heavy .Tax-Payers-W. S. Chaff e-Drought of 1877-Loss of the Wharf-Petition for a Breakwater-Bard and Murphy- Election of 1877-Election Returns-Town Officers-Judi- ciary Elections-Progress-Casitas Pass Road-Hook & Ladder Company-W. E. Shepherd as Editor-Political Mat- ters in 1879-Democratic Convention-Candidates-Elec- tion Returns in 1879-Agricultural Statistics-Mysterious Affair-A Wild Ride-Commercial Affairs in 1880-Matters in 1881-Garfield Obsequies-I. T. Saxby-W. J. Walton- Election Returns of 1882-Present Condition of Affairs- Furniture Factory-Machine Shop-Societies-Newspapers -"Signal"-F. W. Baker-" Free Press"-Thomas Clark, of the Ventura Mill Company- T. E. Mills-Hotels-Halls and Places of Resort-Ve tura Bank-Churches -- Congre- gational Church - The Presbyteria 1 Charch - Methodist Church 367 to 380
CHAPTER XXXIX.
EASTERN PORTION OF THE COUNTY.
Rancho La Colonia-First Cultivation-John Scarlett-P. B. Hawkins-John G. Hill-Edward K. Benchley-Hueneme War-Artesian Wells-Growth of the Town-Good Tem- plars - Hueneme in 1880 - Shipments of Grain - The Light-house-James Fenlon-Guadalasca Rancho-W. R. Broome's Estate-Las Posas Rancho-Peter Rice-Simi Rancho-Tapo Rancho-Springville-J. B. Palin-Inde- pendent Baptist Church-Wm. A. Hughes-The Calleguas -- Juan Camarillo-The Conejo Rancho . 380 to 393
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XL. CENTRAL PORTION.
Santa Clara Valley-John Mears, Joseph H. McCutchan-Fruit- raising-Abner Haines - San Miguel Rancho- Raymundo Olivas-George G. Sewell-Santa Paula y Saticoy Rancho- Rev. S. T. Wells-Briggs' Orchard-Settlers in 1867-Mich- ael Fagan-Other Settlers-N. W. Blanchard - Orange Orch- ard-James A. Day-G. W. Faulkner-Pork-raising-John F. Cummings-Towns-The Farmers' Canal-Chrisman and Willoughby-Good Farmers-M. D. L. Todd-John Mc- Kenna-Santa Paula-S. P. Guiberson-Saticoy-Geo. F. Rotsler-Santa Clara Del Norte-New Jerusalem -Sespe Rancho-Scenega- B. F. Warring-The Camulos-San Francisco Rancho .. 393 to 408
CHAPTER XLI. THE WESTERN PART OF THE COUNTY.
San Buenaventura Valley-Ex-Mission -- San Miguelito-Green B. Taylor-Rock Soap -- Can ida Largo o Verde Rancho -- Ojai Rancho-Robert Ayers-W. S. McKee-Other Set- tlers-Theo lore Todd-Disagreeable Visitor-Statistics of the Ojai-Schools-Quality of the Soil-As a Sanitarium -- Joseph Hobart-Roads to the Ojai-Nordhoff-Frank P. Barrows-Private Houses-H. J. Dennison-Views Near the Upper Ojai-Poetry-John Montgomery -- Cloud-bursts -Glacial Theory-Liability to Cloud-bursts-Is There Any Help ?- Santa Ana Rancho-Colonization Project-Matilija Sulphur Springs-Other Parts of the County-M. S. Dim- mick 408 to 420
CHAPTER XLII. MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.
Oranges-Grapes and Wine-Raisins-Olives-Mineral Soap- Agriculture-Gold Mining-Silver-Sulphur-Petroleum- Local Character-Geo. S. Gilbert-Wonderful Springs- The Standard Oil Company . 420 to 431
CHAPTER XLIII.
THE MURDER OF T. WALLACE MORE.
Libel Suit-Ill-Feeling-The Crime Traces of the Murderers Development of Facts - New Evidence - Trial of F. A. Sprague-Sentence-Jones' Defection-Great Excitement- Jones' Second Affidavit-Case Reviewed by the Governor- 431 to 442
CHAPTER XLIV.
THE BAR.
The Hon. Joaquin Carrillo-The Hon. Pablo de la Guerra -- Augustus F. Hinchman-Albert Packard-Charles E. Huse -Charles Fernald-Eugene Lies-Edward S. Hoar-Eugene Fawcett-John Francis Maguire-S. R. I. Sturgeon-Milton Wason-Walter Murray-R. M. Dillard-J. T. Richards- O. L. Abbott-Judge J. D. Hines-Thomas McNulta-B. F. Thomas-C. A. Thompson-S. A. Sheppard-W. E. Shep- herd-A. A. Oglesby-C. W. Goodchild-Judge D. P. Hatch -Orestes Orr-James L. Barker-Col. A. J. Cameron-W. T. Williams-B. T. Williams-L. C. McKeeby-John Haralson-R. C. Carlton-Hon. C. A. Storke-Paul R. Wright-R. B. Canfield-Charles N. Bledsoe-J. H. Kin- kaid-W. C. Stratton-F. Leslie Kellogg-John J. Boyce- E. S. Hall-N. Blackstock-J. Marion Brooks-E. B. Hall -L. C. Granger- - Requa-Caleb Sherman. 442 to 454
CHAPTER XLV. CONCLUDING SUBJECTS.
Climate-J. W. Hough's Description-Mrs. V. F. Russell on Nervous Diseases-Temperature at Santa Barbara-Com- parative Temperatures-Humidity-Exceptional Weather- Hot Weather-Rains out of Season-Dr. Dimmick's Gar- den-Temperature of the Sea-Rain-fall -. Here and There- Now and Then-The Fine Arts-Poetry-Recompense-In Santa Barbara -- Flower Land and Frost Land -- The Dying Day-Painting 454 to 463
PORTRAITS.
PAGE.
PAGE. 240
Guerra, Pablo de la
144
Andonaegui, J. M
359
Hatch, D. P
234
Bard, Cephas L.
356
Heath, Russel (steel). 24
Bard, Thomas R. (steel)
Benchley, Edw. K 124
384
Long, Geo. H 292
Maguire, J. F 445
Brinkerhoff, S. B. (steel)
40
McGlashan, C. F. (steel) 140
256
Brooks, J. Marion
453
More, T. Wallace (steel)
60
Buell, R. T
303
Moore, Thomas W. (steel)
388
Camarillo, Juan
350
Sherman, C. E
234
Del Valle, Ygnacio
46
Stearns, John P. (steel).
92
Den, Nicholas A. (steel)
311
Tebbetts, G. P. 250
Fernald, Charles (steel).
36
Thompson, Dixie W. (steel) 108
Fisher I. K.
244
Thornburgh, Madison 315
Foxen, Benjamin
322
Wason, Milton. 446
Foxen, Mrs. Benjamin
322
Wood, W. O. (steel) 364
Glancey, Theodore
239
Yndart, W 232
20
Bell, John S. (steel)
Hollister, W. W. (steel)
Blanchard, N. W
400
392
Rice, Peter
Dunbar, John
-
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE. 307
Gilbert, George S
430
Arlington
337
" Glen Anme " 276
Arnold, Cutler. 386
" Glenrose " 420
Artesian Well
360
Goodwin & Bryant 318
Ayers, Robert
372
Haines, Abner
394
Bailard, John
280
Hart, Reuben
232
Baker, F. W., Jr
340
Hart, Thos
311
Ballard, Town of 301
Hawkins, P. B
382
Bank, Santa Barbara Co., National
44
Heath, Russel
28
Bard, Thomas R
356
Hill, Jesse
288
Baron, Pedro
272
Hill, John G
383
Barrows, Frank P 413
Hobart, J
412
Bell, John S 128
Hobson, Jesse I
285
Benchley, Edw. K
384
276
Blanchard & Bradley
400
Hudson, J. W
319
Blosser, S. M
48
Hughes, W. A
430
Bradley, Charles 320
Independent Office
44
Braun, Robert.
52
Jones, S. J.
52
Broome, Wm. Rich'd
56
Jones, T. A.
52
Buckhorn Ranch
408
Kimber, Job V.
244
Buell, R. T
302
Kriedel & Fleisher
319
Callis, Thomas C
268
" La Patera "
224
Callis, W. S
268
Leslie, Alexander
297
Cañada Honda 292
Lewis, George W
301
Careaga, Juan B 296
Long, George H
292
Carpenteria Wharf 264
McCaffrey, James
272
Central City Hotel 300
McCutchan, J. H.
388
Chaffee, W. S.
369
McElhaney, J. M
340
Chrisman & Willoughby 402
McKee, W. S
410
Clark, C. H. 300
McKenna, John
412
Clark, Thomas 378
224
Miller, Isaac
316
Cook, R. D
318
Mill (Blanchard & Bradley)
400
Cooper, J. W
56
Mill (Reuben Hart)
232
Court House, Santa Barbara 12
Mill (Ventura Mill)
378
Court House, Ventura
352
Mills, T. E.
380
Crosby, J. A 300
Mission, La Purissima
288
Cummings, J. F 401
Mission, Santa Barbara
16
Day, James A.
372
Montgomery, John
416
Dennison H. J
415
Moore, Magdalena.
64
Dimmick, M. S.
420
Morris, W. T
302
Dinwiddie, J. F
228
Fagan, M
388
" Ojai Valley " House 413
16
Fenlon, James
386
Orange Orchard 400
Forbes, J. M
280
Foxen, Fred. R
324
Patterson, C. D. 68
Foxen, John C.
325
Pezzoni, Battista 312
Foxen, G. J. J
321
Point Sal, Creamery 312
Foxen, Thomas 322
Prell, John G. 285
Garretson, Jos. M
236
Press, Santa Barbara 329
PAGE.
Adam, Wm. L.
Faulkner, G. W 405
O'Keefe, J. J
Palin, J. B. 390
" Oak Glen " Cottages
410
Mears, John
392
Confor, Samuel
Hollister, W. W
xi
BIOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES.
PAGE
Rice, J. H
PAGK. 308
Taylor, Green B
409
Roberts, George
284
The Arlington
337
Roberts, W. N
224
Todd, M. D. L
403
Robinson, Richard
404
Todd Theodore
411
Rotsler, G. F 380
Tognazzini, Antonio
332
Salsbury, Thomas 313
272
Tyler, James
332
Santa Maria Hotel
48
Union Hotel
72
375
Ventura Flouring Mill
378
Saxby, Isaac T
380
Walton, W. J
376
Scarlett, John
396
Warring, B. F
408
Sewell, George G
32
Welch, G. C.
64
Sexton Joseph
264
Wells, S. T
397
Smith's Wharf.
264
Wharf, Carpinteria
264
Snyder, J. D
72
Wharf, Santa Barbara.
48
Stearns' Wharf.
48
Wiekenden, Fred
323
Stone J. R
228
Wilson, Thomas 314
Stowell, H.
317
Wood, W. ()
364
Stow, S. P
232
Biographical and Descriptive Sketches.
PAGE. 307
Cooper, J. W
291
Andonaegui, J. M
241
Crosby. J. A ...
317
Ayers, Robert
410
Cummings, J. F
401
Bailard, John.
378
Del Valle, Ygnacio 350
46
Bard, Cephas L
356
Dennison, H. J
415
Bard, Thomas R
281
Dimmick, M. S.
419
Baron, Pedro.
414
Dinwiddie, J. F
286
Barrows, Frank P.
124
Dunbar, John
310
Bell, John S
384
Eastin, L. F
366
Benchley, Edw. K
399
Fagan, M
399
Blanchard, N. W
315
Faulkner, G. W
401
Blosser, S. M.
320
Fenlon, James
387
Bradley, Charles.
320
Fernald, Charles
36
Braun, Robert ..
40
Fisher, I. K
244
Brinkerhoff, S. B
453
Fleisher, Marks ..
319
Brooks, J. Marion
387
Foxen, Benjamin.
322
Broome, Wm. Rich'd
Foxen, Mrs. Benjamin .
322
Bryant, E. T 319
Foxen, Fred. R.
323
Callis, Thomas C
268
Foxen, John C.
323
Callis, W. S
268
Foxen, G. J. J
322
Camarillo, Juan.
392
Foxen, Thomas
322
Careaga, Juan B 295
Garretson, Jos. M
430
Chaffee, W. S 369
Gilbert, George S.
238
Chrisman & Willoughby 402
Glaneey, Theodore
318
Clark, C. H.
299
Goodwin, James F
144
Clarke, Thomas
378
Guerra, Pablo de la
396
Connor, Samuel
307
Haines, Abner
Cook, R. D
315
Hart, Reuben
318
269
Day, James A 401
Baker, F. W., Jr
359
Den, Nicholas A
PAGE.
Adam, William L
Trott, George J
317
San José Vineyard.
Smith, F. and J. M.
Buell, R. T 302
235
xii
BIOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES.
PAGE
PAGE.
Hart, Thomas
311
Prell, John G
314
Hatch, D. P
234
Rice, J. H
308
Hawkins, P. B.
382
Rice, Peter 388
Heath, Russel
24
Roberts, George
286
Hill, Jesse
289
Roberts, W. N
275
Hill, John G
383
Rotsler, G. F
405
Hobart, J
412
Salsbury, Thomas 312
Hobson, Jesse I
285
Saxby, Isaac T
375
Hollister, W. W
20
Scarlett, John
382
Hudson, J. W
310
Sewell, George G 396
Hughes, W. A
391
Sexton, Joseph
274
Huse, Charles E
166
Sherman, C. E
233
Jones, S. J
316
Smith, F. & J. M.
271
Jones, T. A.
316
Snyder, J. D
297
Kimber, Joh V
243
Stearns, John P
92
Kriedel, Samuel
319
Stone, J. R
323
Leslie, Alexander
297
Stowell, H
316
Lewis, George W
3,01
Taylor, Green B 409
Long, George H
292
Tebbetts, G. P.
249
Maguire, J. F
445
Thompson, Dixie W
108
McCaffrey, James.
273
Thornburgh, Madison
315
McCutchan, J. H.
395
McElhaney, J. M
315
Todd, Theodore
411
McGlashan, C. F
140
Tognazzini, Antonio 312
317
McKenna, John
403
Tyler, James
311
Mears, John.
393
Walton, W. J
376
Miller, Isaac. 316
379
Wason, Milton
446
Montgomery, John 416
Welch, G. C
276
More, T. Wallace
256
Wells, S. T
397
Moore, Thomas W
60
Wickenden, Fred
323
Morris, W. T
315
Wilson, Thomas
314
Palin, J. B
390
Wood, W. O 364
232
Patterson, C. D.
296
Yndart, U
Pezzoni, Battista
312
Todd, M. D. L.
403
McKee, W. S
410
Trott, George J
Warring, B. F 406
Mills, T. E
COURT HOUSE, SANTA BARBARA, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
HISTORY
OF
SANTA BARBARA AND VENTURA COUNTIES,
CALIFORNIA.
BY JESSE D. MASON.
CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.
Ignorance of the World in Regard to the Pacific Coast Fifty Years Since-Splendid Fictions Concerning the Northwest -Allotment of Lands by the Pope to the Emperor of Spain, and by Him to Cortez-Expeditions of Coronado and Cabrillo-Discovery of the Canons of the Colorado and the Walled Cities-Discovery of the Coast of California, and the Islands off the Coast of Santa Barbara -Accounts of the Native Inhabitants-Numerous Villages-Death and Burial of Portala-Discoveries of Sir Francis Drake.
THOSE who studied geography fifty years since, recollect how little was known of the "Great West." " Lewis and Clark's Expedition to the Rocky Mount- ains" contained about all that was known of the Pacific Coast; and hundreds of persons now living remember that that portion of the map, now occupied by Arizona and California, was used for a table of distances between the cities of the United States. The Rocky Mountains were represented as a single range running from the Isthmus of Darien to the North Pole. More facts concerning the Pacific Slope were learned in the first fifty years after the discov- ery of the New World than in the following 200. The deserts of Arizona and the Great Canon shut off exploration and settlement from this direction, though rumors of a country rich in gold had circulated among the hordes that had overrun Mexico soon after its conquest by Cortez and his followers. On such rumors was founded the story of " Sergas," by Esplandin, the son of Amadis of Gaul, which con- tained the story of a country called California, very near to the terrestrial paradise, which was peopled by black women, without any men among them, because they were accustomed to live after the man- ner of the Amazons. They were of strong and hardened bodies, of ardent courage, and great force. The island, from its steep and rocky cliffs, was the
strongest in the world. Their arms were all of gold, as were the trappings of the wild horses they rode.
At that time the world was full of rumors of won- derful discoveries, both by sea and land. Some, like De Soto, set off in search of the "Spring of Eternal Youth," which, it was confidently asserted, was just the other side of a range of mountains which many had seen. It was easier to believe in a land of gold than in a spring which would confer eternal beauty and strength on all who would drink of its waters, so the land of gold was the object of general search. This exciting book, written to satisfy the wants of the age, was universaliy read in Spain, and was prob- ably the cause for the expedition which afterwards, under the charge of Hernando Grijalva, actually dis- covered California, and thus came near realizing the romance, and gave name to the land which was to pour into the commercial arteries of the world the fabulous sums which confused all the values of prop- erty, and set up a new race of money kings.
Cortez had achieved the conquest of Mexico with but a handful of soldiers. and nine years after re- turned to Spain laden with the spoils of an empire, larger, and richer, and, perhaps, more civilized than Spain herself, also with accounts of countries still richer and larger northwest of Mexico. He was re- ceived with distinguished honor by Charles V., who rewarded him with many gifts and honors, among which was the right to one-twelfth of all the precious metals he could find, and a perpetual vice-royalty for himself, and liens over all the lands he might dis- eover.
It will be remembered that the Pope, in order to disseminate the "True Faith," had granted to the Emperor of Spain all the lands that his subjects might discover, so that Cortez, from the condition of a roving, piratical vagabond, bounded into royal honors.
3
14
HISTORY OF SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
NEW EXPEDITIONS FOR DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT.
Returning to Mexico, he immediately commenced organizing new expeditions, both by land and sea, but such was the difficulty of building and equipping ships on the Western coast, that he did not get them off until 1535. He landed on the Peninsula of Cal- ifornia, but found the land so barren and uninviting, that he abandoned the expedition, and returned to Mexico in 1537. On his return, he heard of the De Soto expedition, which like all the other expeditions, had nearly, but not quite, reached the country where arms, as well as the trappings for horses, were made of pure gold. This led to the fitting out of two ex- peditions, one by land under the command of Vas- quez de Coronado, the other by sea, commanded by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. The first, making their way towards the northwest, came to the Colorado River, and gave to the world the first account of the wonderful cañon, a mile deep between perpendicular walls, so deep that daylight could not reach its dark depths. He also spoke of the walled cities, accounts of which had reached him through some Franciscan friars. The stories of the deep cañons, a mile or more in depth, of walled cities, and of a race of giants, were consigned to the same fate as the stories of mermaids, and other sea monsters, and were con- sidered as the after-dinner stories of some bibulous explorer; but the recent explorations of the Colorado River by the United States Government, have con- firmed the statements of the early explorers in most particulars, and made known to the world perhaps the most wonderful of all river scenery. It remained for another people, than the Spaniards, to find the marvel- ous silver and gold mines which had excited their cupidity, and moved them to action.
The other exploring party got off a couple of years later, and though the result was at the time consid- ered as a failure, it eventually resulted in nearly all that the Spanish explorers had dared to hope for. Cabrillo was the first European to discover and ex- plore the coast of Upper California. His visit here was made in 1542, only fifty years after the discovery of America by Columbus, eighty years previous to the settlement of New England by the colonists of the Mayflower, and more than 200 years before the Franciscan missions were founded on this coast. To Cabrillo we are indebted for the earliest accounts of the native inhabitants of Santa Barbara County, their character and condition before they were subjected to the destructive influences of the white races.
On Saturday, October 7, 1542, the two ships com- posing the exploring expedition, arrived at the islands of Anacapa and Santa Cruz, which they named La Vittoria and San Salvador, after the names of their ships. The historian states that they anchored off one of them, when there issued a great quantity of Indians from among the bushes and grass, yelling and dancing, and making signs that they should come on shore. The women were frightened, and ran away,
but the men, after receiving friendly signals from the ships, laid down their bows and arrows on the ground, and launched a good canoe, in which eight or ten Indians came to the vessels. The Spaniards gave them beads and little presents, with which, greatly delighted, they presently went away. After- wards the Spaniards went on shore, and were re- ceived in a friendly manner. And old Indian made signs to them that on the main-land men were jour- neying, clothed and with beards like the Spaniards. They doubtless had heard of Coronado's expedition in Arizona, made two years before, in search of the seven cities of Cibola. October 10th, they ap- · proached the main-land, probably of the Santa Clara Valley, where there was an Indian village near the sea, and the houses large, in the manner of those of New Spain. They anchored in front of a large val- ley. To the ships came many good canoes, which held in each one twelve or thirteen Indians. They go covered with skins of animals; they are fishers, and eat the fish raw; they also eat agaves. The country within is a very beautiful valley, and they made signs that there was in that valley much maize and much food. "There appears within this valley some sierras, very high, and the land is very rugged." The Indians call the village Xucu. They sailed from this place on the 13th, up the coast, on which they saw many cabins and trees, and the next day they anchored opposite a valley, very beautiful and very populous, the land being level, with many trees. The natives came with fish in their canoes; they remained great friends. On the 15th they held on their voyage along the coast, and there were always many canoes, " for all the coast is very populous," and many Indians were continually com- ing aboard the ships, and they pointed out to us the villages, and named them by their names. All these villages are in a good country, with very good plains, and many trees and cabins; they go clothed ·with skins; they said that inland there were many towns, and much maize at three days' dis- tance. They passed this day along the shore of a large Island (Santa Rosa), and they said it was very populous. On the evening of the 16th, they anchored opposite two villages (Dos Pueblos). The next day they proceeded three leagues, and there were with the ships from daybreak many canoes, and the cap- tain continually gave them many presents, and all the coast where they passed was very populous. They brought them a large quantity of fresh sardines, very good.
"They say that inland there are many villages and much food; these did not eat any maize; they went clothed with skins, and wear their hair very long, and tied up with cords very long and placed within the hair, and these strings have many small daggers attached, of flint and wood and bone."
On the 18th they went running up the coast, and saw all the coast populous, but because a fresh wind sprung up, the canoes did not come. They came
15
EARLY HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.
near a point which forms a cape, which they named Cabo de Galera (Point Concepcion). Thence they sailed to two islands, the smaller of which they called La Passession (San Miguel), and the larger, San Lucas (Santa Rosa). They found both of these islands inhabited. They departed from these islands intending to sail up the coast, but meeting with rough weather, they sought the shelter of Point Con- cepeion, and east anchor in front of a large town called by the natives Xexo. But because wood did not appear abundant, they sailed back down the coast to Pueblo de las Sardinas (Goleta or Patara). Here they remained three days, taking in wood and water, and the natives aided them, and brought wood and water to the ships.
"They call the village Cieacut, and gave us the names of sixteen more villages extending up to Cabo de Galera. An old Indian woman is princess of these villages. Cieacut appeared to be the capital of the other villages, as they came from the other villages at the call of that princess. They have their houses round, and covered well down to the ground: they go covered with the skins of animals; they eat acorns and a grain which is as large as maize, and is white, of which they make dumplings; it is good food. They say that inland there is much maize."
Between this place and Xueu, where they first landed, the historian gives the names of twenty- five villages. On November 6th they sailed up the coast, but as there was little wind, they did not reach the cape until the fourth day. During this time the Indians came to them with water and fish, and showed much good disposition.
"They have in their villages large public squares, and an inclosure like a circle, and around the inclosure they have many blocks of stone fastened in the ground, which issue about three palms, and in the middle of the inelosure they have many sticks of timber driven in the ground like masts and very thick, and they have many pictures on these posts, and we believe that they wor- ship them, for when they dance, they go dancing around the inelosure."
November 11th they made the second attempt to explore the northern coast. This time they went up as far north as Bodega Bay. On their return they reached San Miguel Island November 23d. Here they made their headquarters during the winter, and here their able commander and skillful navigator, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, died, and was buried where the shifting sands have concealed the place of his rest. The history of the expedition re- cords the names of two villages on San Miguel Island, three on Santa Rosa, and eight on Santa Cruz Island, and states that the Indians of these islands are very poor.
"They are fishermen; they eat nothing but fish; they sleep on the ground. In each house they say there are fifty souls. They live very swinishly. They go naked."
After a trip to the main-land at Galeta to obtain wood, they returned to San Miguel, and on February
18th, in accordance with Cabrillo's last request, they made another trip up the coast. This time they passed above Cape Mendocino. On the fifth of March they returned to San Miguel, but could not enter the harbor by reason of a storm, so they ran to Santa Cruz Island. During the next four days they made a trip to the main-land, and returning to the islands, they departed down the coast .*
These expeditions were so unsatisfactory, that Cor- tez resolved upon exploring the coast himself. Three vessels were fitted out at Tehuantepee, and dispatched up the coast, going no further. however, than the Gulf of California. He marched overland with a large number of soldiers, settlers, and priests. In these expeditions it was discovered that Lower Cali- fornia was not an island, but a peninsula. Several attempts were made to settle the land, but it was poor and sterile. The native Indians were destitute of energy and character, both sexes going nearly naked. Other expeditions were sent out from time to time, but the energy, which twenty-five years be- fore had conquered a kingdom, was wanting, and the discoveries in Upper California were suffered to pass unheeded for a full century, while the world's atten- tion was turned towards the rich silver mines of South America and Mexico.
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