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The evidences of grief that were made manifest when the state real- ized that he had passed from among her people, and that his counsels could no more be at hand, were genuine tokens of love which a grateful people entertained for their most illustrious fellow-citizen, but the influ- ence of Clay upon the political life of Kentucky, consisted not alone in the sway he exerted during his life, in part, it may have been, by the spell of his magnetic personality, but in the unconscious, permeating influence it has exerted since his death, and is now exerting. More closely analyzed the life of Clay did not present all of the inconsistencies with which it has been charged. The student of affairs in Kentucky is not ignorant of the fact that Governor Shelby said in the early period of statehood, "we should extend the fostering care of government to our infant industries." Jefferson had uttered the same sentiments. So had Calhoun. When Clay, therefore, became the champion of the "Amer- ican System" he was merely pushing to the front an issue that he had cherished since his first entry into public life. Many of the charges of inconsistency that were laid at the door of Clay found origin in the minds of those who had themselves been more guilty than he.
That Clay loved Kentucky, and Kentuckians, no less than they loved him, was made manifest on every proper occasion. Among the most eloquent of the passages that have been preserved to us is a recital of his public life, and the support his own people had given him. It is worthy a permanent place in the annals of the state. He said, referring to the period of his public life in which he had been bitterly assailed:
"During that long period you have beheld our country passing through scenes of peace and war, of prosperity and adversity, of party divisions, local and general, the one often greatly exasperated against the other. I have been an actor in most of those scenes. Throughout the whole of them you have clung to me with an affectionate confidence which has never been surpassed. I have found in your attachment, in every embar- rassment in my public career, the greatest consolation, and the most encouraging support. I should regard the loss of it as one of the great public misfortunes that could befall me. That I have often miscon- ceived your true interest is highly probable. That I have sacrificed them to the object of personal aggrandisement I utterly deny. And, for the purity of my motives, however, in other respects I may be unworthy to approach the throne of Grace and Mercy, I appeal to the justice of my God, with all the confidence that can flow from a consciousness of per- fect rectitude."
Strong and marked as were the exchanges of confidence and affec- tion between him and his people, in retrospect Clay did not hold the attachments of Kentucky by the force of his dominating personality alone. Statement, often stronger than argument, is all that is sufficient
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to demonstrate the truth of this expression. For thirty years he was the acknowledged champion of the "American System." He believed that the infant industries of the country needed the fostering care and support of a protective tariff. To be sure he knew but little about economic subjects. It is doubtful if he had ever read Adam Smith. That he suffered under the cold, analytical dissection of Webster, then a free-trader, is not a matter of wonderment, but that he was able to overcome all opposition, and to see a tariff for revenue established as one of the permanent policies of the country, is a tribute to his power of foresight. While he himself had opposed rechartering the Bank of the United States, before the War of 1812, in 1816, with the light of a war experience, and deflation everywhere apparent, he became the most ardent supporter of that institution. Jackson triumphed in the end, so long as his sway was dominant, but the conception of Hamilton, the advocacy of Clay is the more perfected system of national currency and banking which exists today, and as we gradually approach a system adapted to the needs of the ever increasing demands of an expansive growth, the more we appreciate the far-seeing wisdom of Hamilton and Clay as the exponents of a national currency of uniform value. As the advocate of Internal Improvements, however, Clay must always hold the premiership. In his allegiance to this principle he never wavered. The vetoes of Monroe, the opposition of Jackson, the deflection of Cal- houn could not weaken or abate his ardor. Under no conditions did he ever show his knowledge of constitutional limitations to the extent that he did in combating the foes of governmental aid to public improve- ments. And, notwithstanding the fact that he was baffled and defeated in his most cherished undertakings, it is one of the indisputable revela- tions of events that no principle of government is today more securely established than the constitutionality of government aid to public im- provements. When it is remembered that even after the Civil war the national platform of the democratic party contained a clause to the effect that any system of Internal Improvements was without consti- tutional sanction, coupled with the fact that within the past decade a larger sum was appropriated for Internal Improvements by a democra- tic Congress than hitherto in the history of the nation, another striking contribution is made to the foresight of Clay as a statesman, and the ultimate triumph of a vision. He died triumphant in the belief that he had preserved the Union. The great tragedy that had haunted him from the days of the Missouri Compromise he did not live to see. But never was his influence on Kentucky greater than it was in the days when the state wavered between Union and Secession. If many of his friends cast their fortunes with the South, many of those who had opposed him adhered to the Union. That Kentucky did not secede was due more to the surviving influence of Clay than to any other one factor. In the moment of supreme test the passion of her great son triumphed. It was the impression of Lincoln that the triumph of national unity would be most difficult if Kentucky cast her lot with the South, and while her position of neutrality was somewhat inconsistent, the moral influence was sufficient to steady the trembling knees of the North. Time has too perfectly demonstrated the wisdom of his position on slavery to permit even a reference to his stand on that great issue. The leaven of the Kentucky Resolutions in the end accomplished in a test of arms that which for three-quarters of a century compromise and reason could not accomplish.
It would not be an idle assertion to say that Clay is a more potent influence in Kentucky today than he has been since his death. Those things for which he stood are national accomplishments. Kentucky may not hold the place in the national councils it held when it had diplomats
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in foreign fields, when it had representatives in nearly every adminis- tration, whether democratic or whig, when it had vice presidents and was breeding presidents and candidates for presidents; the glory of the older day may have cast into shadow the latter day, but that Kentucky may yet be ruled by the ashes in the urn planted in the heart of his beautiful homeland, and again take her place in the council of the nation, justifies the indulgence of a hope that may end in fruition.
CHARLES KERR.
CHAPTER LXXII GOVERNORS OF KENTUCKY
FIRST TERM
1. Isaac Shelby, Democratic-Republican-June 4. 1792-June 7, 1796.
SECOND AND THIRD TERMS
2. James Garrard, Democratic-Republican-June 7, 1796-June 1, 1804. FOURTH TERM
3 Chistopher Greenup, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1804-June I, 1808.
FIFTH TERM
4. Charles Scott, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1808-June 1, 1812. SIXTH TERM
Isaac Shelby, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1812-June 1, 1816. SEVENTII TERM
5. George Madison, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1816-October 14, 1816.
6. Gabriel Slaughter. Democratic-Republican-October 21, 1816-June 1, 1820.
EIGHTH TERM
7. John Adair, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1820-June 1, 1824. NINTH TERM
8. Joseph Desha, Democratic-Republican-June 1, 1824-June 1, 1828. TENTH TERM
9. Thomas Metcalfe, National Republican-June 1, 1828-June 1, 1832. ELEVENTH TERM
IO. John Breathitt, Democrat-June 1, 1832-February 21, 1834.
II. James T. Morehead, Democrat-February 22, 1832-June 1, 1836.
TWELFTH TERM
12. James Clark, Whig-June 1, 1836-September 27, 1839.
13. Charles A. Wickliffe, Whig-October 5, 1839-June 1, 1840.
THIRTEENTH TERM
14. Robert P. Letcher, Whig-June 1, 1840-June 1, 1844. FOURTEENTH TERM
15. William Owsley, Whig-June 1, 1844-June 1, 1848. FIFTEENTH TERM
16. John J. Crittenden, Whig-June 1, 1848-July 31, 1850.
17. John L. Helm, Democrat-July, 1850-September, 1851.
SIXTEENTH TERM
18. Lazarus W. Powell, Democrat-September, 1851-September, 1855.
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SEVENTEENTH TERM
I9. Charles S. Morehead, American-September, 1855-September, 1859. EIGHTEENTH TERM
20. Beriah Magoffin, Democrat-September, 1859-August, 1862.
21. James F. Robinson, Democrat-August, 1862-September, 1863. NINETEENTH TERM
22. Thomas E. Bramlette, Democrat-September, 1863-September, 1867. TWENTIETH TERM John L. Helm, Democrat-September 3, 1867-September 8, 1867. John W. Stevenson, Democrat-September 13, 1867-February 13, 1871. TWENTY-FIRST TERM
23.
24. Preston H. Leslie, Democrat-February 13, 1871-September, 1875. TWENTY-SECOND TERM
25. James B. McCreary, Democrat-September, 1875-September, 1879. TWENTY-THIRD TERM
26. Luke B. Blackburn, Democrat-September, 1879-September, 1883. TWENTY-FOURTH TERM
27. J. Proctor Knott, Democrat-September, 1883-September, 1887. TWENTY-FIFTH TERM
28. Simon B. Buckner, Democrat-September, 1887-September, 1891. TWENTY-SIXTH TERM
29. John Young Brown, Democrat-September, 1891-December, 1895. TWENTY-SEVENTH TERM
30. William O. Bradley, Republican-December, 1895-December, 1899. TWENTY-EIGHTH AND TWENTY-NINTH TERMS
31. William S. Taylor, Republican-December, 1899-January 31, 1900.
32. William Goebel, Democrat-January 31, 1900-February 3, 1900.
33. J. C. W. Beckham, Democrat-February 3, 1900-December, 1907.
THIRTIETH TERM
34. Augustus E. Willson, Republican-December, 1907-December, 19II.
THIRTY-FIRST TERM
James B. McCreary, Democrat-December 12, 1911-December 7, 1915.
THIRTY-SECOND TERM L
35. Augustus O. Stanley, Democrat-December 7, 1915.
36. James D. Black, Democrat, succeeded Governor Stanley, upon res- ignation of the latter, and served as governor-May, 1919-De- cember, 1919. THIRTY-THIRD TERM
37. Edwin P. Morrow, Republican-December, 1919-December, 1923.
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE GOVERNORS
I. Isaac Shelby. For biographical sketch, see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Shelby County. At p. 713 and fol-
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lowing, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a good bio- graphical sketch of Governor Shelby.
2. James Garrard. For biographical sketch, see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Garrard County. At p. 289, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of James Garrard.
3. Christopher Greenup. For biographical sketch, see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Greenup County. At p. 303, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of Christopher Greenup.
4. Charles Scott. For biographical sketch, see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Scott County. At p. 706, Vol. 2,
TRAVELERS REST, HOUSE OF ISAAC SHELBY, IN LINCOLN COUNTY (Courtesy of The Filson Club)
History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of Charles Scott.
5. George Madison was born in Augusta County, Virginia, 1763. He was son of John and Agatha (Strother) Madison. He was brother of James Madison, first bishop of Virginia. He emigrated to Kentucky at an early age, and in 1780 was member of a militia organization to defend settlements from the attacks of Indians. He was in command of a com- pany of cavalry under Maj. John Adair, and also in the force of General St. Clair. November 6, 1792, he was wounded near Ft. St. Clair. He was a born soldier. In the Northwestern army, under General Winches- ter, he bore the rank of major and was in battle of Frenchtown, January 18, 1813. On January 22 he was made a prisoner at the defeat of the Americans at the River Raisin. He was sent to Quebec, but was released in 1814. He did not get back to his adopted state until after the close of the War of 1812, at which time he made his home at Paris, Bourbon County. He was elected governor of Kentucky in 1816 as the successor to Isaac Shelby. He died at Paris, Kentucky, October 14, 1816, and was succeeded as governor by Gabriel Slaughter.
6. Gabriel Slaughter was born in Virginia about the year 1767, and died in Mercer County, Kentucky, September 19, 1830. He was among the early emigrants to Kentucky. He was a farmer, and in this pursuit
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was skillful and successful. He was member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Mercer County, 1799-1800, and was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1801 to 1808. He was colonel of a Kentucky regiment in the battle of New Orleans, and for gallantry on the field receive the thanks of the Legislature. He was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of Kentucky in 1808, serving four years. He was re-elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 1816. On the death of Governor Madison he became Governor of Kentucky, serving from October 21, 1816, to June 1, 1820.
7. John Adair. For hiographical sketch see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Adair County. At p. 32, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of John Adair.
8. Joseph Desha was born in Pennsylvania, December 9, 1768. Died at Georgetown, Kentucky. October 11, 1842. Came to Kentucky in 1771. Was volunteer in expedition against Northwest Indian under General Wayne. 1794-5. Was member of Kentucky House of Representatives from Mason County in 1797, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802. He fought in the battle of Thames, where he bore the rank of major-general. He was member of Congress from Kentucky in 1807 to 1819, and was governor of Kentucky from 1824 to 1828.
9. Thomas Metcalfe. See Chapter of Biographies of United States Senators from Kentucky for biographical sketch of Thomas Metcalfe.
10. John Breathitt. For biographical sketch of John Breathitt see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Breathitt County. Also see p. 95, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, for biographical sketch of John Breathitt.
II. James Turner Morehead was born near Shepherdsville, Bullitt County, Kentucky, May 24, 1797. He died at Covington, Kentucky, December 28, 1854. He was a son of Armstead Morehead. About the year 1800 his parents removed to Russellville, Logan County, where he studied law under Judge H. P. Broadnax and Hon. John J. Crittenden. Before studying law he attended the Transylvania University from 1813 to 1815. He was admitted to the Bar in 1818, and began the practice of his profession at Bowling Green. He represented Warren County in the Kentucky House of Representatives, 1828 to 1830. In 1832, on the ticket with John Breathitt for governor, Morehead was candidate for lieutenant-governor, to which position he was elected. Governor Breathitt died February, 1894, when Morehead became governor of Ken- tucky, serving out the Breathitt term. He represented Franklin County in the House of Representatives in 1837. From 1838 to 1841 he was president of the Board of Internal Improvements of Kentucky. In 1839 he was made a commissioner, with Col. John Speed Smith, of Madison, to secure the enactment of a law in Ohio for the proper disposition of slaves fleeing from their masters in Kentucky. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1841 to fill the place left vacant by John J. Crit- tenden, who declined to serve. After the expiration of his term in the Senate he practiced law in Covington. Kentucky. In 1840 he delivered an address on the first settlers of Kentucky, which is one of the authori- ties on Kentucky history. There is a good biographical sketch of Gover- nor Morehead in Collins' History of Kentucky, Vol. 2, p. 437. See, also, chapter on biographical sketches of United States Senators from Ken- tucky.
12. James Clark was born near the Peaks of Otter, Bedford County, Virginia, in 1779, son of Robert and Susan Clark. Died in Franklin,
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Kentucky, August 27, 1839. In 1797 he began the practice of law at Winchester, Kentucky. He was frequently elected a member of the State Legislature. He was Judge of the Court of Appeals, 1810-1812. Member of Congress, 1813 to 1816, and from 1825 to 1831. Judge of Circuit Court, 1817 to 1824. He was a member of Kentucky Senate in 1832. There is a sketch of the life of Governor Clark at pages 132, 133, Vol. 2, Collins' History of Kentucky.
13. Charles A. Wickliffe was born in a log cabin on Sulphur River, six miles southwest of the present town of Springfield, Washington County, Kentucky, June 8, 1788, and died at residence of his son-in-law, Howard County, Maryland, October 31. 1869, aged eighty-one years. His mother was a sister of Col. John Hardin. His opportunities for education were very limited. When he was seventeen he went to Bards- town where he attended a grammar school taught by Rev. Dr. Wilson. He was two years in this school. He then had instruction for nine months from Rev. Dr. James Blythe, acting president of the Transyl- vania University. He was inclined to the law, which he studied in the office of his cousin, Gen. Martin D. Hardin. He began the practice of his profession at Bardstown. The bar of that town at that time was the ablest west of the Alleghany Mountains with the possible exception of Lexington. John Rowan, John Pope, Ben Hardin, John Hayes, and other eminent lawyers were members of the bar at Bardstown, but Mr. Wickliffe soon attained a high place in the estimation of the people and the bar for his ability. He volunteered as a private in the War of 1812, but was appointed aide on the staff of General Winlock. He was at the battle of Thames in 1812. He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives and re-elected in 1813. He was again elected in 1820 and 1821. In 1823 he was elected to Congress and was re-elected con- tinuously to 1833. In 1825 he voted for Gen. Andrew Jackson for Presi- dent in opposition to John Quincy Adams, the choice of President hay- ing revolved on the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States. In 1833-34-35, he was member of Kentucky House of Representatives. He was chosen speaker in 1834. In 1836 he was elected lieutenant-governor as a whig. Upon the death of Governor James Clark, Mr. Wickliffe became governor. He served from October 5. 1839, to June I. 1840. He was postmaster general of the United States in the cabinet of President Tyler. September 13, 1841, to March 3. 1845. In the year of 1845 he was sent by President Polk on a secret mission to Texas, and is said to have had much to do in the annexation of Texas to the United States. In 1849 he was member of Constitu- tional Convention which formed the Third Constitution of Kentucky. In February, 1861, he was selected by the Legislature as a member of peace conference at Washington, and was in the same year elected to Congress. He was the democratic candidate for governor in 1863, but was defeated by Col. Thomas E. Bramlette. There is a biographical sketch of Governor Wickliffe in Collins' History of Kentucky, Vol. 2, pages 647-648.
14. Robert P. Letcher. For biographical sketch of Robert P. Letcher see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Letcher County. At p. 464, Vol. 2. History of Kentucky, by Collins. there is a brief biography of Robert P. Letcher.
15. William Owsley. For biographical sketch of William Owsley see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Owsley County. At p. 674, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of William Owsley.
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY
16. John J. Crittenden. See Chapter Biographies of United States Senators from Kentucky for sketch of John Jordon Crittenden. Also see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Crittenden County, for sketch of John J. Crittenden. At p. 147, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a biographical sketch of John J. Crittenden.
17. John Larue Helm was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, July 4, 1802, on a farm upon which his grandfather, a Kentucky pioneer from Virginia, had settled in 1781. He was educated in the common schools. At an early age he was employed in the office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of his county, where he studied law. He was admitted to prac- tice in 1823, and rose rapidly to first rank as a lawyer. He was county attorney for Hardin County sixteen years. He was elected to the House of Representatives of Kentucky Legislature in 1826 and was returned at every succeeding election up to 1844. He was elected Speaker of the House six times. He was elected to three terms in Kentucky State Senate. He was on the ticket for lieutenant-governor in 1848 and was elected. Jolın J. Crittenden being elected governor at the same time. Crittenden was appointed to the position of attorney-general of the United States by President Fillmore. Upon his acceptance of that office, Helm became governor. In 1854 he was made president of the Louis- ville and Nashville Railroad which was then uncompleted and much embarrassed for funds. In six years of administration of Governor Helm it was completed and placed on a substantial and enduring finan- cial basis. He was chairman of the State Convention at Louisville, Jan- uary, 1861, which declared that Kentucky would remain neutral in the Civil war. In 1867 he was nominated by the democratic party as a can- didate for governor of Kentucky and was elected. His health was broken and he was barely able to take the oath of office at his home on the 3rd of September of that year. The oath was administered by Governor Thomas E. Bramlette. He died on the 8th of September, 1867. Gov- ernor Helm was married to Lucinda, daughter of Ben Hardin, one of the most famous lawyers of Kentucky. To this union there were born twelve children.
18. Lasarus W. Powell. See chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," for sketch of Lazarus W. Powell, and under Powell County. Also see chapter on Biographies of United States Senators from Ken- tucky for sketch of Lazarus W. Powell. Also see p. 681, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins.
19. Charles Slaughter Morehead was born in Nelson County, Ken- tucky, July 7, 1802; died near Greenville, Mississippi, December 23, 1868. He was the son of Charles and Margaret ( Slaughter ) Morehead. He graduated from Transylvania University. He studied law and began the practice of his profession in Christian County. In 1828-29 he was member of House of Representatives in the Kentucky Legislature. From 1832 to 1837 he was attorney-general of Kentucky. From 1838 to 1842 he was member of House of Representatives in Kentucky Legislature ; also in 1844 to 1853. He was Speaker of the House in 1840, 1841 and 1844. He was a member of Congress as a Whig, from 1847 to 1851. He was elected governor in 1855. At the expiration of his term he moved to Louisville and again took up the practice of law. He was member of Peace Conference at Washington, February, 1861. He was in favor of neutrality at the beginning of the Civil war. Later he favored the cause of secession; was arrested and imprisoned. In 1862 he returned home, but learning that he was to be re-arrested, went to Canada. After the war he went to his plantation near Greenville, Mis- sissippi. With Judge Mason Brown, he prepared a digest of the statutes of Kentucky up to 1834. This digest contained four volumes.
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20. Beriah Magoffin. For biographical sketch see chapter "For Whom Counties Were Named," and under Magoffin County. At p. 536, Vol. 2, History of Kentucky, by Collins, there is a sketch of Beriah Magoffin.
21. James Fisher Robinson was born in Scott County, Kentucky, October 4, 1800. He was the son of Johnathan and Jane (Black) Robin- son. His great grandfather was a Dissenter and lived in Ireland. His son, George Robinson, was born there. George Robinson married a Scotch woman and moved to America. He settled in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was captain of volunteers a portion of the time. He purchased a tract of land in Scott, Kentucky, upon which he settled in 1796. It was on this tract of land that James F. Robinson was born. The boy was first under private tutors. Later he was sent to Forest Hill Academy, from which institution he entered Transylvania University, where he grad- uated in 1818. Immediately after his graduation he entered the law office of Hon. William T. Barry, at Lexington, where he studied law. When admitted to the bar he began the practice of law at Georgetown, where he lived the remainder of his life. In 1851 he was elected to the State Senate. He was again elected in 1861. In 1862 he was elected Speaker of the Senate. As there was no lieutenant-governor he assumed the duties of governor upon the resignation of Governor Beriah Magoffin. Governor Robinson was intensely loyal to the Union, and his adminis- tration is celebrated for the courage with which he discharged every duty regardless of consequences. He retired from public office at the close of his term as governor and moved on an estate near Georgetown which he had named Cardome. He gave much of his attention to this estate but did not relinquish the practice of law. He was an eminent lawyer and connected with many of the celebrated law cases of the state in his day. He died on his plantation near Georgetown in 1892.
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