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Only about a century and a half has passed since our ancestors occu- pied the mountains of Southeastern Kentucky. At first, in common with all the pioneers of this country, they built rude log cabins everywhere, and. with the ax, the broadax, the fro and such other tools as they had
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or could make, by joining themselves together could soon erect a suitable house, or houses, in which to live. With the ax they felled the trees. with the broadax they hewed the logs to a flat surface on two sides, and with the fro they rived the boards that formed the roof of the house. In the absence of nails they used hot irons or augers to bore holes and make pegs to fasten the building together. The boards for the roof were often weighted down instead of being fastened. Thick boards were split out of logs, called puncheons, smoothed down with the broadax, and used to make the floor. Stones selected because of evenness and smoothness, and daubed with clay, were used for chimneys. Wood was used as fuel in the broad fireplaces. Cooking was done on this fireplace in pots on hangers over the fire or in pots and pans on the hot coals in front of it.
Later saws were brought in and lumber was sawed from the log by hand. In this way the floors, ceilings and roofs were improved. The inaccessibility of the country caused the people to hold on to this type of living longer than in some other communities of the country.
Watermills were used for the grinding of corn into meal and the saw- ing of lumber by waterpower.
Looms, reels, spinning wheels, were constructed to spin and weave cloth. Soon the people built up for themselves the fabric of their own economic life. They made themselves independent of the outside world, not from choice, but because the force of circumstances compelled them to.
After a century of struggle with hard environmental conditions, how- ever, they are building railroads, factories, developing coal lands, opening oil wells, running sawmills, building towns, in competition with the most advanced methods of the country. Their resources are now beginning to bring them untold wealth.
LITERATURE
The idea of the extent of these Highlands is not very definite in the minds of most people. It has been thus described by Mr. Thomas P. Carothers of Newport :
"It embraces an area a little less than one-third of the state, contain- ing 12.954 square miles, which is about the area of Massachusetts, Con- necticut, and Rhode Island combined. About thirty-five counties of the state are either wholly, or in part, in this section. It extends from the Tennessee line on the south to the Ohio River in the north, and is east of a line drawn from about Maysville, southwestwardly, to the Ten- nessee line. The western part of it, however, is rather more hilly than mountainous."
The greatest contribution of the Mountain people of Kentucky to the state and nation is a wealth of Ballad Literature they have preserved for transmission to future generations. Through this literature, handed down from generation to generation and added to from time to time, they have kept up a culture and a refinement that is nothing short of marvelous. Their language is steeped in expressions from this ballad literature, from Shakespeare's writings, from Aesop's Fables, from the Bible, from Mother Goose Rhymes, and from such books as the Golden Gems of Life, a book with the whole philosophy of life in strong, digni- fied, beautiful language. These books and ballads have composed, taking the people as a whole, the major part of their readings or recitals for over a century. Upon these they have thought, and not only thought but meditated, and have constructed a wholesome philosophy of life for them- selves.
This ballad literature has been handed down from the most ancient
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times, from England and Scotland direct, and more remotely from the home of our ancestors around Northern Germany. Mr. Cecil J. Sharp, the English Folk-Lore writer, in his and Miss Campbell's book on "Eng- lish Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians," gives a list of fifty- five ballads found in the Southern Appalachian region, many, or possibly all, of which are to be found in the Kentucky Mountains. And, in addi- tion to these, he gives fifty-five other songs and twelve nursery rhymes. All of these ballads, songs, and nursery rhymes, to the number of 122, are secured from the lips of the people in this mountain region. The name of the person furnishing the ballad or song and the tune in which it was sung are given in each instance. Four of these are traced back to Percy's Reliques, an old book first written, says Furnivall, in 1650. It is the oldest book of ballads in the English language, and has become a real source book of ballad literature. These songs or ballads (all bal- lads were originally sung) go back to the days of the "rude songs of the ancient Minstrels"-to the "barbarous productions of unpolished ages."
Of the Ancient English Minstrels, "Most of them are represented to have been of the North of England. There is scarce an old historical song or ballad wherein a Minstrel or harper appears, but he is char- acterized, by way of eminence, to have been 'of the North Countrye ;' and indeed the prevalence of the northern dialect in such compositions shows that this representation is real."
From these countries, England and Scotland, they came to America with the settlement of the country. In this country they have survived in varied forms in different localized communities.
They came into the Mountains of Kentucky because this region was settled by the people from the country districts of England, Scotland and Ireland, the people who had treasured up this literature more than that of any other people from the British Isles. This is proven by the fact that the people of the country districts of the Mountains are the ones that retain them today. They have been retained here because for a century this region was almost inaccessible. These people, so situated, turned their attention to making a living from the rough and rugged country and to treasuring up this literature of their ancestors. It is true, they did not always do this consciously, but from a sense of appreciation and interest to them always, and because of the further fact that they had plenty of leisure time. The long winter evenings were spent in recit- ing and singing around the fireside these ancient songs. But for the opposition of the religious people their preservation would have been over a more extensive area of the country and on a much more compre- hensive scale. In spite of this opposition, however, a large mass of ballad literature has been preserved, and is now awaiting the collector who has the patience, the foresight, the sympathy, and the interest to gather it.
In speaking of the effect of the surroundings of the Mountain people on their lives and of the force and imprint of their literature on their language, William Aspenwall Bradley, says: "Living in the closest phys- ical contact with nature, under conditions still largely those of pioneer life, and thus interested in things rather than in ideas, the mountaineer expresses himself racily, with simple force and directness; and, since his vocabulary is necessarily limited, he makes habitual use of metaphor and other figures."
The four ballads that are found in the Mountains of Kentucky and can be traced to Percy's Reliques are: Fair Margaret and Sweet Wik liam, Lord Thomas and Fair Ellinor, Little Musgrave and Lady Barnard, and Barbara Allan.
The popular version is as follows :
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Sweet William was buried in the old church tomb, Barbara Allan was buried in the yard,
Out of Sweet William's grave grew a green, red rose, Out of Barbara Allan a brier.
They grew and grew to the old church top And still they couldn't grow any higher, And at the end tied a true love-knot, The rose wrapped around the brier.
But the version given by Mrs. Ellie Johnson, of Hot Springs, North Carolina, ends in a way different to all the others, but, at the same time, the reader will notice that the main idea has not been lost.
On William's grave a turtle dove, On Barbara's grave a sparrow, The Turtle Dove is a sign of love, The sparrow was for sorrow.
This comparison of Barbara Allan with the old versions will serve as an illustration of the others. There is often change of name, shifting of verses ; but in nearly every case the story is essentially the same. This has held true through the shifting changes of hundreds of years.
A few of the old ballads found in the mountains of Kentucky, which trace their origin to England and Scotland, are: Barbara Allan, Fair Margaret and Sweet William, Lord Thomas and Fair Ellinor, Little Musgrave and Lady Barnard, Young Beichan, Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight, the Daemon Lover, the Wife Wrapt in Wether's Skin, the Cruel Ship's Carpenter, and Jack Went A Sailing.
Because of their association with wide forest areas, and living at a distance from one another, together with the hard struggle that they have made with the soil for a living, they have developed a kind of saddened religious life, which finds its accompaniment in the monotonous sad tunes of their religious services. Some of the more popular songs, in the back country districts, are of this type. The three following are fair samples :
THE SHIP OF ZION
Hit's the old Ship of Zion, as she comes, Hit's the old Ship of Zion, as she comes, Hit's the old Ship of Zion, the old Ship of Zion, Hit's the old Ship of Zion, as she comes.
UP IN GLORY
Some have fathers up in glory, Some have fathers up in glory, Some have fathers up in glory, On the other shore.
RAIN POWER DOWN
Rain, O rain. mighty Savior, Rain converting power down, Rain, mighty Lord. The way the holy prophets went, Rain, mighty Savior. The road that leads from banishment, Rain. mighty Lord.
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These songs, as the very language will show, are accompanied with tunes that rouse the audience to a great pitch of religious emotion. Their religion is of the emotional type, but the reader, or observer, must not conclude from this that these people are moved entirely by cheap emo- tions. They are thoughtful people, wise and intelligent, and are good judges of the character of other people. But in their religion they give way to a high-type emotionalism.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED GENERAL WORKS
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Adams, Henry. The Life of Albert Gallatin. Philadelphia, 1880.
Alden, G. H. New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. Historical Series, Volume 2, Number I. Madison, 1897.
Alvord, C. W. and C. E. Carter. The Critical Period 1763-1765. Volume X in Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Springfield, 1915.
The Illinois Country 1673-1818. Volume I in the Centennial History of Illinois. Springfield, 1920.
The Mississippi Valley in British Politics. 2 Vols. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co. 1917.
In Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Madison, 1908. - and Lee Bidgood. First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians, 1650-1674. Cleveland, 1912.
Ambler, C. M. Life and Diary of John Floyd. Richmond, 1918.
Atherton, William. Narrative of the Suffering and Defeat of the Northwestern Army under General Winchester: Massacre of the Prisoners: Sixteen Months' Imprisonment of the Writer and Others with the Indians and British. Frank- fort, 1842.
Autobiography of Amos Kendall. Ed. by Wm. Stickney. Boston : Lee and Shepard. 1872.
Autobiography of J. J. Polk.
-B-
Babcock, K. C. The Rise of American Nationality. New York, 1906. Bartram, William. Travels in North America. Philadelphia, 1791.
Beveridge, A. J. The Life of John Marshall. 4 Vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916-1919.
Billings, E. R. Tobacco, Its History, etc.
Boyden, H. P. The Beginnings of the Cincinnati Southern Railway. A Sketch of the Years, 1869-1878. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, 1901.
Boyle, - English Colonies in America.
Bradbury, John Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811. Volume V in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
Brinton, Daniel G. The Lenape and their Legends. Philadelphia. 1885.
Brown, J. M. The Political Beginnings of Kentucky. Filson Club Publication, Number 6. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co., 1889.
Brown, Samuel R. The Western Gazetteer or Emigrant's Directory. Auburn (N. Y.), 1817.
Bruce, Phillip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Cen- tury. New York, 1896.
Bureau of Ethnology. All reports of.
Bury's Conspiracy Exposed and General Wilkinson Vindicated. Vol. II in Memoirs of General Wilkinson. Washington, 1811.
Butler, Mann. A History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. 2nd Edition Cincinnati : J. A. James & Co., 1836.
-C-
~Fassedav, Ben. The History of Louisville. Louisville: Hull and Brother, 1852. Catlin, George. North American Indians. London. 1876.
Cincinnati Southern Railway, The. A History. Edited by Charles G. Hall. Cin- cinnati, 1902.
Cleveland, C. C. The Great Revival in the West 1797-1805. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1916.
Cobb. William H. (with Andrew Price and Hu Maxwell). History of the Mingo Indians. N. P. 1921. Coleman, Mrs. Chapman. Life of John J. Crittenden. 2 Vols. Philadelphia, 1871.
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Col. George Rogers Clark's Sketch of his Campaign in the Illinois in 1778-9. Cin- cinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1869. Clark wrote this as a letter to George Mason, November 19, 1779.
Collins, Lewis and Richard H. Collins. History of Kentucky. 2 Vols. Covington : Collins & Co., 1874.
Colton, Calvin. Life and Times of Henry Clay. 2 Vols. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1846.
Congressional Directories. From 1792 to 1922.
Connelley, William Elsey, The Founding of Harman's Station. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910.
Cook, -. Old Kentucky.
Cooke, John Esten. History of Virginia. Boston, 1885.
Cotterill, R. S. History of Pioneer Kentucky. Cincinnati : Johnson & Hardin, 1917. Craig, N. B. The Olden Time. Pittsburg, 1846.
Cuming, F. Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country through the States of Ohio and Kentucky. Volume IV in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
-D-
1 Darby, William. The Emigrant's Guide to the Western and Southwestern States and Territories. New York, 1818.
Darnell, Elias. A Journal containing an accurate and interesting Account of the Hardships, Sufferings, Battles, Defeat and Captivity of those heroic Kentucky Volunteers and Regulars, commanded by General Winchester in the Year 1812- 13. Also two Narratives by Men that were wounded in the Battles on the River Raisin, and taken Captive by the Indians. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Grambo & Company, 1854.
Davidson, Robert. History of the Presbyterian Church. New York, 1847. Davis, M. L. Memoirs of Aaron Burr with Miscellaneous Selections from his Correspondence. Volume II. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1837.
Dembitz, L. N. Kentucky Jurisprudence. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co., 189C. Dickens, Charles. Pictures from Italy and American Notes. New York, 1885. Doddridge, Joseph. Notes on the Settlement of West Virginia, etc. Wellsburg, 1824. Drake, Daniel. Pioncer Life in Kentucky. Cincinnati, 1870.
Duke, Basil W. History of the Bank of Kentucky. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co., 1895. - History of Morgan's Cavalry. Durrett, R. T. Bryant's Station. ville, 1897.
Filson Club Publication, Number 12. Louis- - The Centenary of Kentucky. Filson Club Publication, Number 7. Louisville : John P. Morton & Co., 1892.
- The Centenary of Louisville. Filson Club Publication, Number 8. Louisville : John P. Morton & Co., 1893. John Filson. Filson Club Publication, Number I. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co., 1884.
Traditions of the Earliest Visits of Foreigners to North America, Louisville, 1908.
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English, W. H. Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio 1778-1783 and Life of George Rogers Clark. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill Co., 1896. Evans, Estwick. A Pedestrian's Tour of Four Thousand Miles through the Western States and Territories during the Winter and Spring of 1818. Volume VIII in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
Evans, Lewis. An Analysis of a General Map of the Middle British Colonies. Philadelphia, 1755.
-F-
Ferguson, Edward A. Founding of the Cincinnati Southern Railway. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, 1905.
Fessenden, Francis. Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden. Volume I. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1907. Filson, John. The Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucky. London, I793.
Fish, Carl Russell. American Diplomacy. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1915.
- Development of American Nationality. New York : American Book Company, 1917.
Flint, Timothy. The History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley to which is Appended a condensed Physical Geography of the Atlantic United States, and the whole American Continent. 3rd Edition. Volume I. Cincinnati: E. H. Flint, 1833.
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Recollections of the Mississippi Valley. Boston, 1826.
Fordham, E. P. Personal Narrative of Travel in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky; and of a Residence in the Illinois Territory: 1817- 1818. Edited by F. A. Ogg. Cleveland : The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1906. Fowke, Gerard. Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, -.
-G-
Garrett, L. Recollections of the West. Nashville, 1834.
Gayarre, Charles. History of Louisiana. Volume IV. New Orleans : F. F. Hansell & Bros., 1903.
Gist, Christopher. Journals of Explorations of, edited by William M. Darlington Pittsburg, 1893.
Gleig, G. R. Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans. Goss, Charles F. Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788-1912. Volume I. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1912.
Gregg, Josiah. Commerce of the Prairies. Volume XX in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
Green, T. M. The Spanish Conspiracy. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1891.
-H-
Ilale, John P. Trans-Allegheny Pioncers. Cincinnati, 1886.
Hall, James. The Romance of Western History. Cincinnati: Applegate & Co., 1857. Sketches of History, Life and Manners of the West. 2 Vols., Harrison Hall, Philadelphia, 1835. Handbook of American Indians. Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1912.
Hanna, C. A. The Wilderness Trail. 2 Vols. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, IQII.
Harland, Marion. More Colonial Homesteads and their Stores. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899.
Haywood, John. Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee. Nashville, 1823. Civil and Political History of Tennessee. Nashville, 1891. (Reprint.)
Heckewelder, John. Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians. Edited by William Elsey Connelley. Cleve- land, 1907.
History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations. Philadelphia, 1876. Henderson, Archibald. The Conquest of the Old Southwest. The Romantic Story of the Early Pioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky 1740-1790. New York: The Century Company, 1920.
Hill, D. H. Young People's History of North Carolina. Charlotte, 1907.
History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. By various authors. Cincinnati: S. B. Nelson & Co., 1894.
History of Cincinnati, Ohio, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches. Com- piled by Henry A. and late B. Ford. Cleveland : L. A. Williams & Co., 1881. History of Kentucky, by W. H. Perrin, J. H. Battle, and G. C. Kniffin, Louisville, 1888.
History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties with Biographical Sketches. 2 Vols. Cleveland: L. A. Williams & Co., 1882.
Hollander, Jacob H. The Cincinnati Southern Railway: A Study in Municipal
Activity. Volume 12 of Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science. Baltimore, 1894.
Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the Great Wl'est. Cincinnati, 1851.
Hulbert, A. B. Pilots of the Republic. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906.
-I-
Imlay, Gilbert. A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America. 3rd Edition. London, 1797.
-J-
John Sherman's Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate, and Cabinet. Volume I. New York: The Werner Company, 1895.
Johnson, L. F. History of the Frankfort Cemetery. Frankfort Kentucky, 1921. Johnston, J. Stoddard. First Explorations of Kentucky. Filson Club Publication, Number 13. Louisville : John P. Morton & Co., 1898.
Journal of Andre Michaux 1793-1796. Volume III in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
-K-
Kansas Historical Collections, Kansas State Historical Society, Vols. I to XIV, Topeka, 1881, 1918.
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Kellogg, Louis P. Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779-1781. Volume 24 in Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Draper Series V. Madison, 1917.
Kinkead, E. S. A History of Kentucky. New York: American Book Company, 1919.
-L-
Lee, J. M. History of American Journalism. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917.
Levasseur, A. Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825; or Journal of a Voyage to the United States. Volume II. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829.
Lewis, A. F. History of Higher Education in Kentucky. Number 25 of United States Bureau of Education Publications. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.
Lingley, C. R. Since the Civil War. New York, 1921.
Loskiel, George Henry. History of the Mission of the United Brethren, London, 1794.
Lyell, Sir Charles. A Second Visit to the United States of North America. Vol- ume II. New York, 1849.
-M-
Mahan, A. T. Sea Power in its Relation to the War of 1812. Boston, 1905. Marryat, Capt. A Diary in America with Remarks on its Institutions. Philadel- phia, 1859.
Marshall, Humphrey. History of Kentucky. 2 Vols. Frankfort, 1824.
Marshall, John. Life of George Washington. Philadelphia, 1805-7.
Filson Martin, A. E. The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky prior to 1850. Club Publications, Number 29. Louisville, 1918.
Martineau, Harriet. Society in America. Volume I. New York, 1837.
Michaux, F. A. Travels to the West of the Alleghany Mountains in the States of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. . . in the Year 1802. Volume III in Thwaites, Early Western Travels.
Monette, J. D. History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi. 2 Vols. New York: Harper & Bros., 1848.
Mooney, James. The Siouan Tribes of the East. Washington, 1894.
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McAfee, Robert B. A History of the Late War in the Western Country. Lexing- ton : Worseley & Smith, 1816.
McDougle, I. E. Slavcry in Kentucky 1792-1865. Reprinted from Journal of Negro History, III, Number 3, July, 1918.
McElroy, R. M. Kentucky in the Nation's History. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909.
McMaster, J. B. A History of the People of the United States from the Revolu- tion to the Civil War. 8 Vols. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1884- 1913.
McMemar, Richard. The Kentucky Revival, or a Short History of the late Extraordinary Outpouring of the Spirit of God. Cincinnati: John W. Brown, 1808.
McPherson, Edward. History of the Rebellion.
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Nolte, Vincent. Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres. New York, 1854.
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O'Daniel, V. F. The Right Rev. Edward Dominic Fenwick, O. P., Founder of the Dominicans in the United States, Pioneer Missionary in Kentucky, Apostle of Ohio, First Bishop of Cincinnati. New York: Frederick Pustet Co., 1920. Ogg, F. A. The Openng of the Mississippi. New York: The Macmillan Com- pany, 1904.
Owen, Dr. David Dale, Kentucky Geological Survey. All Volumes.
-P-
Parkman, Francis. The Jesuits in North America. Boston, 1886. -La Salle and the Discovery of the West, Boston, 1879.
Parton, James. Life of Andrew Jackson. Volumes II and III. New York: Mason Brothers, 1860.
- The Life and Times of Aaron Burr. Volume II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1892.
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Payne, G. H. History of Journalism in the United States, New York, 1920. Perrin, W. H. History of Fayette County, Kentucky. Chicago: O. L. Baskin & Co., 1882.
The Pioneer Press of Kentucky. Filson Club Publication, Number 3. Louis- ville : John P. Morton & Co., 1888.
Pirtle, Alfred. The Battle of Tippecanoe. Filson Club Publication, No. 15. Louis- ville, 1900.
-James Chenoweth, Story of one of the Earliest Boys of Louisville. Louisville, 1921.
-Q-
Quisenberry, A. C. Lopez's Expeditions to Cuba. Filson Club Publication, Num- ber 21. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co., 1906.
-R-
Ramsey, J. G. M. Annals of Tennessee. Charleston, 1853.
Ranck, G. W. Boonesborough. Filson Club Publication, Number 16. Louisville : John P. Morton & Co., 1901.
-History of Lexington, Kentucky. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1872. Raumes, J. R. A History of Kentucky Baptists. 2 Vols. Cincinnati, 1885. Redford, A. H. The History of Methodism in Kentucky. 3 Vols. Nashville, 1868. Reminiscences of General Basil W. Duke. Garden City, 1911.
Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777, The. Edited by E. G. Thwaites and L.
P. Kellogg. Publication of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Draper Series, Volume 2. Madison, 1908.
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