USA > Oregon > Douglas County > History of southern Oregon, comprising Jackson, Josephine, Douglas, Curry and Coos counties, comp. from the most authentic sources > Part 42
USA > Oregon > Jackson County > History of southern Oregon, comprising Jackson, Josephine, Douglas, Curry and Coos counties, comp. from the most authentic sources > Part 42
USA > Oregon > Josephine County > History of southern Oregon, comprising Jackson, Josephine, Douglas, Curry and Coos counties, comp. from the most authentic sources > Part 42
USA > Oregon > Coos County > History of southern Oregon, comprising Jackson, Josephine, Douglas, Curry and Coos counties, comp. from the most authentic sources > Part 42
USA > Oregon > Curry County > History of southern Oregon, comprising Jackson, Josephine, Douglas, Curry and Coos counties, comp. from the most authentic sources > Part 42
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COMPANY -. - Mustered October 27; discharged November 16, 1855-Captain, M. P. Howard; First Lieutenant, Daniel Richardson ; Second Lieutenant, H. M. Conroy ; Sergeants, Israel T. Mann, G. A. Thomas, John Cathey, Lycurgus Bozarth ; Corporals, N. J. Walker, Nicholas H. Martin, John Cathey, N. R. Mulvaney ; Privates, John Bowers, James Black, John Burns, Elzey Bird, William Clemens, Lozenzo Coppers, Pulaski Hall, P. H. Harper, Gill Haltz, Eli Judd, John H. Johnson, Thomas Lake, William Lamson, Joseph Miles, John Mayfield, James McClenney, David Phillips, John Price, D. F. Perkins, Jakob Rounderbush, Joseph Steel, Goldsmith Tear, George Tear.
296
INDIAN WARS.
COMPANY -.- Mustered October 10, 1855; discharged November 9, 1855- Captain, James Bruce; First Lieutenant, E. A. Rice; Second Lieutenant, Joseph F. Anderson; Sergeants, Ebenezer Pinkham, R. R. Gates, Francis Pickle, John Haley ; Corporals, George W. Collins, Elijah Williams, James C. Dickey, John S. McBride; Privates, Oliver P. Corbett, Dennis Crowley, Jolin Coleman, Lewis Calhoun, D. R. Crocker, John C. Cottrell, Garret Fitzgerald, Charles L. Fee, Daniel F. Fisher, C. C. Goodwin, Aaron Greenbaum, James Hayes, E. Hereford, James Hereford, J. F. Hamilton, Alexander Harris , William A .Hall, Moses H. Hopwood, John N. Lewis, R. S. Munn, A. H. Matthew, Nathan Milton, Chauncey Nye, Sylvester Pease, William Pasley, William Pengra, Nathaniel Rice, August Rumbel, George Stapper, Samuel H. Smith, A. R. Smith, John W. Short, Bluford Stanton, Lewis Sagers, Alexander Thompson, John W. Wood, J. H. Wassum.
PORT ORFORD MINUTE MEN .- Mustered March 26; discharged June 25, 1856- Captain, John Creighton; First Lieutenant, George Yount; Second Lientenant, William Rollard; Sergeants, Nelson Stevens, Alexander Jones, Samuel Yount, Thompson Lowe; Corporals, Peter Ruffner, John Herring, George White, Thomas Jamison; Privates, E. Bray, George Barber, Edward Burrows, Preston Caldwell, E. Cutching, E. Cunningham, John T. Dickson, George Dyer, Aaron Dyer, H. M. Davidson, George Dean, Warren Fuller, Joseph Goutrain, Andrew Hubert, D W. Haywood, Joseph Hall, Thomas Johnson, Richard Johnson, T. G. Kirkpatrick, William Taylor, James Malcolm, L. Parker, James Saunders, Charles Setler, George P. Sullivan, Louis Turner, W. W. Waters, Charles Winslow, William White, John Wilson.
COQUILLE GUARDS .- In service from November 6, 1855, to December 28, 1855; mustered at Fort Catching-Captain, W. H. Packwood; First Lieutenant, J. B. Hill; Sergeants, J. G. Malcolm, Evan Cunningham; Corporals, Charles W. Wood, A. W. Davis; Privates, George Barber, Isaac Bingham, William Bagley, J. Bray, E. Catching, G. J. Cooper, J. J. Cooper, Preston Caldwell, William Cooley, F. McCue, J. B. Dulley, William Duke, Samuel Darlington, John B. David, J. A. Harry, Abram Huffman, David Hull, Alex. Jones, W. H. Jackson, Benjamin Tarrigan, Henry Miller, Lewellyn Oliver, A. Pence, R. G. Phillips, William Roland, James W. Rooks, John S. Sweet, Charles Settle, W. Waters.
In this enumeration the companies of Buoy, Keeney, Bledsoe, Robertson, Blakely and Barnes of the second regiment, and of Thomas J. Gardner, M. M. Williams, W. A. Wilkinson, W. H. Harris, Stephen Coffin, J. G. Powell and W. S. Buckley of the ninth regiment are omitted because of the loss of their muster-rolls. The total strength of the two regiments is shown in the following table, which sets forth the number of officers and men in service on the twentieth of each month during the war of 1855-6:
October,
1855.
November,
1855.
December,
1855.
January,
1856.
February,
1856.
March,
1856.
April,
1856.
May,
1856.
June,
1856.
July,
1856.
Ninth Regiment.
545
217
7 901
4 912
4 518
3 807
2 913
2 663
2 326
2
Second Regiment
880
Total Force
545
1,097
908
916
522
810
915
665
328
2
--- -
W. G.T'VAULT.
WTƯƠNG - DITH. PORTLAND, OR.
SOUTHERN OREGON.
CHAPTER XXXV.
DESCRIPTION, CLIMATE AND EARLY HISTORY.
Extent of Southern Oregon-Forests of Timber-Supply of Water, Fish and Game-Climate-Meteorological Statistics-Population-Early History-Smith and McLeod Wilkes Exploring Expedition-The Applegate Trail.
The district which by common acceptance has become known as Southern Oregon, embraces the five counties of Douglas, Coos, Jackson, Josephine and Curry. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific ocean ; on the south it borders the California line ; the Cascade range interposes between it and Eastern Oregon ; while northwardly the region terminates in the Calapooia mountains and their prolongations, which separate the waters of the Willamette from those of the Umpqua. The shape of Southern Oregon roughly approaches a square, the principal divergence being in its north side, which runs northwesterly. The coast line is about one hundred and fifty miles long ; the southern side one hundred miles ; the eastern, or mountain boundary, about eighty- five miles ; and the northern side of the quadrilateral something near one hundred and twenty miles. Its total area is nearly twelve thousand square miles. This immense tract is divided by nature into two large and many small valleys separated by hills and mountain chains, rendering the country in the highest degree diversified. The larger valleys are those of the Umpqua and Rogue rivers-names celebrated in the history of Oregon, and in the future to be still more widely known as the abode of a numerous and fortunate people.
To most of the mountain ranges intersecting these valleys names have been given, and particular peaks have also received designations. Thus to the northeastward the Calapooia mountains form the water-shed which separates the streams flowing into the Umpqua from those entering the Coast Fork and the Middle Fork of the Willamette. Mount Thielsen, or Cow-horn peak, stands near the point of intersection of that range with the Cascade mountains, and forms, as it were, the keystone of the whole range. This remarkable peak attains a height of 9,250 feet and bears a crown of snow through- out the year. It forms one of the most conspicuous objects in the whole range, and is in some respects superior to Mount Hood although its height is more than 2,000 feet less. It is especially remarkable as the center of several mountain systems which uniting at its base penetrate west, north and south. The spurs which trend to the west, north-
39
298
SOUTHERN OREGON.
west and southwest sink down as they proceed until they are lost in the hills of the Umpqua valley. These minor ranges, spreading like a fan, inclose pleasant valleys and deep canyons drained by clear and rapid streams, which, rising in the upper regions, run downward toward the sea, rapidly at first, over bowlders and precipices, slower as they pass through winding valleys and finally approaching and ending in Umpqua and Rogue rivers. In the mingled mass of mountains around about majestic Theilsen a number of important rivers have their birth. Almost at its base gush forth waters which, running in many devious courses, seek the ocean by various mouths. Within the shadow of the mountain lie lakes Crescent, Odell and Diamond. From the two former proceed streams which, flowing onward to the DesChutes river, keep a northerly course and reach the Columbia above The Dalles. From Diamond lake rises the North Umpqua, and from the gorges southwest therefrom the South Umpqua takes its rise, the two rivers to come together in the pleasant Umpqua valley and enter the ocean after flowing a generally westerly course. Again from Summit lake, a dozen miles north from Theilsen, the Middle fork of the Willamette springs, and after join- ing the main stream empties into the Columbia a hundred miles from the ocean. Close by the sources of the Umpqua and springing from the same great water shed which, as we have seen, nourishes the germs of so many rivers, the headwaters of Rogue river rise, and find their way down by devious ways to the ocean, the general course of the upper part of the river being southwest. Nor does this list comprise all the streams which have their birth in this remarkable region. Certain affluents of Klamath river and Klamath lake, namely, Wood, Seven-mile, and Annie creeks, head in these moun- tains. Thus the waters which spring forth from the sides of Theilsen and the neigh- boring peaks flow to every point of the compass. Before their course is run and they find rest in the Pacific they have traversed and watered the most fertile valleys of Oregon and Northern California. They have turned the wheels or borne the com- merce of scores of counties and bestowed blessings upon widely different localities. The Rogue and Umpqua rivers, after rising almost within stone's throw of each other, end their courses in the broad Pacific at a distance of over ninety miles apart.
As seen from a high elevation the region under discussion does not by any means present the appearance generally accorded to it. Instead of large valleys or plains of level land fringed on either hand by the Cascades and the Coast Range, the country consists of a very large number of small valleys separated by mountain ranges of various heights and drained by creeks which find their tortuous way into the two principal streams. The separating ranges, instead of conforming to a general trend, seem to fol- low no fixed rule in that regard, and do not coincide with each other in any degree. Thus the country is exceedingly broken and its local divisions are almost innumerable, The observer would be particularly struck with the extent of the forest-clad surface. He would see that the trees cover by far the greater part of the entire region, only the broader valleys, bottom lands, and side-hills being to any extent free from timber and underbrush. On the west he would observe the extensive system of the Coast Range covered with dark forests of fir which extend to the sea coast. On the eastern boundary the Cascade mountains, clothed almost to the summit with noble forests, cut off the view in that direction.
299
SOUTHERN OREGON.
The dividing ridge of the Cascades lies at a distance of rather more than one hun- dred miles from the coast, to which it is parallel. The Coast Range, which also follows approximately the ocean line, has its highest summits at about one-fourth the distance mentioned. The irregularity of the latter range is very striking. The Umpqua and Rogue rivers have forced their way through the solid sandstone mountains, whose preci- pices frown over their waters. The height of the Coast Range hardly exceeds one- third that of the snow peaks of the Cascades, nor is its base spread out over so great an area.
The country lying on the western slope of the Coast Range possesses a distinctive character. Its width varies from five to thirty-five miles, according to the trend of the mountains ; its surface is much broken, and is divided laterally by numerous streams, whose valleys constitute nearly all the arable land of this narrow strip. The climate is oceanic, a moist atmosphere prevailing, with regular sea breezes. Forests of fir, laurel and cedar cover almost the entire surface. The rain fall is greater than in the Umpqua and Rogue river valleys, and the temperature more equable. Beginning at the Cali- fornia state line and proceeding northward along the coast a large number of streams are crossed, rising, with the exception of the Rogue and Umpqua, among the hills of the Coast Range.
The flora of Southern Oregon bears distinguishing characteristics. Upon the flanks of the Coast Range and the country lying between those mountains and the sea, exists an almost interminable forest of evergreen trees-the red fir, yellow fir, white fir, red cedar and the white cedar. These trees grow to an enormous size and constitute an almost inexhaustible store of the best quality of Inmber. On the eastern slope of the range, the oak takes the place of the gigantie conifers, and scattered groves of these are found until the foothills of the Cascades are reached, when the fir again becomes abundant. Here it is associated with the sugar pine, a species almost unknown to the Coast mountains. On the Cascades also grow the oak, juniper, hemlock and spruce, but in smaller quantities than the former trees. Here, also, the supply of timber is very great, and owing to the difficulty of access, is practically untouched.
All parts of this great and interesting region are well watered. Save in some ele- vated regions of the extreme eastern part, hardly a quarter-section of land but possesses an ample supply of the clearest and coldest water Numerous streams abound and springs burst forth in profusion. In these mountain streams rove vast numbers of fish, the mountain or brook trout, the salmon trout, and in its season the salmon, being the most valuable species. The woods abound in game; the bear, elk, deer, California lion and other four-footed animals not yet extirpated by the bullet of the hunter, remain to furnish excitement for the sportsman and a not inconsiderable supply of meat to settlers and the markets. Smaller animals and birds lend the attraction of their presence to a scene of woodland peace and beauty.
The climate of Southern Oregon is in many respects superior to that of any other portion of the coast. With an ample rainfall it stands midway between the continual drouth of Sacramento valley and the almost perpetual winter rains of the Willamette. Closed in by mountain chains, it is not swept by winds heated by a long journey over vast stretches of level land, while across the low summits of the Coast Range steal the cooling breezes from the sea. Storms can not reach it with the full strength of their
300
SOUTHERN OREGON.
power. Protected from hot winds in summer, and in winter coming within the influ- ence of that warm ocean river, the Japan current, which so modifies and tempers the climate of the coast from Alaska to Mexico, the climate of this region is equable, agreeable and healthful. With a natural drainage of its surface that renders large areas of swampy land impossible, this region is never afflicted by scourge or pesti- lence, nor has it malaria or any other prevailing disease. It is a land where fertility of soil, health and agreeableness of climate and beauty of scenery conspire to make life a pleasure to the well, and to stimulate the invalid with renewed vigor.
Statistics of temperature and rainfall, covering any extended period, it is impossi- ble to obtain. Until a station of the United States signal service was established in Roseburg in 1877, no organized effort was made in this direction, and individuals seem to have been too much engrossed in the cares of business to give attention to the subject. We have only the record kept in Rogue river valley by a pioneer of that region, extending from 1854 to 1865, and the reports of the station at Roseburg since its founding in 1877. From these the following tables have been prepared :
METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY. COMPILED FROM THE RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES SIGNAL STATION AT ROSEBURG, OREGON.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
MONTHS.
Thermom'tr Rain- fall.
Thermom tr. Rain-
Thermom'tr. Rain-
Thermom'tr.
Rain-
Thermom'tr. Rain-
Max Min M'n
In's
Max Min M'n
In's.
Max Min M'n
In's.
Max Min M'n In's.
Max Min M'n
In's.
January.
65
28
14
8.70
56.5.18
37.6
4.74
56
25
41.3
57
42.6 11.60
53.1 26.2 38.6
4.21
February.
65
33.547 8
2 30
66
21.5 44.6
4.21
51.5 20
37.1
63
31
49,5
8.19
57.9 13.7 39.I 6.21
March.
71
33.5,51.4
6,36
75
32.5 49.8| 8.60
62.5 19
10.1
2.81
80
48 5
1.95
43.9 2.83
April ..
76.5 29 51.I
0.79
32 5 51 4
3.67
84.5 29.5
48.7
134
55.1
80.4 31
18.6
5.14
May ... June.
96.5 43
63.5
0.39
41
60.2
65.9
67.3
63.2
1.15
87.537
60.9
0.47
89 34.6 58 8
0.72
87 35.2 59.7
1.36
October.
73.5 26.5 49.5
2.55
3.55
60
24
42.1
5.79
65
17.5 38. 7
57.8 30.1 42.6
4.15
61.3 22. 8 42.4
1.15
December
62.5 17
38.1
2.73
56
39.1
7.86
65
29
45.5
8.29
62.8 27.2 42.5
5.14
62.5 19 7 44.6
6.54
Annual Means Totals
76.8 33.6 51.1
75.4 30. 8 52. 2
75 .6 30 .4 50. 6
74.7 33
52.2
76.4 31.2 51.5
36.92
45.03
81.44
13.69
34 77
TABLE OF RAINFALL. COMPILED FROM A PRIVATE RECORD KEPT IN ROGUE RIVER VALLEY.
MONTHS.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
January.
1.51
.33
...
2.88
2.09
4.41
1.39
1.71
4.66
5.05
3.18
1.42
February.
.92
.91
....
2.33
3.17
2.07
1.06
1.78
2.32
5.82
.23
1.67
March .
.81
2.08
. . . .
1.65
2.25
3.97
1.15
1.07
1.94
3.03
2.83
1.41
April ..
2.94
2.04
....
0.00
1.09
1.73
1.02
1.29
.97
3.06
1.89
.68
May.
.52
2.60
....
2.15
1.02
.75
2,21
1.03
3.74
1.21
1.95
.27
Tune
1.34
1.30
3.48
1.12
0.00
1.74
1.13
2.54
.66
1.27
.61
July
0.00
.01
0.00
.II
0.00
0.00
2.15
0.00
,21
.74
0.00
.76
August.
1.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
.12
12
.07
0.00
0.00
.II
.10
.16
September
0.00
.06
.II
.01
.25
1.26
.33
0.00
.24
.73
.45
1.IO
October.
2.35
.10
1.80
.30
2.32
.51
1.86
.63
1.26
.30
.37
November
1.12
2.46
1.88
2.83
3.15
2.95
2.75
7.82
0 00
1.59
5.86
9.06
December
1.80
3.04
4.45
2.20
3.50
.81
3.31
IO.II
2.18
5.22
12.09
4.06
Total
15.79
14.93
8.24
17.94
20.08
18.08
19.04
26.57
20.06
27.79
29.72
21.83
* First six months of 1856 not observed.
Average for ten years, 23. 18 inches.
Shi
42 67.5
0.85
Angust.
88
14.566.3
0.46
92
45
39
35
52
2.20
76
29
51.3
0.77
62.8/22 547.9
5.96
67.4 36.5 50.6 5.02
November.
66
27 .5 46.1
1.62
82.5 34
53.4
1.63
81.5 38
52.6
84.5 36
156.3
86.5 34
55.5
0.85
July
84.5 48
64.3
1.18
96
40
97
45
67
0.01
90.7 41.5 62.7
87.6 43 - 62.5
0,46
94.5 40.5 64.9 0.00
September
88.5 37 .5 58.7
1.29
90
1.47
89.5 43
164,4
0.41
83.I 4I
59.3
2.93
94.6 43.6/63
0.61
91
37.5 59.3
0 68
75 . 27
1.07
84 5 35.556. 1
1.39
0.73
0.56
0.15
0.79
fall.
fall.
fall.
9.37
2.49
3.98
fall.
.63
Within the bounds of Southern Oregon is found a population of about thirty thousand souls, pioneers and their descendants, who redeemed this beautiful region from the domination of savage tribes and brought it within the dominion of civiliza- tion. In the forty years of its history much has been accomplished. The primeval forests have been leveled. The fire of many a domestic hearth burns brightly in a land which not many years ago was a wilderness. The old story of pioneer life is
WALLING - LITH-PORTLAND-OR
RESIDENCE OF C.T. PAYNE, 2 MILES EAST OF PHOENIX, JACKSON CO.
1
301
SOUTHERN OREGON.
repeated here on this western shore by those to whom hardship and adventure were as second nature. Over this region, now fruitful in grain, the wild and debased Indian once roamed, an object of dread and danger. Bloody and fierce were the conflicts he waged against the superior race, fast despoiling him of his heritage, and the crimson history of war attests his valor and stubbornness. The Indian has melted away before the approach of the Caucasian, like snow beneath a noonday sun. Rude domestic utensils, and the arrow-heads fallen on many a bloody battle-field remain as sole mementos of a departed race.
The history of Southern Oregon as a distinct section, aside from the Indian war already related, will be given by counties and localities, the annals of each being made as complete as possible ; yet, perhaps, a few introductory remarks may not be out of place.
The progress of discovery and settlement of Oregon has been fully detailed in the preceding pages. The few facts relating especially to this region may be sum- marized as the landing of Sir Francis Drake's pilot [see page 20]; the discovery, possibly, of the mouth of either the Rogue or Umpqua river by Martin de Aguilar in 1603 [see page 30]; the destruction of Jedediah S. Smith's party and the passage through this region of the first Hudson's Bay Company trappers under Alexander Roderick McLeod [see pages 119 to 122]. From that time forward Southern Oregon was for a number of years traversed by parties of Hudson's Bay Company men, passing to and from the rich trapping grounds of California, or setting their traps for beaver in the many streams of this region. Fort Umpqua, in Yoncalla valley, was erected by that company as a headquarters for operations in this section. In 1837 a large band of cattle was driven through from California [see pages 130 and 131], and other bands subsequently, while annually, beginning with 1843, emigrants passed backwards and forwards between the Willamette valley and California.
In the month of September, 1841, a detachment of the celebrated exploring expedition of Commodore Charles Wilkes passed through this region on its way from Vancouver to Yerba Buena (San Francisco). It consisted of Lieutenant George F. Emmons, in command, Past Midshipman Henry Eld, Past Midshipman George W. Colovcoressis, Assistant Surgeon J. S. Whittle, and thirty-four others, among whom were J. D. Dana, the celebrated geologist, and a number of emigrants including women and children. Their impressions of the country are recorded in United States Explor- ing Expedition, Vol. 5, from which the following facts are gleaned :
The detachment took its departure from Fort Umpqua, in Yonealla valley, on the eighteenth of September, having been warned by Mr. Garnier, agent in charge, that the party was entirely too small to safely traverse the Umpqua, Rogue river and Shasta countries, since he had reliable information that the Indians, who were well aware of their approach, were massing at various points to cut them off. By using the utmost prudence and diligence and permitting no strange Indians to enter the camp, Lieutenant Emmons conducted his party safely through the Umpqua region and across the Umpqua mountains to Rogue river valley and camped on the banks of " Rogues, or Tootootutnas river." "They had now" says the report, " reached the country of the Klamet Indians, better known as the Rogues or Rascals, which name they have obtained from the hunters, from the many acts of villainy they have practiced."
302
SOUTHERN OREGON.
Special mention is made of the place on Young's creek where Dr. Bailey was defeated, and of the scene of Turner's heroic battle on Rogue river. These places were no doubt pointed out by the trappers engaged to accompany the party, and the story of Turner's combat as related by them to Lieutenant Emmons was as follows: A party of nine American trappers, some of them accompanied by their Indian wives, were encamped on the river one day in 1835. They had heedlessly permitted large num- bers of Indians to enter the camp, and these suddenly fell upon the whites, killing two of them and wounding the others. Turner, who was a powerful man, snatched a brand from the fire and disabled several of the assailants, until his wife brought him a rifle, with which he killed a number of the Indians and drove the others away. With his wounded companions he managed to reach the settlements in the Willamette. At another point on the river, where the report says that Michael Laframboise, the California leader of Hudson's Bay Company parties, had been twice attacked, the Indians made threatening demonstrations but no actual attack. On the twenty-ninth they crossed Siskiyou mountain, or Boundary ridge, as called in the report. Dense columns of signal smoke were continually observed, announcing their approach to tribes in advance. Mention is made on the ascent of Siskiyou mountain of a narrow defile, and of a party of fifteen, which was " defeated here by the Indians, some three years ago. One of their number was killed, and two died of their wounds on the Umpqua, whither they were obliged to retreat, although they had forced the Indians back with great loss." This refers to Ewing Young's cattle company in 1837, [see page 130], one of whom, Tibbats, was in Emmons' party. All these dangerous places were safely passed, and the party crossed into California without molestation.
In 1846 a number of settlers in the upper end of Willamette valley explored a route for an emigrant road through Southern Oregon to Fort Hall, and as this was the first effort to render this region approachable for settlers, it is of considerable historical importance. The following summary of the passage of the party from the Willamette to Klamath lake, is taken from a diary narrative of the trip by Lindsay Applegate, one of the explorers. Though many unimportant paragraphs and sentences are omitted, the language used is all that of the venerable pioneer. The narrative says :
" From what information we could gather from old pioneers and the Hudson's Bay Company, the Cascade mountains to the south became very low, or terminated where the Klamath cut that chain; and knowing that the Blue mountains lay east and west, we concluded there must be a belt of country extending east toward the South pass of the Rocky mountains where there might be no vast, lofty ranges to cross. So, in 1846, we organized a company to undertake its exploration, composed of the fol- lowing persons : Levi Scott, John Scott, Henry Boggus, Lindsay Applegate, Jesse Applegate, Benjamin Burch, John Owens, John Jones, Robert Smith, Samuel Goodhne, Moses Harris, David Goff, Benit Osborn, William Sportsman, and William Parker. Each man was provided with a saddle horse and a pack horse, making thirty animals.
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