USA > Pennsylvania > Chester County > History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with genealogical and biographical sketches > Part 200
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O. L. WOODWARD.
-0
G. L. Woodward
Timothy, and Susanna. these, Of Thomas was born March 17, 1753, and died June 2, 1837. He was marrled Oct. 15, 1777, at Londongrove, to Mary, daughter of Ellis and Susanna Pnsey, of West Fallowfield. She was born March 12, 1756, and died Aug. 16, 1838. He was a farmer, and remained on the homestead. Their children were Deb- orah, Susanna, Elizabeth, Ellis, Thomas, Mary, Joshua, Ann, and Lydia. Of these, Joshua was horn Feb. 9, 1792, and died Dec. 30, 1852. He was married Oct. 17, 1821, at Londongrove, to Re- becca, daughter of John and Mary Nutt. She died Dec. 17, 1822, and he was the second time married, to Rebecca, daugh- ter of Isaac and Sarah Lewis. She was boro Sept. 17, 1797, and died Dec. 19, 1833. His third wife was Ellen Todd, who died Sept. 20, 1853, Joshua Wood- ward'e childron were Mary, horo Dec. 8, 1822, and married Jan. 9, 1855, to Caleb Wood; Owen Lewis, born Aug. 12, 1829, and married Oct. 2, 1855, to Sarah, daughter of George and llanuah Ralston, boro Feb. 13, 1831; and Sarah Ann, horn Oct. 26, 1831, and married Dec. 30, 1858, to Nathan G. Bnck walter, son of Christopher and Mary Buckwal- ter. Owen Lewis Woodward has one child, H. Bell Woodward, born July 14, 1856. Joshua, father of O. L., removed to West Vincent, April 1, 1829, and pur- chased of Henry Kurtz a farm of one hundred and thirty-four acres, but which now containe one hundred and forty acres. Owen Lewis received a com- mon-school education in his youth. He is a general farmer, and has made many additions to his buildings and improve- ments to the farm. He is a Republicao, and has served eight years on the ex- ecutive county committee of his party. He is a director in the Farmers' and Mechanics' National Bank of Phoenix- ville, and was for ten years also in the Iron Bank of the same borough.
RESIDENCE OF O. L. WOODWARD, WEST VINCENT.
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BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL.
WICKERSHAM, THOMAS, of Bolney, in Sussex, Eng- land, came to Pennsylvania in 1700, bringing a certificate from the Monthly Meeting held at Horsham, in that county, 7, 11, 1700. This ancient document is now in possession of Caleb P. Wickersham, of Kennet Square. He settled in East Marlborough, and there died in the 4th month (June), 1730. His first wife, Ann, was probably related to Humphrey Killenbeck, who gave land to her children. His second wife, Alice Hogg, came with him, but her chil- dren were born here.
The children of Thomas by both wives were as follows : Humphrey, b. 1687, died young; Thomas, b. 7, 19, 1691, m. Abigail Johnson, and died in 1726, leaving children ; John, b. 9, 4, 1693, married and left children ; Ann, b. 2, 27, 1696; Alice, b. 7, 14, 1701, m. William Wilton ; Richard, b. 8, 11, 1703, m. Catharine Johnson, 7, 16, 1730, and Elizabeth McNabb, 1, 14, 1740; William, b. 2, 3, 1706, m. Rachel Hayes, 3, 26, 1730; Elizabeth, b. 11, 13, 1708-9, m. Hugh Harry, 1, 4, 1731 ; James, b. about 1712, d. 4, 12, 1804; Rebecca, b. 4, 1, 1715 ; Isaac, b. 1. 28, 1721.
James Wickersham, of East Marlborough, inherited the homestead on payment of legacies. He married, 2, 22, 1736, Ann Eachus, of Springfield, daughter of Robert, deceased, and Elizabeth, of Goshen, by whom he had the following children : Abel, Enoch, Jesse, James, John, Thomas, Sam- son, Abner, Priscilla, and Elizabeth.
William and Rachel (Hayes) Wickersham had sons,- William, b. 7, 20, 1740, d. 8, 2, 1822, and Peter, b. 2, 16, 1743. William, Jr., married Elizabeth Pusey, daughter of William, of West Marlborough, and settled in Newlin township. His children were Caleb, Mary, Rachel, Wil- liam, Amos, Thomas, Enoch, Hannah, Reuben, Elizabeth, and Jane. Caleb, the eldest, born 2, 25, 1765, married, 11, 5, 1789, Rachel Swayne, of East Marlborough, daughter of Samuel and Hannah. Their children were Hannah, Joshua, Ann, Caleb, b. 12, 10, 1796, d. 1874, m. Abigail Pyle; Phebe, Esther, Samuel, Nathan, Eliza, and Swayne.
Caleb and Abigail (Pyle) Wickersham had children,- James P., Henry N., Louisa, Charles B., Swayne, Sarah, William H., Lydia B., Morris, and Edward.
JAMES PYLE WICKERSHAM, LL.D., was born in New- lin township, Chester Co., March 5, 1825. He is the son of Caleb Wickersham, the fifth in descent from Thomas Wickersham, who bought a tract of land in Marlborough township in 1700, and soon after settled upon it and built a house, which is still standing, one of the oldest, if not the oldest house in the county. His mother was a daughter of James Pyle, also of old Quaker stock. His edu- cation was obtained mainly in common schools and at the Unionville Academy. At the age of sixteen he began to teach school, and while he taught he worked harder than any of his pupils, and by the time he was twenty he had become a good general scholar, being well versed in mathe- matics and in some of the natural sciences, and reading with facility several of the ancient and modern languages.
As a teacher, Mr. Wickersham's success was marked from the beginning. The common schools he taught were considered among the very best. In 1845 he became prin- cipal of the Marietta Academy, Lancaster County, in which
position he was very successful, and remained ten ycars. Upon the establishment of the office he was elected county superintendent of schools in the county where he lived, and a year thereafter founded the Normal Institute, at Millersville, out of which has eventually developed the first State Normal School in Pennsylvania, and, in fact, the whole normal school system. In 1856 he became the perma- nent principal of this school, and made it, in the ten years he remained at its head, one of the most flourishing institutions in the county, running the number of students in attend- ance up to a thousand. In 1866 he accepted the position of State superintendent of common schools, tendered him by Governor Curtin, and until the present year remained in charge of the school affairs of the Commonwealth, receiving appointments successively from Governors Geary, Hartranft, and Hoyt, and always being confirmed unanimously by the Senate. During his administration Pennsylvania has made great progress in her school affairs, and is now the ac- knowledged peer in this respect of any State in the Union. The educational exhibition made under his direction at the Centennial was unequaled by that of any other State or nation. While holding his place as State superintendent, he has been repeatedly offered positions of an honorable and lucrative character in other States and abroad, among them that of Minister of Public Instruction in the Argentine Republic, under President Sarmiento, who was his personal friend.
Mr. Wickersham helped form the Lancaster County Teachers' Association, the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association, the National Educational Association, and the National Superintendents' Association, of each of which he was among the earliest presidents. Some of his addresses before these bodies have been widely circulated in this country and translated into other languages and published abroad. The two works he wrote while principal of the Normal School, " School Economy" and " Methods of In- struction," have been more widely read at home than any other books of their class, and the "School Economy" has been translated into the French, Spanish, and Japanese languages. In addition to these works, he has written largely for the educational press, and has prepared and pub- lished fifteen volumes of common school and nine volumes of orphan school reports. Since 1870 he has been editor of the Pennsylvania School Journal, the most widely-cir- culated educational magazine in the country.
Mr. Wickersham has been active outside of his chosen field of labor. In 1863 he raised and commanded a three months' regiment of soldiers. Soon after his return from the army he prepared, at the request of Governor Curtin, the original bill providing for the education and mainte- nance of the destitute orphan children of soldiers; and in 1871 the Legislature placed the whole care of the soldiers' orphans in his hands, and he has expended in their behalf four millions of dollars. He is a member of the State Board of Agriculture, a trustee in the boards of three or four colleges, and a director of several large business enter- prises.
WILKINSON, JOSEPH, brought a certificate from Bal- lynacree, Ireland, to Bradford Monthly Meeting, 12, 16, 1737. Evan Wilkinson produced one to the same mecting,
764
HISTORY OF CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
5, 21, 1737; Samuel, one to Sadsbury, 12, 6, 1737-8, from the same place, dated 2, 23, 1737; and Ann Wilkin- son, one to Bradford, 4, 15, 1738. These were probably brothers and a sister, who all came over together, but, owing to uncertainty of settlement, did not present their certifi- cates at the same time. Joseph Wilkinson was married, 10, 31, 1740, to Elizabeth Fisher, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth, of Kennet. He settled in East Caln, but after- wards resided at other places. He died 9, 10, 1760, having had the following children : Francis, b. 12, 15, 1741 ; Susanna, b. 12, 29, 1743; Thomas, b. 12, 5, 1745 ; Elizabeth, b. 6, 30, 1748 ; Joseph, b. 7, 17, 1750 ; Mary, b. 3, 20, 1752 ; Ruth, b. 7, 27, 1754; Alice, b. 12, 10, 1755.
Of these, Francis married, 4, 11, 1770, Hannah Mode, daughter of Alexander and Rebecca, of East Fallowfield, and settled in Londongrove. Their children were Rebecca, m. to William Hoopes; Elizabeth, m. to James Trimble; Joseph ; Hannah, m. to Joseph Ponnock ; Francis, m. to Phebe Pusey ; Susanna, m. to Moses Way; Mode; Amy, m. to Thomas Hicks ; William ; Ruth, m. to John Edge.
WILLIAMS .- This is a very common name among the Welsh settlers, and it must not be inferred that all are of the same family.
ROBERT WILLIAM, of Merion, widower, was married at the house of Hugh Roberts, 4, 19, 1691, to Gwen Cadwal- ader. About the year 1700 they were settled in Goshen, probably on land then of Griffith Owen, at or near the present Goshen Friends' Meeting. He was sometimes called the King of Goshen, and it is claimed that he was the first settler in the township. Tradition says their first residence was a cave, and that on occasion, when their hearth-fire went ont, he had to go seven miles to get it re- newed. Goshen Meeting was held first, it is believed, at his house, though the record says at the house of Griffith Owen, but the latter doubtless lived in Philadelphia. In 1715 they lived in Uwchlan township, and in that year conveyed the Goshen homestead to their son Ellis. Though he had considerable land in Goshen, he appears to have been in straitened circumstances, so that in 1702 Friends of Haverford contributed £19 9d. 8s. to him to build a new house, he having received Friends " kindly and open- hearted," and keeping the meeting in his house. In 1710, Edward Roberts complained of him for debt, and the meet- ing advised him to sell some of his land to pay it, and even appointed persons to assist him in doing it. He died in 1734, at the age of eighty-seven years. His children, so far as known, were,-1. Elizabeth, m. to William Philips, 1708; 2. Ellis, who died 1756, m. Mary - about 1712; she died 2, 7, 1753; 3. Lewis, m. about 1720, to Ann, daughter of James Thomas ; 4. John, perhaps a son, m. Jane -; 5. Ann, b. 1700, m. Griffith John ; 6. William, m. 10, 3, 1723, at Uwchlan Meeting, Joan Pugh, daughter of James Pugh, of Uwchlan, d. in Vincent, 7, 17, 1744; 7. Grace, b. 3, 12, 1707, m. John Meredith; 8. Hannah, m. John Morgan, Nov. 9, 1723; 9. Sarah, b. 1712, m. Timothy Kirk.
Ellis and Mary Williams had issue,-10. Robert, b. 6, 29, 1715; 11. Esther, b. 11, 11, 1718; 12. Mary, b. 1, 3, 1720, m. Thomas Garrett ; 13. Ellis ; 14. Isaac, b. 7, 16, 1722, mn. Esther Davics.
Children of Lewis and Ann William : 15. Mary, b. 2, 16, 1721, d. 8th mo., 1722 ; 16. Nathan, b. 8, 19, 1722 ; 17. Lewis, son of Lewis, of Willistown, m. 1, 13, 1763, at Goshen Meeting, to Miriam Lewis, daughter of Thomas ; 18. Abraham, and perhaps others.
Ellis Williams (13), son of Ellis and Mary, of Goshen, married, 2, 1, 1748, Lydia Haines, daughter of Isaac and Catharine, of Goshen, and had children,-Jesse, Ellis, Isaac, Nathan, Jane, and Lydia. Ellis (3) m. Jane Gar- rett, 11, 19, 1789, and had Lydia, Mary, Jesse, Ellis, Josiah, Nathan, Garrett, and Jane. The fourth Ellis, b. 11, 24, 1797, d. 12, 28, 1874. He and his father were the sex- tons at Goshen for a long period, and buried hundreds of bodies there.
Lewis Williams (17) had children,-Issachar, George, Enoch, Thomas, Tacy (who married - Goodwin), and Abraham.
Abraham Williams, born 12, 26, 1783, d. 9, 3, 1862, married Rachel, daughter of Richard and Hannah White, born 8, 12, 1781, died 9, 13, 1850. He was a miller, and for many years operated Taylor's mill, in East Bradford. Afterwards he owned land and resided in Westtown, ncar Hemphill Station. His children were Lewis W., b. 12, 20, 1804, d. 9, 19, 1873; Hannah, b. 8, 11, 1807, m. John T. Haines; Richard W., b. 7, 31, 1809; Enoch, b. 6, 8, 1814, deceased ; Ann T., b. 4, 11, 1818.
" Lewis White Williams departed this life at his residence, near the borough of West Chester, yesterday morning, 19th inst., after a prolonged and painful illness of some months. He was born in East Goshen township, Chester Co., on the 20th of December, 1804, and at the time of his denth was in the sixty-ninth year of his age. For many years he resided by turns in Delaware and Chester Counties, where he was engaged in teaching, a business for which he was emi- nently fitted by his genial disposition.
" When the Chester County Cabinet of Natural Sciences wns or . ganized in 1826, he was one of its earliest and most ardent members, and chose mineralogy for his branch of study. For his untiring in- dustry in collecting, und acumen in discovering and developing the mineral treasures of this region, mineralogists are under many obli- gations, while foreign cabinets, as well as those of this country, are graced by the magnificent specimens collected and distributed hy him with no miserly hand. His mineralogienl expeditions were not con- fined to this region alone, hut extended north and south into neigh- boring States and Territories. In 1857 he was appointed by the Buchanan administration assistant geologist and naturalist in what was termed 'The Camel Expediton,' under Lient. Beale, U.S.A., to reconnoitre and lay out a wagon-road on the 32d parallel, from Texas to California. He entered on this work with enthusiasm, and he often related his escapes from Indians after having wandered from the truin in search of minerals and fossils. His labors were frequently ac- knowledged in scientific publications, and his opinions on minerals and mineral localities were frequently sought by scientists and others. As a slight acknowledgment of his labors in the canse, Prof. Shepard named a variety of precious serpentine (Williamsite) nfter its dis- coverer.
" Like a true votary of science, he loved mineralogy for the mental pleasure and gratification it afforded, and not for the paltry dollars and cents which it occasionally threw in his way, a trait of character possessed by a class of naturalists now almost extinct. He was sin- cere in his attachments, and to those he especially regarded as among his scientific friends ho was generous in the extreme."
W. D. H.
REV. JOSHUA WILLIAMS, D.D., was the son of Lewis Williams, an emigrant from Wales, and was born in the Great Valley, Chester Co., Pa., Aug. 8, 1761. When he was about two years of age his father removed to York Co., Pa. He graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle,-then
765
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL.
under the presidency of Dr. Charles Nisbet,-in the year 1795, in the same elass with Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, who ever retained a kindly remembrance of him.
In 1798 he was licensed to preach by the Carlisle Pres- bytery. In 1799 he became pastor of the congregations of Derry and Paxton, in Dauphin County, where he remained about two years. In 1802 he took charge of the Presby- terian Church at Big Springs, in Cumberland County, and served it as pastor until 1829, when, on account of bodily infirmity, he resigned. He died Aug. 21, 1838, and was interred in the Big Spring churchyard.
His talents and attainments were such as to command the highest respect from all who knew him. His intellec- tual powers were naturally strong and vigorous, and his judgment was sound and discriminating. He was familiar with the science of mental philosophy, and had a remarka- ble taste for metaphysical discussions. He was learned and able in his profession, and highly instructive in his dis- courses.
WILLIAMSON, DANIEL, came from England under contract to work for Robert Taylor, and doubtless came from the same county, Chester, and in the year 1682. His sister Mary was the wife of John Howell, and married a second husband, Walter Marten, of Chichester. Daniel received from Robert Taylor 50 acres of land for his ser- vices, and he also received 50 acres from the proprietary for coming as a servant. The whole 100 acres were located in Marple, Oct. 22, 1683, with 300 of John Howell's, and . patented to the latter.
Daniel married Mary Smith in 1685 and settled in New- town. His death occurred in 1727, while he was a mem- ber of Assembly. His children were Robert, b. 10, 3, 1686, m. Hannah Coppock ; Daniel, b. 8, 6, 1688, m. Hannah Malin ; John, b. 7, 11, 1690, m. Sarah Smedley ; Mary, b. 7, 25, 1692, m. Myrick Davies ; Thomas, b. 10, 10, 1694, m. Ann Malin; Joseph, b. 2, 25, 1697, m. Mary Yearsley (?) ; Margaret, b. 12, 12, 1698, m. Joshua Thomson ; Abigail, b. 7, 16, 1702, d. 12, 28, 1775, m. John Yarnall and William Garrett.
John Williamson was a somewhat prominent minister among Friends, and resided in Newtown. His children were Mary, m. to Abraham Hoopes; Sarah, m. to - Calvert ; Margaret, m. to John Brinton ; Alice, m. to Be- Daniel Lownes and - Buckley ; Esther, m. to Samuel Mendenhall ; Jane, m. to Robert Regester and Abel Green; John, m. to Elizabeth Buckley ; Daniel.
Thomas and Ann (Malin) Williamson had children,- Margaret, m. to Nathan Hoopes ; Ann ; Thomas, m. to Ab- igail Jefferis ; Mary, Daniel, William, and Robert. Wil- liam was born Aug. 5, 1731, and died February, 1815. He first married his cousin, Sarah, daughter of Abraham and Mary Hoopes, by whom he had a son, Abraham, who married Esther James, 9, 18, 1777. William married a second wife, Phebe, daughter of Augustine and Hannah Passmore, born 9, 11, 1763, by whom he had Sarah, b. August, 1789, d. July 18, 1865, m. Abraham Hoopes ; Passmore, b. Oct. 8, 1790, d. July 11, 1819, unmarried ; Phebe, b. May 26, 1792, d. Feb. 19, 1866, unmarried ; William, b. Feb. 20, 1794, d. July 25, 1866 ; Thomas, b. March 3, 1796, d. Aug. 26, 1771 ; Cheyney, b. March 22,
1798, d. Feb. 7, 1833, m. Sarah Howard; Augustine, b. Oct. 14, 1803.
Of these, William Williamson, Esq., of the bar, was one of the leading citizens of West Chester, and took an active part in matters of publie welfare. He married, March 7, 1822, Esther, daughter of Jesse Good, and had children,- Edward H., Caroline M., Elizabeth G., and Clara. His widow died Jan. 22, 1873.
Thomas Williamson, his brother, was a conveyancer, doing an extensive business. He married Elizabeth Pyle and Deborah M. Garrigues, and died in Philadelphia. He was the father of Passmore Williamson.
HUGH WILLIAMSON was born, of Scotch-Irish parents, in the township of West Nottingham, Chester Co., Dec. 5, 1735. These Scotch-Irish immigrants have been re- markable in our country for their. enterprise, and for the intellectual development of their descendants. His father, John Williamson (who had been a clothier in Dublin), canie to Chester County about the year 1730. His mother, Mary Davidson, was a native of Derry ; came hither with her father, George Davison, while a child about three years of age. She died about 1804, in her ninetieth year. The parents of Hugh Williamson were married in 1731. They had ten children,-six sons and four daughters. Hugh was their eldest son. Being slender and delicate, his father re- solved to give him a liberal education. After the common preparatory instruction, he was sent at an early age to learn the languages, at the academy at New London Cross-roads, under Rev. Francis Alison, the Busby of the Western hemisphere. Among the pupils of that seminary may be mentioned Charles Thomson, Dr. John Ewing, Thomas Mckean, Benjamin Rush, etc. After Dr. Alison's trans- fer to Philadelphia, Hugh Williamson went to the academy at Newark, Del., where he prepared for college. He en- tered the Philadelphia College in 1753, remained there about four years, and graduated A.B. May 17, 1757. He was fond of mathematics, and became a proficient in Euclid. His father (who had, shortly before this, removed to Ship- pensburg, Cumberland Co., Pa.) died the year Hugh graduated, as above ; whereupon he became sole executor, and resided with his mother about two years, settling his father's estate. He became early impressed with a sense of religion, and while with his mother devoted much time to the study of divinity, under the auspices of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Finley, with a view to the clerical profession. In 1759, Hugh went to Connecticut, where he still pursued his theological studies, and was licensed to preach the gos- pel. He preached but a short time, not exceeding two years, when he found that his health and strength of lungs would not permit the duties of the office, and he was never ordained. Moreover, the memorable controversy in the Presbyterian Church between the adherents of White- field and the old Orthodox party proved a source of disgust to him, which induced him to withdraw from theological pursuits, to which he was sincerely attached. He accord- ingly left the pulpit, and entered upon the study of medicine.
In 1760 he received the degree of A.M. io Philadelphia College, and soon after was appointed Professor of Math- ematies in that institution, but continued his medical studies.
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HISTORY OF CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Oct. 8, 1763, he gave notice of his intended resignation of the professorship, and in 1764 he went to prosecute his medical studies at the University of Edinburgh. He after- wards spent a year in London at his studies, and from thence crossed over to Holland, and completed his medical educa- tion at Utrecht. Having passed the usual examination, and submitted a Latin thesis, he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Having spent some time in traveling on the continent of Europe, he bent his course towards his native country.
Upon his return, Dr. Williamson practiced medicine in Philadelphia for a few years. In 1768. he was chosen a member of the American Philosophical Society. His health failing, he resolved to try mercantile pursuits, but meanwhile for a time devoted himself to literary and phil- osophical investigations. In January, 1769, he was ap-
efforts for the academy. Dr. Williamson was the first to report the destruction of the tea at Boston. On that occa- sion he ventured to declare his opinion that coercive meas- ures by Parliament would result in civil war. Lord North himself declared that Dr. Williamson was the first person who, in his hearing, intimated the probability of such an event. Dr. Williamson, while in London, was the man (probably with the aid or at the suggestion of Mr., after- wards Sir John Temple) who procured the letters of Hutch- inson, Oliver, etc., and caused them to be delivered to Dr. Franklin, who sent them to Boston, for which Wedder- burne, before the Privy Council, called Franklin a thief,- or, in other words, Homo trium Literarum [F U R].
After causing the Hutchinson correspondence to reach Dr. Franklin, it was deemed expedient by Dr. Williamson to take an early conveyance next day for Holland. It was
HUGH WILLIAMSON.
pointed by the Philosophical Society on a committee, with the Rev. Dr. Ewing, David Rittenhouse, and Charles Thomson, to observe the transit of Venus, which occurred on June 3d in that year ; and soon after to observe the tran- sit of Mercury, which took place Nov. 9, 1769. In that year, also, he philosophized on the comet. In 1770 he published observations on climate in the American Philo- sophical Transactions. In 1772 he visited the West In- dies to collect contributions in aid of the Newark Academy. In 1773, Governor John Penn certified to the " good credit and reputation" of Rev. John Ewing and Dr. Hugh Wil- liamson, who were authorized to proceed to Europe and solicit further aid for said academy. They persevered un- der difficulties until the autumn of 1775, when hostilities with the colonies commenced. Dr. Ewing returned home, but Dr. Williamson resolved to remain and make further
supposed by John Adams that Mr. David Hartley, a mem- ber of Parliament, and a good friend of the Americans, was the person through whom the letters reached Dr. Franklin.
On the Declaration of Independence, Dr. Williamson returned to the United States, and engaged for a time with a brother in trade with the West Indies. His residence then was at Edenton, N. C. In 1779-80, when the British took possession of Charleston, S. C., a large draft of militia from North Carolina was ordered for the relief of South Carolina; on which occasion the commander, Governor Caswell, placed Dr. Williamson at the head of the medical department. After the battle of Camden, Aug. 18, 1780, which the doctor witnessed, he requested Gen. Caswell to give him a flag, that he might go and attend to the wounded North Carolina prisoners. The general advised
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