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Gc 975.7 M13hi 1208962
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GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02294 3622
GENEALOGY 975.7 M13HI
THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE REVOLUTION 1775-1780
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THE HISTORY
OF
SOUTH CAROLINA
IN
THE REVOLUTION 1775-1780
BY
EDWARD MCCRADY, LL.D. A MEMBER OF THE BAR OF CHARLESTON, S.C., AND PRESIDENT OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT " AND "THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT "
New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1901
All rights reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co. - Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A.
1208962
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED
Adams, John, Works and Life. Boston.
Address to the Army in Reply to Strictures by Roderick Mckenzie, Lientenant Seventy-first Regiment. Major George Hanger. London, 1789.
Addresses. Wilmot G. De Sanssure, President Cincinnati Society. 1883-85.
American Almanac and Repository of Useful Information for the Years 1830-31.
American Commonwealth. James Bryce. 2 volumes. 1888.
American Encyclopædia.
American Loyalists. Lorenzo Sabine. Boston, MDCCCXLVII.
American State Papers, Class V, Military Affairs. Volume I. Washington, 1832.
American Statesmen Series. John Adams.
Annals of Newbury. John Belton O'Neal, LL.D. 1859.
Annual Register or Review of History, Politics, and Literature fo" the Years 1775, 1776, 1779, 1780, 1781. London.
Bancroft's History of the United States. Edition of 1852-83.
Belknap's History of New Hampshire. 1784-92.
Botta's History of the War of the United States of America. Trans- lated from the Italian by George Alexander Otis, 3d. 2 volumes. 1834.
British Military Library. London, 1801.
Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy growing out of the Campaign in Virginia, 1781. B. F. Stevens. London, 1888. 2 volumes. Collections of the Historical Society of South Carolina. 4 volumes. Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina. Landrum.
Cooley on Constitutional Limitations. Boston, 1868.
Curwen's Journal and Letters, 1775, 1784. New York, 1845. 3d edition.
Diary of Josiah Smith, an exile to St. Augustine, MS.
Documentary History of South Carolina. Robert Gibbes. 3 volumes.
V
there 25.00
vi
AUTHORITIES
Drayton's Memoirs of the Revolution. John Drayton, LL.D. 1821. 2 volumes.
Elliot's Debates on Constitution, 1787. Washington, 1836. 4
volumes.
Gadsden, Christopher. MS. collections bound in one volume entitled So. Ca. Miscellan.
Garden's Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War. Charleston, 1822. Gazette, The South Carolina, 1732-1774, 1776.
The South Carolina and American General, 1766, 1775.
The South Carolina and Country Journal, 1766, 1774. The Gazette of the State of South Carolina, 1776, 1778. The Royal Gazette, 1780.
Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle for the Years 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781.
George III, Bisset's History of the Reign of. London, 1803. 6 volumes.
George IV, Memoirs of. Robert Iluish. London, MDCCCXXX. Gordon, W., History of the American Revolution, 1788. 4 volumes.
Greene, Nathanael, Life and Campaigns. C. Caldwell, M.D. Phila- delphia. 1819.
Life, William Gilmore Simms. 1856.
Charleston, Life and Correspondence. Hon. William Johnson. 1822. 2 volumes.
Major General in the Army of the Revolution. George W. Greene. Boston, 1849.
Great Commander Series. Francis Vinton Greene. New York. 1893.
Hildreth's History of the United States. New York, 1849. 3
volumes.
Historical Register, Continental Army. Heitman. Washington, 1893.
Howe's History of the Presbyterian Church. Columbia, 1870.
Iredell, James, Life and Correspondence. New York, MDCCCLVHI. 2 volumes.
Jackson, Andrew, Life. Parton. New York, 1858.
Jefferson, Thomas, Writings. 1859.
Johnson, John, D.D., Defence of Charleston Harbor. 1890.
Charleston,
Johnson, Joseph. Traditions and Reminiscences of the Revolution in South Carolina. Charleston, 1851.
vii
AUTHORITIES
Journals (MS.) of General Assembly and printed Extracts thereof, 1776, 1778.
Kent's Commentaries.
King's Mountain and its Heroes. Draper. Cincinnati, 1881
Lacey, Life of General Edward M. A. Moore, M.D., 1859.
Laurens's MSS., Historical Society of South Carolina.
Laurens's The Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens, 1777- 98. Bradford Club Series.
Lecky's History of England in the Eighteenth Century.
Logan, John II., History of Upper South Carolina.
London Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Events for the Year 1776.
Lossings Field Book of the Revolution. New York, 1852. 2 volumes. Marion, Francis, Life. William Dobien James, A.M. Charleston, 1821.
Marion, Francis. Mason L. Weems. Philadelphia, 1857.
McCall's History of Georgia. Savannah, 1811. 2 volumes.
Memoirs of the War of 1776. Henry Lee. Edition of Robert E. Lee, 1870.
Moore's Diary of the American Revolution. 2 volumes.
Moore, G. H., Treason of Major-general Charles Lee. New York, C. Scribner, 1860.
Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution. New York, 1802. 2 volumes.
North Carolina in 1780-81. David Schenck, LL.D.
Orangeburg County, History of. A. S. Salley, Jr. 1898.
Pitkin's Political and Civil History of the United States of America. New Haven, 1835.
Potter's Dwarris on Statutes and Constitution.
Publications of the Southern Historical Association.
Ramsay, David, M.D., History of South Carolina, 1809. 2 volumes. History of the Revolution in South Carolina, 1785. 2 volumes. Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee. Charleston, S.C., 1853.
Russell's Magazine, September, 1851. Unpublished Revolutionary Papers of John Rutledge.
Sanderson's Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia, 1824.
Siege of Charlestown by the British Fleet and Army under the Com- mand of Admiral Arbuthnot and Sir Henry Clinton. J. Mun- sell, 1867. Limited edition.
viii
AUTHORITIES
Simms, William Gilmore, History of South Carolina, 1840, 1860.
South Carolina in the Revolution, published under the name of " Southron," containing extracts from diaries of persons in the siege of Charleston. Charleston, 1858.
South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, 1670, 1719. McCrady, 1897.
South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719, 1776. McCrady, 1899.
Steadman, C., History of the American War. London, 1794. 2 volumes.
Strictures on Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton's History, by Roderick Mckenzie, Lieutenant Seventy-first Regiment. London, 1787. Sumter, General Thomas, MS. collection in possession of Miss Mary Brownfield, containing Hill's Narrative. 2 bound volumes.
Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780-81 in the Southern Provinces of North America, by Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton of the British Legion. London, MDCCCXXXVIII.
United Service Magazine, September, 1881. The Battle of Eutaw Springs. I. Watts de Peyster, Major General, N. G. N. Y.
Washington, George, Washington Irving's Life of. New York, 1855. 4 volumes.
John Marshall's Life of. Philadelphia, 1804. 5 volumes.
Washington's Writings, edited by Jared Sparks. Boston, 1837. 12 volumes.
Wheeler's History of North Carolina. Philadelphia, 1851.
Wheeler's Reminiscences of North Carolina. Columbus, O., 1884. Winning of the West. Hon. Theodore Roosevelt.
Year Books, City of Charleston, during the Administrations of the Hon. William A. Courtenay, Hon. John F. Ficken, and Hon. J. Adger Smyth.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
1775
The Revolution precipitated by the battle of Lexington - The Ameri- can colonies not prepared for hostilities - Both parties disown responsi- bility - Position of Revolutionists at the time of Lord William Campbell's appointment as Governor - South Carolina sets up the first independent government - Its committees and Council of Safety - Vigorous measures adopted - Lord William Campbell arrives - His reception - Receives and replies to address from Provincial Congress - His embarrassing position and vacillation - Military organization of the province - Three regiments organized - Scarcity of powder at Boston - South Carolina called upon to contribute - Opportunity of doing so singularly afforded - Expedition to seize powder organized by Secret Committee - Powder secured - Five thousand pounds dispatched to Continental Congress at Philadelphia - Captain Lemprière seizes another supply off the bar of St. Augustine - William Henry Drayton and Arthur Middleton dominant in local affairs - Absurd charge of Roman Catholic conspiracy - First case of tar and feathering - Its evil consequences - Non-associators summoned to answer - The case of William Wragg - That of Lieutenant Governor William Bull - Divisions in the Council of Safety. 1-32.
CHAPTER II 1775
German settlers in Orangeburgh and Saxe-Gotha oppose the Revolution - Mission of George Wagner and Felix Long - Disaffection extends - Cruel treatment of Thomas Browne at Augusta - Colonel Fletchall's conduct - Council of Safety addresses him - He refuses to take up arms against the King - Major Mayson brings supply of powder from Fort Charlotte to Ninety-Six - Moses Kirkland and Captain Polk abandon Major Mayson - Kirkland urges Fletchall to seize powder - Major Rob- inson with Robert and Patrick Cuningham secure it - Fletchall's regi-
ix
X
CONTENTS
ment refuses to sign association - Fifteen hundred men at Fletchall's muster field - Disaffection increases - The people from the Broad to the Saluda come out for the King - Lord William Campbell's correspondence with Fletchall - Unhappy condition of Revolutionary party - Lord Will- iam Campbell fails to seize his opportunities - William Henry Drayton and others sent to the interior to reconcile the people - The Germans in Orangeburgh refuse to meet them -- Colonel Thomson's Regiment of Rangers mutinies - Commissioners separate - Drayton and Kershaw go to the Dutch Fork, Rev. Mr. Tennent to the Catawba - Drayton addresses large gathering on Enoree River - Robert Cuningham appears - Meet- ing demands to hear both sides - Drayton on one side, and Cuningham on the other, discuss the questions - Drayton produces no effect - The heads of both parties meet at Fletchall's - Fletchall remains firm - Dis- approves proceedings of Congress - Commissioners proceed to Snow Hill - Kirkland goes to Charlestown, escapes arrest, and returns with Lord William Campbell's commissions and encouragement to Loyalists - Dray- ton assumes dictatorial powers - Orders Williamson and Richardson to take the field - Issues proclamation against Kirkland - Kirkland returns to Lord William Campbell, and is sent on board the Tamar -Cuning- ham, Browne, and Fletchall collect their men - Drayton marches upon and surprises Fletchall - Forms a camp at Ninety-Six - Fletchall, with twelve hundred men, marches against Drayton - A truce and conference take place - Drayton embarrassed by conflicting instructions from Coun- cil of Safety - A treaty of pacification is entered into - Its terms. 33-52.
CHAPTER III 1775
Eventful era in revolutionary history of South Carolina -The Assem- bly meets - Lord William Campbell's speech to House of Commons - Reply of Commons to Governor's speech - The Governor replies - The House refuses to do business - Attends service at St. Philip's Church on day of fasting - Sermon by Rev. Robert Smith - House requests leave to adjourn - Takes offence at Governor addressing it as " Lower House " - Arthur Middleton urges seizure of estates of those who leave the colony - Another case of tar and feathering - Middleton's and Timo- thy's accounts of it - Wells, editor of the South Carolina and American General Gazette, opposes extreme measures - Lord William Campbell takes alarm - sends message to the Commons - Message referred to a com- mittee - Committee reports reply to his Excellency's message, which is adopted and sent - Last business transacted by the old Colonial Assem- bly - Assembly dissolved - Troubles in the councils of the Revolution- ists - Disaffection of the volunteer companies of Charlestown - German
xi
CONTENTS
Fusiliers stand by Council - Differences reconciled - Lord William Camp- bell keeps up correspondence with friends in the back country - Kirkland's escape to the Tamar - Bailey Chaney captured ; Council learns from him of Governor's correspondence - Chaney induced to accompany Captain McDonald, disguised, upon visit to Governor - Lord William deceived and talks freely - Upon McDonald's report, Middleton urges General Committee to take the Governor into custody - Differences in General Committee in regard to matter - Fort Johnson taken - Lord William Campbell escapes to the Tamar. 53-68.
CHAPTER IV 1775
Sloop of war Cherokee arrives in Charlestown harbor - Fort Johnson reënforced - Flag raised upon it - Differences of opinion in Council of Safety - Intercourse with British ships of war prohibited - Sullivan's Island to be secured - Tart correspondence with Captain Thornborough - Divisions in Council, but vigorous measures decided upon - Protests against such action - Action deferred - Subject again renewed - Wildest schemes proposed - Moultrie ridicules them - General Committee sum- mons Congress, which meets -Chooses William Henry Drayton Presi- dent - Committee appointed to report on state of colony - First battle of the Revolution in South Carolina takes place - No one injured, though many shots exchanged - Congress holds divine service, and then proceeds with business on Sunday - Thanks voted to Captain Tufts and others engaged in naval affair - Ship Prosper impressed, fitted, and armed as a frigate of war - Messrs. De Saussure and Powell sent to inform Council of Safety of Georgia of the commencement of hostilities - The policy of conferring temporary dictatorial powers on Governor inaugurated - Presi- dent Drayton writes letter to Council of Safety of Georgia - Regiment of artillery to be raised - Close division of parties in Congress - Captain Lemprière appointed to command ship Prosper - Owen Roberts Lieu- tenant Colonel regiment of artillery - Proposed adjournment of Congress to Camden - New Council of Safety elected ; powers enlarged - Lord William Campbell informed that he would be notified in case of an attack - Precautionary and other measures taken - Thanks given to President Drayton - Congress adjourns - State of parties. 69-85.
CHAPTER V 1775
Robert Cuningham taken into custody - His case and treatment - Resentment in Up-Country upon his arrest - Patrick Cuningham attempts his rescue, fails, but seizes ammunition on its way to the Indians, sent by
xii
CONTENTS
Drayton - Misapprehension in regard to same - Williamson embodies militia, and forms a camp - Sends message to Indian agents explaining seizure of ammunition - Cuningham party believe ammunition sent to arm Indians against them - Colonel Richardson sent to seize Patrick Cun- ingham and other Tory leaders - Captain Polk joins Richardson - Sum- ter's first appearance - Is cautiously received by the Revolutionists - Congress men under Williamson, and King's men under Cuningham, embody their forces - Richard Pearis abandons the Revolutionists and joins the King's men - King's men increase in numbers and, under Robinson, march upon Williamson - Williamson falls back to Ninety- Six and fortifies himself - Robinson besieges Williamson - Conference between leaders of the parties - Two of Williamson's men seized - Con- flict begins - First blood of the Revolution in South Carolina is shed - Siege lasts two days -The killed and wounded - Another conference - Treaty entered into - Floyd, Robinson's messenger to Lord William Campbell, repairs to Charlestown, forbidden private conference with Lord William, secures it, receives instructions, and is arrested - Richard- son marches to Williamson's relief - Disregards terms of treaty - Makes arrests and issues proclamation - Is joined by several large parties - He advances, King's men fall back - His force increases - Arrests Fletchall, Pearis, and others - Presses forward through the snow - Forces still further increased - Scours the whole upper country - Battle of Great Cane Brake - Marches home - Ship of war Scorpion arrives in Charlestown harbor with Governor Josiah Martin of North Carolina on board - Lord William Campbell proposes with the men-of-war in harbor to attack Fort Johnson, but is overruled - Two merchant ships seized by British fleet - Money found on board turned over to Lord William Camp- bell - His lordship's chariot and horses in the town seized in retalia- tion - Lady Campbell protests - action of Council of Safety thereon - William Henry Drayton made Captain of ship Prosper for protection of harbor - His control of affairs - Moultrie restive under it - Battery established at Haddrell's Point forces British men-of-war to change their position, and they leave the harbor - Two other British men-of-war arrive, send in a boat, but learning Fort Johnson in possession of Provincials, depart. 86-102.
CHAPTER VI 1776
Provincial Congress reassembles - Delegates return from Philadel- phia ; present journal of Continental Congress - Powers of sovereignty assumed and exercised by Continental and Provincial Congresses - Pro- vincial Congress of Massachusetts asks advice of Continental Congress as
xiii
CONTENTS
to establishment of independent government - John Rutledge's report thereon - Subject renewed by delegates from New Hampshire and South Carolina - Resolution of Continental Congress thereon - John Adams's representations in regard to same - Rutledge's position thereon - Conti- nental Congress advises Provincial Congress to call full and free repre- sentation of the people - Resolution of Continental Congress referred to committee - Report of Henry Laurens thereon - Gadsden declares for absolute independence - His declaration received with abhorrence - John Rutledge's indignation thereat - Congress resolves it expedient to set up temporary government - Committee appointed to prepare plan - Committee reports - Mr. Lowndes leads opposition thereto - Debate thereon - Copy aet of Parliament declaring colonies in rebellion received - Its effect - John Rutledge makes another report from committee on plan of government - Plan adopted - Its provisions - Legislative Coun- cil chosen - John Rutledge chosen President - Henry Laurens Vice President - William Henry Drayton, Chief Justice - Charge to Grand Jury - The charge considered - The form of government considered - It was not a constitution - Delegation to Continental Congress - Instruc- tion thereto - Thomas Lynch, Jr., added as sixth member of delegation. 103-127.
CHAPTER VII 1776
Preparation in England for subjugation of colonies - Expedition sails under Admiral Peter Parker and Earl Cornwallis - Is dispersed by storm - Returns - Refits and sails again - Its destination to the Southern colo- nies known to Washington - Admiral Graves and Sir Henry Clinton sail for Boston - Destination unknown - Put into New York - Sail again and join Admiral Parker and Lord Cornwallis - Lord William Campbell and Governor Martin accompany Sir Henry Clinton - Expedition arrives off Cape Fear - Purpose of setting up Royal government in North Caro- lina frustrated by Caswell's victory - Expedition sails for Charlestown - Organization of American forces - Middle and Southern departments established - Major General Charles Lee assigned to command of latter - His character - Sets out for his command - Description of coast of South Carolina - President Rutledge learns of appearance of expedition off Dewees' Island - Generals Armstrong, Lee, and Howe arrive - Atti- tude of parties - Differences buried - All vie with each other in prepa- ration for hostilities - British fleet arrives off bar - The bar sounded, and fleet crosses - Sir Henry Clinton sends in proclamation - Lands force on Long Island - Lee assumes command of American forces - President Rutledge directs all State troops to obey him - Fort Sullivan
xiv
CONTENTS
(Moultrie) described - Troops destined for defence - Fort Johnson - Its garrison - Lee proposes to abandon Fort Sullivan - Rutledge's answer - Lee instructs Moultrie to attack British force on Long Island - Moultrie prepares to do so, but ascertains Sir Henry Clinton's whole army there - American works and troops to oppose his crossing - Lee's restlessness and anxiety - Moultrie's calmness - Lee's instructions to Moultrie disregarded - Lee determines to remove Moultrie - Moultrie's character - Fortifications of the town and disposition of the troops - British land and naval forces - The battle begins - Fleet attacks - Positions of the British men-of-war - Lee not alone in anxiety as to the fort - Sir Henry Clinton attempts to cross from Long Island - Is repulsed by Colonel Thomson - The fight between the fleet and the fort rages - British ships run foul of each other and aground - Thunder bombship withdraws - Lord William Campbell wounded - Slaughter on the Bristol and Experiment -The fort shaken - Flag shot away - Sergeant Jasper re- places it - Lee orders Moultrie to abandon fort if ammunition is exhausted - Moultrie saves his ammunition to evade order - Rutledge sends fresh supply - Lee crosses through fire to fort - Approves Moultrie's conduct and retires - Sergeant McDaniel's dying speech - Losses on the fleet - Losses in the fort - Ammunition expended - Firing ceases - Fleet retires - Action blown up - Milligan's gallant feat - Lee reviews garrison - Rutledge presents his sword to Jasper - The decisiveness of the battle. 128-162.
CHAPTER VIII 1776
John Adams's account of the state of parties in Congress in 1775 - His confusion of dates and characters - His account of John Rutledge's position - His own desire for restoration of relations between England and America - Colonel Read's letter to Washington of same tenor - Franklin's testimony before the bar of House of Lords - Jay's and Jef- ferson's statements in regard to same - Iredell's letter - Whigs not at first for independence - Edward Rutledge joins Dickinson and Wilkin- son of Pennsylvania, and Livingston of New York, in opposing the Vir- ginia resolution as to the independence of the colonies - Several colonies not yet ready for the Declaration - Question postponed, meanwhile com- mittee appointed to prepare Declaration - On June 28th Jefferson reports drafts of Declaration - Debate resumed on July 1st - New York delega- tion withdraws - Pennsylvania and South Carolina vote against Declara- tion - Determination of question postponed at Edward Rutledge's request - Embarrassing position of delegates from South Carolina - Delegation composed of younger men - On July 2d delegation agrees to vote for
XV
CONTENTS
Declaration - Declaration agreed to on the 4th - Coincidence of the vic- tory of Fort Moultrie and the introduction of the Declaration - Interest- ing change of relative positions of the two Rutledges - British fleet cross the bar and leave the coast - News of the Declaration of Independence reaches Charlestown - Curious letter of delegation sending copy of reso- lution adopting it - Drayton's account of its reception - Laurens's letter telling of it - President Rutledge issues proclamation - Summonses General Assembly - His speech - Replies of Legislative Council and Assembly - Inconsistent position of Rutledge - Ramsay's account of the reception of the Declaration - Miles Brewton leaves the province and is lost at sea - Condition of public sentiment. 163-185.
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