History of California, Volume VI, Part 27

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816

USA > California > History of California, Volume VI > Part 27

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50 A meeting at S. F. is recorded in Alta Cal., Jan. 25, 1849. At Sacra- mento a society was formed in 1850. Sac. Illust., 13; Sac. Direct., 1871, 76; Pac. News, May 16, 21, Dec. 24, 1850.

51 The leading resorts of 1849-50 embraced the Rendezvous, Bella Union, Verandah, Parker house (one floor in it), Aguila de Oro, Empire, the latter opened in May 1850, being 140 feet long, and finely frescoed.

' 239

ORTHODOX GAMES.

The abode of fortune seeks naturally to eclipse all other saloons in splendor; and indeed, the mirrors are larger, the paintings more costly, and the canvased walls adorned with brighter figures. At one end is the indispensable drinking-bar, at the other a gallery for the orchestra, from which loud if not harmonious music floats upon the murky atmosphere laden with fumes of smoke and foul breaths.52 These and other attractions are employed to excite the senses, and break down all barriers before the strongest tempta- tion, the piles of silver and gold in coin and dust, and glittering lumps which border the leather-covered gaming-tables, sometimes a dozen in number. From different directions is heard the cry, "Make your bets, gentlemen !" midst the hum and the chink of coin. "The game is made," and a hush of strained expect- ancy attends the rolling ball or the turning cards; then a resumption of the murmur and the jingling, as the stakes are counted out or raked in by the croupier. Gamblers and spectators form several lines in depth round the tables; broadcloth, pea-jacket, and woollen shirt side by side, merchant and laborer, dandy and shoeblack, and even the whilom pastor or deacon of the church. Some moving from group to group are bent merely on watching faces and fickle fortune, till, seized by desire, they yield to the excitement and join in the infatuation. Once initiated, the slow game of calculation in money matters which has hitherto sufficed for pastime, falls before the stirring pulsation imparted by quickly alternating loss and gain. The chief games were faro, preferred by Americans and Britons; monte, beloved of the Latin race;53 roulette,

52 At the Aguila de Oro Ethiopian serenaders added to the attraction. An- other boasted a Mexican quintette of guitars. The later Chinese resorts had symbols, etc. According to Torres, Perip., 99, a brother of Gen. Ben. Butler kept one of these places; expenses $500 a night, leaving large profits. The El Dorado kept a female violinist. Taylor's El Dorado, i. 118.

53 For this game were used Spanish cards, 48 in a pack, the ten being lack- ing. There were frequently two dealers at opposite ends of the table, each with a bank pile of $5,000 or $10,000. The mere matching of two cards, sometimes four, the game being decided by the first similar card drawn from the pack, would seem to afford facilities for trickery, while certain con- ditions ruled in favor of the banker.

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SOCIETY

rouge-et-noir, rondo, vingt-et-un, paire-ou-non, trente- et-quarante, and chuck-a-luck with dice.54 The stakes ranged usually between fifty cents and five dollars, but rose frequently to $500 and $1,000, while amounts as high as $45,000 are spoken of as being risked upon the turn of a card.56 The most reckless patrons were richly laden miners, who instead of pursuing their intended journey homeward, surrendered here their hard-earned wealth, and returned sadder, if not wiser, to fresh toils and hardships. The most impassive as well as constant gamblers were the Mexicans, who, otherwise so readily excited, could lose their all with- out betraying an emotion; while sober-faced Ameri- cans, who, though they might crack a grim joke over their misfortune, ill concealed their disappointment over losses. In the one case there was a fatalistic submission to the inevitable; in the other the player would not yield his entire personality to the fickle goddess. Although in the mining camps were many honest gamblers, yet play there was oftentimes riot- ous and attended by swindling, and a consequent appeal to weapons; in the towns the system of licens- ing what was then deemed an unavoidable evil tended to preserve decorum.56 An air of respectability was further imparted by the appearance of the professional

54 At the street corners were thimble-rig and other delusive guess games. The rent for a table was heavy, as may be judged from the fact that the greater part of the income from the Parker house, at one time $15,000 a month, came from the one gambling floor. Half of the gamblers used to pay $1,000 per month for a table, says McCollum. Cal., 61.

5ª A bag of dust, $16,000 in value, was one evening covered by a faro dealer without a murmur. Annals S. F., 249 The editor of Placer Times, Mar. 9, 1850, claims to have known of bets of $32,000 and $45,000 at monte. On one occasion the money in bank on monte tables exceeded $200,000, and more than that was at stake in other games. Home Missionary, xxvii. 160. Woods relates that a lawyer once swept three tables in succession. A young man just arrived, and en route to the mines, borrowed $10 and approached a faro- table. By the following morning he had won $7,000, with which he returned by next steamer, determined never to play again. Davidson, the banker, said that some professed gamblers used to remit home an average of $17,000 a month. Sixteen Mo., 75. Among other instances of gains was one of $100, - 000 by a man who started with $5,000. After losing half of his winnings he stopped, bought a steamer ticket, and went home. Placer Times, Mar. 9, 1850. The record of losses, however, is a thousand to one greater, hundreds of cases being cited where the miner en route for home staked his all and lost.

66 At S. F. the permit cost $50 per month, with $25 extra for each Sunday.

241

MERCANTILE THIMBLE-RIG.

gamblers, who greatly affected dress, although with a predilection for display. With the growth of home influence the pastime began to fall into disrepute, and in September 1850 San Francisco took the first step toward its suppression by forbidding the practice on Sundays.57 An insidious and long-countenanced ad- Junct to the vice flourished in the form of lotteries, which were carried on with frequent drawings, especially at holiday seasons, as a regular business, as well as a casual means for getting rid of worthless or unprofit- able goods. Jewelry formed the main attraction, but articles of all classes were embraced, even land, wharves, and pretentious buildings. 58

57 Cal. Courier, Sept. 14, 1850 Some of the hotels assisted by excluding its public practice, as the Union. S. F. Picayune, Nov. 26, 1850. Yet it was not till 1855 that absolute restrictive measures were taken. So far gambling debts were recoverable. Alta Cal., Apr. 17, 1855; Sac. Transcript, Feb. 14, 1851. In Jan. 1848 an order to permit games of chance was vetoed in S. F. Californian, Jan. 12, 1848; penalty $10 to $50, but a repeal came quickly. Sac. Union, May 21, 1856; Pac. News, Feb. 14, 1851, refers to the arrest of gamblers.

58 E. P. Jones held a real estate lottery in the autumn of 1850, with 4,000 tickets at $100. The 500 lots offered as prizes embraced valuable central city land. In Oct. 1850 H. Howison sought to pay his debts and avoid a sacrifice of property by offering his wharf with 9 stores and 10 offices, renting for $5,000 a month, besides two water lots with a store-ship, for $200,000, in 2,000 shares at $100. The prominent St Francis hotel was offered the same month. Pac. News, Oct. 19, Nov. 8, 13, 1850. A regular lottery firmn was Tucker & Reeves. By advertisement in Cal. Courier, etc., of Dec. 17, 1850, $20,000 worth of jewelry was offered. Their usual first prize was a gold ingot of from $6,000 to $8,000 in value. In 1853 Reeves offered stuff valued at $30,000 at $1 tickets. In Sacramento the Pacific theatre and 99 other pieces of real estate were offered in 1850. These real estate and other raffles, as they were sometimes termed, encroached seriously on legitimate business. The California Lottery and Hayes & Bailey figure in the 1850 list of lottery firins. See journals of Dec., any early year. Further references to gambling in Carson's Early Days, 29; Kelly's Excursion, ii. 245-7; Winans' Stat., MS., 5-6; Hittell's S. F., 235-7; Upham's Notes, 235-6; Helper's Land of Gold, 71-3; Lambertie, Voy., 204-6; Coke's Ride, 355-7; Frignet, Cal., 94, 117; Lett's Cal., 48-50; Cal. Past and Present, 163; Neall's Vig., MS., 25-8; Garniss' Early Days, MS., 15-16; Bartlett's Stat., MS., 3, 14; Armstrong's Exper., MS., 8; Detano's Life, 289-90; Willey's Thirty Years, 39; McDaniels' Early Days, 49-50; Farnham's Cal., 271-4; Roach's Stat., MS., 9; Sutton's Stat., MS., 10; Cerruti's Ramblings, MS., 25-7; Hutchings' Mag., i. 215; iii. 374; Schmiedell's Stat., MS., 4; Cassin's Stat., MS., 10-12; Merrill's Stat., MS., 9-10; Van Dyke's Stat., MS., 3; Miscel. Stat., MS., 13-14; Home Miss., xxiii. 209; Conway's Early Days, MS., 1-2; Cal. Ilust., 44, 99, 130; Cal. Pilgrim, 243; Overland, Nov. 1871; Feb. 1872; Shaw's Golden Dreams, 42; S. F. Herald, Apr. 7, 1852; S. F. Bulletin, Sept. 15, 25, Dec. 4, 1856. The Mexicans called gamblers gremio de Virjan. Torres, Perip., 100. According to Sac. Direc- tory, 1853-4, 6-7, two clergymen could be seen at the hells, one as dealer.

HIST. CAL., VOL. VI. 16

242

SOCIETY.

The taste for other pastimes rose little above the preceding, as might be expected from a community of men bent on adventure. The bull-fighting of pre-con- quest times found such favor, that, not content with the two arenas already existing at the mission, San Fran- cisco constructed two more within her own limits.59 Here it flourished under official sanction throughout the fifties,60 but invested with few of the attractions which have tended to maintain its popularity elsewhere, such as knightly matadores, pugnacious bulls, and a fashionable attendance. American women never took kindly to the butchery. California excelled in one feature, however, the spectacle of a fight between bull and bear, if the usually tame contest could be digni- fied by that term.61 In cock-fighting the new-comers had little to learn from the Mexicans, although with these the diversion stood under high patronage; but they could offer novelties in the form of regattas, and the less commendable prize-fighting,62 and in horse and foot racing they soon carried off the honors. 63

The great resort on Sundays and holidays was the mission, with its creek, gardens, and arenas, and its adjoining hills and marshes which offered for hunters an attractive field. The ride out was in itself an enjoy-

59 One on Vallejo st, at the western foot of Telegraph hill; another amphi- theatre was erected near Washington square: S. F Herald, Aug. 10, 1850; S. F. Directory, 1850, 126.

60 S. F. Bulletin of Aug. 18, 1859, describes a fight. For scenes and inci- dents, I refer to my California Pastoral.

6] Bruin usually took a defensive attitude, with his attention riveted on the bull's nose. In fights between bears and dogs, the latter generally fell back shaken and squeezed. Pac. News, May 17-18, 1850; Sac. Transcript, Oct. 14, 1850; Barry and Patten's Men and Mem., 251. Even Marysville and other northern towns indulged in the sport. Kelly's Excurs., ii. 248-9.

62 Several notable encounters took place before the great contests of Mor- rissey in 1852. Pac. News, Oct. 17, 1850 ;. Cal. Courier, Jan. 1, 4, Oct. 18, 28, 1850; Dec. 13, 1849.

63 Although not decisively until 1852, when Australian horses were intro- duced, as related by A. A. Green of aldermanic fame, who claims the credit of constructing in 1850 the first regular track in S. F., between 20th and 24th streets, at the so-called Pavilion, the later Red house. In the interior, camps and towns pitted horses against one another. Foot-races by professionals were usually against time; amateurs often ran in the usual way. Californian, Mar. 4, 15, 1848; Alta Cal., Mar. 25, Sept. 15, 1851. In Hall's Hist., 232, is mentioned a race at S. José for $10,000, a man running against a Sonoma horse.

243

THEATRICALS.

ment, notwithstanding the intervening and ofttimes wind-whipped sand hills, and on festive occasions the place was crowded. The lack of ready communication with the opposite shores of the bay confined the people to the peninsula for a time, only to render the more demonstrative the revelry called for by feast days and other joyous occasions, with volleys, crackers, illumina- tions, and fanciful parades, with caricatures and squibs upon officials, followed by banquets and balls, the latter stimulated by the chilly evenings and frequent potations.6+

The first public dramatic performances are claimed for the United States garrison at Sonoma in September 1847, and for an amateur company, chiefly Spanish Cal- ifornians, at San Francisco.65 About the same time some of the New York volunteers gave minstrel en- tertainments at Santa Bárbara and Monterey.66 The gold excitement diverted attention from the drama in 1848,67 but by the following year professionals from abroad had arrived to supply the reviving demand, and on June 22, 1849, Stephen C. Massett opened a series of entertainments with a concert at the plaza school-house, including songs, recitations, and mimicry, with piano accompaniment.63 On October 29th, Rowe's

64 A masquerade ball of Feb. 22, 1845, is described in the Californian. Admission to some of the balls of 1849-50 was $25, and more. Placer Times, Apr. 22, 1850. The pioneers held a formal new-year's celebration in 1851. July 4th always received its fiery ovation, partly by the use of half-buried quicksilver flasks. St Patrick's day and May day were early introduced by the Irish and Germans. The thanksgiving day of 1849 was fixed for Nov. 29th without official proclamation, observes Williams, Stat., MS., 12-13. New England dinners found favor, and pilgrims' landing day touched a correspond- ing chord. St Andrews and other societies added their special days. Roach's Stat., MS., 3; Pac. News, May 3, Nov. 6, 30, 1850; Jan. 11, Apr. 1, 1851; S. F. Picayune, Oct. 30, 1850, etc .; Cal. Courier, Sept. 14, Nov. 27, Dec. 2, 1850; Jan. 3, Feb. 1, 1851; Alta Cal., passim.

65 Which gave the Morayma, relating to the wars of Granada. See Cali- fornian, Oct. 6, 1847; May 10, Nov. 4, 1848; and my preceding vol., v. 667. The same journal alludes to the Eagle Olympic club association for plays and subscriptions for a theatre Polynesian, v. 111.

6n Details in S. José Pioneer, May 4, 1878. A writer in Solano Press, Dec. 11, 1867, declares that they first performed at S. F. in March 1847, the first night's receipts being $63.

67 The Virginia minstrels played with success during the winter, Star and Cal., Dec. 9, 1848, and other amateur efforts may be traced.

68 Admission $3, which yielded over $500. The crowded audience contained

244

SOCIETY.

Olympic circus appeared at San Francisco,60 with prices at two and three dollars.

The first professional dramatic performance took place at Sacramento on October 18, 1849, in the Eagle theatre,7º a frail structure which was soon eclipsed by the Tehama. At San Francisco the season began at Washington hall, early in 1850.71 Five weeks later the first theatre building, the National, was opened,72 followed among others by Robinson and Everard's Dramatic Museum,73 Dr Collyer's Athe- næum, with prurient model artist exhibitions,74 and only four women. Programme reproduced in Annals S. F., 656; Upham's Notes, 271-2. The piano is here claimed as the only one in the country, but a writer in S. José Pron., Dec. 1, 1877, shows by letters that four pianos were at S. F. early in 1847, besides the common guitars and harps. Territ. Pioneers, First An., 75.

69 On Kearny st south of Clay st. Boxes cost $10. The performances began at 7 P. M, and embraced the usual circus features, as given in Alta Cal. of following day. This the first play bill is reproduced in Id., Oct. 29, 1864. The circus closed Jan. 17, 1850, to reopen as an amphitheatre on Feb. 4th, with drama, farce, and ring performance. The Annals S. F., 236, calls it a tent holding 1,200 or 1,500 people, and places the prices at $3, $5, and $55. Previous to this, on Oct. 22d, says McCabe, in Territ. Pioneers, ubi sup., the Philadelphia minstrels commenced a season at Bella Union hall, tickets $2, and in Dec. 1849 the Pacific minstrels prepared to play at Washington hall, but were prevented by fire.

70 A frame 30 feet by 95 covered with canvas, metal-roofed, on Front st, between I and J st, which cost $75,000. Admission $2 and $3. The company embraced J. B. Atwater, C. B. Price, H. F. Daley, J. H. McCabe, H. Ray and wife, T. Fairchild, J. Harris, Lt A. W. Wright, whose salaries ranged from $60 per night for Atwater, to $60 per week for Daley. Mrs Ray, with husband, commanded $275 per week, including expenses. McCabe, in Territ. Pioneers, First An., 72-5. The total nightly expense was $600. Bayard Taylor, Eldorado, ii 31-2, is rather severe on the performance. The season and theatre closed Jan. 4, 1850. The Bandit Chief is mentioned as the opening piece. The Tehama theatre opened soon after under management of Mrs Kirby, later Mrs Stark. Soc. Illust., 12-13; S. José Pioneer, Dec. 13, 1877. The Pacific theatre is nearly completed, observes Placer Times, Apr. 13, 1850.

11 Jan. 16th, near N. w. corner of Kearny and Washington, by the Eagle theatre company of Sacramento, whence also this name for the hall, later Foley's. Pac. News, Jan. 17, 1850. Allen and Boland figure on the pro- gramme, which presented The Wife, and the farce Sentinel; McCabe has Charles II. as an after-piece. Tickets $3.

72 On the site of the latter Maguire's, Washington st. It was built of brick; opened by a French company, and burned May 4th. It was replaced by the Italian theatre, opened Sept. 12, 1850, at the corner of Jackson and Kearny sts, by a similar company. The short-lived Phoenix theatre was in- augurated March 23d. The following day the Phoenix exchange, on the plaza, presented model artists.

13.On the north side of California st, west of Kearny st, with partly amateur talent. Everard, known for his Yankee rôles, often assumed female garb. Cassin's Stat., MS., 16.

T+ On Commercial st; tickets $1.

245

MUSIC AND RECREATION.

the famed Jenny Lind theatre, opened in October 1850, on the plaza.75 The resorts which had so far escaped were swept away by the conflagrations of May and June 1851, yet new edifices rose again with little delay. The flush times of a gold country brought many sterling actors, such as Stark, Atwater, Kirby, Bingham, Thorne Sr, who also made their bow at interior towns,76 but inferior talent preponderated in the race for patronage,"7. the blood and thunder variety gaining favor, especially in the mining region, where the mere appearence of a woman sufficed in early days to insure success.78 The general effect of the drama was nevertheless good, partly from the moral lessons conveyed, but mainly as a diversion from gambling and drinking resorts.79 By 1851 there was scarcely a town of 1,000 inhabitants without its hall for enter- tainments. Mere instrumental proficiency was not so widely appreciated,80 but female vocalists with sym- pathetic voices and stirring home melodies never failed to evoke applause which not unfrequently came at- tended by a shower of presents. 81

15 Which eventually after many transformations became what is now known as the old city hall, and which, indeed, is the third Jenny Lind struc- ture, the first having been burned on May 4, 1850, together with several other resorts, and the second in June following. Mde Korsinsky from Na- ples opened the first on Oct. 23th, assisted by singers, magicians, etc. Adelphi and Foley's amphitheatre were inaugurated in Nov. and Dec., respectively, the former on Clay st, the other on the plaza. The next important edifice was the American theatre on Sansome st, north of Sacramento st, which belongs to 1851. Vallejo hall was used for parties.

76 Bingham inaugurated a season at Stockton, in the Stockton house, as- sisted by Snow of Mormon fame. M'Closkey, in S. José Pioneer, Dec. 13, 1877; Placer Times, Apr. 13, 1850. He also opened the regular season at Monterey. Monterey Herald, Feb. 13, 1875. Robinson did so at Nevada in June. Grass Val. Direct., 1856, 29-30.

77 In Dec. 1850 the museum reduced prices one half, although this had only a partial effect elsewhere.

18 As Taylor, Eldorado, ii. 31-2, found even at Sacramento. A Swiss girl here collected $4,000 within six months. Organ grinders started their nuisance at S. F. in Apr. 1850. Pac. News, Apr. 30, 1850. A pioneer in the Oakland Transcript, Feb. 27, 1872, gives some leading names in the profession. Barry and Patten, Men and Mem., 213.

79 By ordinance of Sept. 14, 1850, the city anthorities sought to close even theatres on Sundays, but the attempt was not successful. Sherman, Mem., i. 2), refers to passion plays in connection with churches.

8 To judge by the reception in 1830 of the pianist Herz, though highly praised by the Placer Times, Apr. 22, 1850, etc. "Other concerts took place in Jan. and April.

81 Gold pieces of $10, $20, and $50 in valne came raining down, says Gar-

246

SOCIETY.

Sunday became identified with enjoyment rather than solemn devotion. The voyage out had sufficed to break down puritanical habits. In the camps, after a week's arduous pursuit of gold, the day was welcomed for rest, yet not for repose. Mending clothes, washing, baking, and letter-writing occupied one part of it; then came marketing with attendant conviviality, the harvest for traders, saloon-keepers, and their ilk. This routine, more or less prevalent also in the towns, left little leisure for the duties of religion, which for that matter were generally postponed for the return home. In the interior the necessary leaders were lacking, and the fear of ridicule from a rollicking crowd restrained non-professional devotees. Among the multitudes of the cities, however, the clergyman was present, and could always count upon a number of sedate folk who in church attendance found refresh- ing comfort. The influence of this class, embracing as it did employers and family men, aided by the mag- netism of woman, succeeded by the middle of 1850 in establishing seven places of worship, and in extending Sabbath observance, in connection with which educa- tion, literature, and art received a beneficent impulse.82

The admission of California into the union tended to stamp improvements with the strengthening tone of permanency. With unfolding resources and growing

niss, Early Days, MS., 15, 81-9, although smaller pieces were more common. When Kate Hayes gave concerts in the winter of 1851, the first tickets at Sac. and S. F. sold for $1,200 and $1,125, respectively. Alta Cal . Feb. 9, 1833. It was proposed to subscribe $500,000 for bringing hither Jenny Lind. Pac. News, Jan. 23, 1851. Lecturers fared well. J. S. Hittell ap- peared as a phrenologist in Dec. 1850. Cal. Courier, Dec. 2, 1850. Additional references to amusements in Id., March 31, 1851. McCabe, Territ. Pioneers, First An., 75-8, adds some valuable details on early amusements. Pac. Nous, Oct. 1849-50, passim; Cal. Scraps, Amuse., 5, 233, etc .; Winans' Stat., MS., 13; Borthwick's Cal., 77, 289, 334, 357; Earll's Stat., MS., 6; S. F. Post, Feb. 10, 1876; Sta Cruz Sentinel, Feb. 20, 1875; Shaw's Golden Dreams, 203; Lloyd's Lights and Shades, 146-54. Torres, Perip , 145, comments on the means to supply the scarcity of actresses. Annals S. F., 655, etc .; S. F. Chronicle, Sept. 9, 1378.

82 All of which will be considered in later chapters. In Nov. 1849 dray- men, among others, resolved to abstain from Sunday work when possible. Pac. News, Nov. 10, 1849. It took some years before the smaller towns could be made to adopt similar resolutions. See Calaveras Chronicle, Feb. 1855.

247

PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.

population came greater traffic, increased and varied supplies, and new industries, comforts, and conven- iences of every grade.

The progression made by California during the first two years of the golden era is remarkable, not only for its individuality, but for its rapidity, and as being taken by a community of energetic and intelligent men, aided by the appliances of their age. The main con- siderations for the present are the suddenness, magni- tude, and mixed composition of the gathering, the predominating and marked influence of Americans from the first, and the peculiar features evolved there- from, and in connection with the adventurous trip, the mania for enrichment, the general opulence, sex limita- tion, camp life, and climate. Note especially the reck- less self-reliance which braved hardship and dangers by sea and land, in solitude and amidst the mongrel crowd, and marked its advance by upturned valleys and ra- vines; by the deviated course of rivers, the living evi- dence of settlements and towns that sprang up in a day, or the mute eloquence of their ruins; by the transformed wilderness and the busy avenues of traffic ; by thronged roads and steam-furrowed rivers. Note the lusty exuberance which trod down obstacles and lightly treated reverses; lightened work with the spirit of play, and carried play into extravagance, and all the while tempering avarice with a whole-souled lib- erality. Note the elevation of labor and equalization of ranks, which, rejecting empty pretensions and exalt- ing honor and other principles, elevated into promi- nence the best natural types of manhood, physical and mental, for the strain of life in the mines demanded a strong frame and constitution, and in other fields the prizes fell to the shrewd and energetic This wild game and gambol could not pass without deplorable excesses, but even these had a manly stamp. Vice was more prominent than general, however. Deceived by the all-absorbing loudness of its aspect and outcry, writers are led to exaggerate the extent. On the

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History of California, Volume VI, Part 27

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 816

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816