History of California, Volume VI, Part 7

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816

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Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

19 So run these stories. Ferry, Cal., 306-13. The captain who sought to put to sea commanded the Flora, according to a letter in June of a merchant. Robinson's Gold Regions, 29-30; Revere's Tour of Duty, 254. One of the first vessels to be deserted was a ship of the Hudson's Bay Company lying at anchor in the bay; the sailors departing, the captain followed them, leaving the vessel in charge of his wife and daughter. Mckinstry, in the Lancaster Examiner. Loud complaints appear in the Californian, Sept. 5, 1848; every ship loses most of her crew within forty-eight hours after arrival. See Brackett, U. S. Cavalry, 125-7. The first steamship, the California, arriving Feb. 28, 1849, was immediately deserted by her crew; Forbes asked Jones of the U. S. squadron for men to take charge of the ship, but the poor commodore had none. Crosby's Stat., MS., 12; Annals S. F., 220; First Steamship Pioneers, 124. To prevent desertion, the plan was tried of giving sailors two months' furlough; whereby some few returned, but most of them preferred liberty, wealth, and dissipation to the tyranny of service. Swan's Trip to the Gold Mines, in Cal. Pioneers, MS., no. 49. Some Mexicans arriving, and finding the town depopulated of its natural defenders, broke into vacant houses and took what they would. The Digger's Hand-Book, 53. See also the Califor- mian, Aug. 4, 1848; George Mckinstry, in Lancaster Examiner; Stockton Ind., Oct. 19, 1875; Barstow's Stat., MS., 3-4; Sac. Ill., 7; Forbes' Gold Region, 17-18; Tuthill's Cal., 235-44; Three Weeks in Gold Mines, 4; Canon's Early Rec., 3-4; Lants, Kal., 24-31; Hayes' C'ol. Cal. Notes, v. 85; Rerue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1, 1849, 469; Quarterly Review, no. 91, 1852, 508; Hittell's Min- ing, 17; Brooks' Four Months, 18; Overland Monthly, xi. 12-13; Ryan's Judges and Crim., 72-7; Am. Quat. Reg., ii. 288-95, giving the reports of Larkin,

PROXIMATE EFFECT OF THE GOLD DISCOVERY.

Other towns and settlements in California were no less slow than San Francisco to move under the new fermentation. Indeed, they were more apathetic, and were finally stirred into excitement less by the facts than by the example of the little metropolis. Yet the Mexicans were in madness no whit behind the Amer- icans, nor the farmers less impetuous than townsmen when once the fury seized them. May had not wholly passed when at San José the merchant closed his store, or if the stock was perishable left open the doors that people might help themselves, and incontinently set out upon the pilgrimage. So the judge abandoned his bench and the doctor his patients; even the alcalde dropped the reins of government and went away with his subjects.20 Criminals slipped their fetters and

Mason, Jones, and Paymaster Rich on gold excitement; Willey's Decade Ser- mons, 12-17; Gleason's Cath. Church, ii. 175-93; Sherman's Memoirs, i. 46-9; S. F. Directory, 1852-3, 8-9; S. I. News, ii. 142-8, giving the extract of a letter from S. F., May 27th; Vallejo Recorder, March 14, 1848; Cal. Past and Present, 77; Gillespie's Vig. Com., MS., 3-4; Findla's Stat., MS., 4-6. The Californian newspaper revived shortly after its suspension in May.

20 The alguacil, Henry Bee, had ten Indian prisoners under his charge in the lock-up, two of them charged with murder. These he would have turned over to the alcalde, but that functionary had already taken his departure. Bee was puzzled how to dispose of his wards, for though he was determined to go to the mines, it would never do to let them loose upon a community of women and children. Finally he took all the prisoners with him to the diggings, where they worked contentedly for him until other miners, jealous of Bee's success, incited them to revolt. By that time, however, the alguacil had made his fortune. So goes the story. San Jose Pioneer, Jan. 27, 1877. Writing Mason the 26th of May from San Jose, Larkin says: 'Last night sev- eral of the most respectable American residents of this town arrived home from a visit to the gold regions; next week they with their families, and I think nine tenths of the foreign store-keepers, mechanics, and day-laborers of this place, and perhaps of San Francisco, leave for the Sacramento.' West, a stable-keeper, had two brothers in the mines, who urged him at once to hasten thither and bring his family. 'Burn the barn if you cannot dispose of it otherwise,' they said. C. L. Ross writes from the mines in April, Experiences from 1847, MS .: 'I found John M. Horner, of the mission of San José, who told me he had left about 500 acres of splendid wheat for the cattle to roam over at will, he and his family having deserted their place en- tirely, and started off for the mines.' J. Belden, Nov. 6th, writes Lar- kin from San José: 'The town is full of people coming from and going to the gold mines. A man just from there told me he saw the governor and Squire Colton there, in rusty rig, scratching gravel for gold, but with little success.' Larkin's Doc., MS., vi. 219. And so in the north. Semple, writing Larkin May 19th, says that in three days there would not be two men left in Benicia; and Cooper, two days later, declared that everybody was leaving except Brant and Semple. Larkin's Doc., MS., vi. 111, 116; Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 344. From Sonoma some one wrote in the Californian, Ang. 5th, that the town was wellnigh depopulated. 'Not a laboring man or

IN THE SOUTH.

hastened northward; their keepers followed in pur- suit, if indeed they had not preceded, but they took care not to find them. Soldiers fled from their posts; others were sent for them, and none returned. Val- uable land grants were surrendered, and farms left tenantless; waving fields of grain stood abandoned, perchance opened to the roaming cattle, and gardens were left to run to waste. The country seemed as if smitten by a plague.21

All along down the coast from Monterey to Santa Bárbara, Los Angeles, and San Diego, it was the same. Towns and country were wellnigh depopu- lated. There the fever raged fiercest during the three summer months. At the capital a letter from Larkin gave the impulse, and about the same time, upon the statement of Swan, four Mormons called at Monterey en route for Los Angeles, who were reported to carry 100 pounds avoirdupois of gold gathered in less than a month at Mormon Island. This was in June. A fortnight after the town was depopulated, 1,000 start- ing from that vicinity within a week.22 At San Fran-

mechanic can be obtained in town.' Vallejo says that the first notice of gold having been discovered was conveyed to Sonoma through a flask of gold-dust sent by Sutter to clear a boat-load of wheat which had been forwarded in part payment for the Ross property, but lay seized for debt at Sonoma. 'Gov. Boggs, then alcalde of Sonoma, and I,' says Vallejo, 'started at once for Sac- ramento to test the truth of the report, and found that Sutter, Marshall, and others had been taking out gold for some time at Coloma. . . We came back to Sonoma, and such was the enthusiasm of the people that the town and entire country was soon deserted.' Vallejo's Oration at Sonoma, July 4, 1876, in Sonoma Democrat, July 8, 1876. The general evidently forgets, or at all events ignores, the many rumors current prior to the reception of the flask, as well as the positive statement with proofs of friends and passers-by.

21 Such is Mason's report. Maria Antonia Pico de Castro, announcing from Monterey to her son Manuel in Mexico the grand discovery, says that everybody is crazy for the gold; meanwhile stock is comparatively safe from thieves, but on the other hand hides and tallow are worth nothing. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., i. 505. At Santa Cruz A. A. Hecox and eleven others peti- tioned the alcalde the 30th of Dec. for a year's extension of time in comply- ing with the conditions of the grants of land obtained by them according to the usual form. Under the pressure of the gold excitement labor had become so scarce and high that they found it impossible to have lumber drawn for houses and fences. The petition was granted.

22 Swan's Trip, 1-3; Buffum's Six Months, 68; Carson's Rec., 4. 'One day,' says Carson, who was then at Monterey, 'I saw a form, bent and filthy, approaching me, and soon a cry of recognition was given between us. He was an old acquaintance, and had been one of the first to visit the mines. Now he stood before me. His hair hung out of his hat; his chin with beard was

PROXIMATE EFFECT OF THE GOLD DISCOVERY.

cisco commerce had been chiefly affected; here it was government that was stricken. Mason's small force was quickly thinned; and by the middle of July, if we may believe the Reverend Colton, who never was guilty of spoiling a story by too strict adherence to truth, the governor and general-in-chief of California was cooking his own dinner.23

In a proclamation of July 25th, Colonel Mason called on the people to assist in apprehending desert- ers. He threatened the foothills with a dragoon force; but whence were to come the dragoons? The officers were as eager to be off as the men; many of them obtained leave to go, and liberal furloughs were granted to the soldiers, for those who could not obtain leave went without leave. As the officers who re- mained could no longer afford to live in their accus- tomed way, a cook's wages being $300 a month, they were allowed to draw rations in kind, which they ex- changed for board in private families.2ª But even

black, and his buckskins reached to his knees.' The man had a bag of gold on his back. The sight of its contents started Carson on his way at once. In May Larkin had prophesied that by June the town would be without inhabi- tants. June Ist Mason at Monterey wrote Larkin at S. F .: 'The golden-yel- low fever has not yet, I believe, assumed here its worst type, though the premonitory symptoms are beginning to exhibit themselves, and doubtless the epidemic will pass over Monterey, leaving the marks of its ravages, as it has done at S. F. and elsewhere. Take care you don't become so charged with its malaria as to inoculate and infect us all when you return.' Jackson McDuffce, addressing Larkin on the same date, says: 'Monterey is very dull, nothing doing, the gold fever is beginning to take a decided effect here, and a large party will leave for the Sacramento the last of the week. Shovels, spades, picks, and other articles wanted by these wild adventurers are in great demand.' Schallenberger on the 8th of June tells Larkin that 'a great many are leaving Monterey. Times duller than when you left.' In Sept. there was not a doctor in the town, and Mrs Larkin who was lying ill with fever had to do without medical attendance.

23'Gen. Mason, Lieut Lanman, and myself form a mess. .. This morning for the fortieth time we hail to take to the kitchen and cook our own break- fast. A general of the U. S. army, the commander of a man-of-war, and the alcalde of Monterey in a smoking kitchen grinding coffee, toasting a herring, and peeling onions!' Three Years in Cal., 247-8. 'Réduit a faire lui-même sa cuisine,' as one says of this incident in the Revue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1849.

24' I of course could not escape the infection,' says Sherman, Mem., i. 46, 'and at last convinced Colonel Mason that it was our duty to go up and see with our own eyes, that we might report the truth to our government.' Swan relates an anecdote of a party of sailors, including the master-at-arms, belong- ing to the Warren, who deserted in a boat. They hid themselves in the pine

PHILOSOPHY AND DESTINY.

then they grew restless, and soon disappeared, as Com- modore Jones asserts in his report to the secretary of the navy the 25th of October.25 Threats and entreat- ies were alike of little avail. Jones claims to have checked desertion in his ranks by offering large re- wards; but if the publication of such notices produced any marked effect, it was not until after there were few left to desert.26

In the midst of the excitement, however, there were men who remained calm, and here and there were those who regarded not the product of the Sierra foothills as the greatest good. Luis Peralta, who had lived near upon a century, called to him his sons, themselves approaching threescore years, and said: "My sons, God has given this gold to the Americans. Had he desired us to have it, he would have given it to us ere now. Therefore go not after it, but let others go. Plant your lands, and reap; these be your

woods till dark, and then came into town for provisions, but got so drunk that on starting they lost the road, and went to sleep on the beach opposite their own ship. Just before daylight one of them awoke, and hearing the ship's bell strike, roused the others barely in time to make good their escape. Swan afterward met them in the mines. Trip to the Gold Mines, MS., 3. Certain volunteers from Lower California arriving in Monterey formed into companies, helped themselves to stores, and then started for the mines. Green's Life and Adventures, MS., 11; Californian, Aug. 14, 1848. The offer of $100 per month for sailors, made by Capt. Allyn of the Isaac Walton, brought forward no accepters. Frisbie's Remin., MS., 30-2; Ferry, Cal., 325-6; Sher- man's Mem., i. 57; Bigler's Diary, MS., 78.

25 Nov. 2d he again writes: 'For the present, and I fear for years to come, it will be impossible for the United States to maintain any naval or military es- tablishment in California; as at the present no hope of reward nor fear of punishment is sufficient to make binding any contract between man and man upon the soil of California. To send troops out here would be needless, for they would immediately desert. . . Among the deserters from the squadron are some of the best petty officers and seamen, having but few months to serve, and large balances due them, amounting in the aggregate to over $10,000.' William Rich, Oct. 23d, writes the paymaster-general that nearly all of Com- pany F, 3d artillery, had deserted. The five men-of-war in port dared not land a man through fear of desertion. Two companies alone remained in Cal., one of the first dragoons and the other of the 3d artillery, 'the latter reduced to a mere skeleton by desertion, and the former in a fair way to share the same fate.' Revere's Tour of Duty, 252-6; Sherman's Mem., i. 56-7; Lants, Kal., 24-31.

26 In Nov. the commander gave notice through the Californian that $40,000 would be given for the capture of deserters from his squadron, in the fol- lowing sums: for the first four deserting since July, $500 each, and for any others, $200 each, the reward to be paid in silver dollars immediately on the delivery of any culprit.

HIST. CAL., VOL. VI. 5

PROXIMATE EFFECT OF THE GOLD DISCOVERY.

best gold-fields, for all must eat while they live."27 Others looked around and saw with prophetic eye the turn in the tide when different resources must spring into prominence; not only land grants with farms and orchards, and forests with their varied products, but metals and minerals of a baser kind, as quicksilver, copper, coal.28 They foresaw the rush from abroad of gold-seekers, the gathering of vast fleets, the influx of merchandise, with their consequent flow of traffic and trade, the rise of cities and the growth of settle- ments. Those were the days of great opportunities, when a hundred properly invested would soon have yielded millions. We might have improved an oppor- tunity like Sutter's better than he did. So we think; yet opportunities just as great perhaps present them- selves to us every day, and will present themselves, but we do not see them.

27 Archives Santa Cruz, MS., 107; Hall's Hist., 190-1; Larkin's Doc., MS., vi.

28 Men began to quarrel afresh over the New Almaden claim, now aban- doned by its workmen for more fascinating fields; in the spring of this year the country round Clear Lake had been searched for copper.

CHAPTER V.

FURTHER DISCOVERIES.

MARCH-DECEMBER, 184S.

ISAAC HUMPHREY AGAIN-BIDWELL AND HIS BAR-READING AND HIS IN- DIANS ON CLEAR CREEK-POPULATION IN THE MINES-ON FEATHER RIVER AND THE YUBA-JOHN SINCLAIR ON THE AMERICAN RIVER- THE IRISHMAN YANKEE JIM-DR TODD IN TODD VALLEY-KELSEY- WEBER ON WEBER CREEK-THE STOCKTON MINING COMPANY-MURPHY -HANGTOWN -ON THE STANISLAUS-KNIGHT, WOOD, SAVAGE, AND HEFFERNAN-PARTY FROM OREGON -- ON THE MOKELUMNE AND COSUM- NES-THE SONORANS ON THE TUOLUMNE-CORONEL AND PARTY.

ONE of the first to realize the importance of Mar- shall's discovery was Isaac Humphrey, the Georgia miner before mentioned, who accompanied Bennett on his return to Sutter's Fort, after the failure to obtain a grant of the gold region. Humphrey advised come of his friends to go with him to seek gold, but they only laughed at him. He reached Coloma on the 7th of March; the 8th saw him out prospecting with a pan; the 9th found him at work with a rocker. The application of machinery to mining in California was begun. A day or two later came to the mill a French Canadian, Jean Baptiste Ruelle by name, com- monly called Baptiste, who had been a miner in Mex- ico, a trapper, and general backwoodsman. Impressed by the geologic features of that region, and yet more perhaps by an ardent fancy, he had five years before applied to Sutter for an outfit to go and search for gold in the mountains. Sutter declined, deeming him unreliable, but gave him occupation at the whip-saw on Weber Creek, ten miles east of Coloma. After

(67)

FURTHER DISCOVERIES.

12-41

Klamath R.

Mendocino

Reading's Bar

40.

Cottonwood Cr

Pt.Arena

Clearing

AdsAustown

Bidwell's Bar

The Buttes

Parks Bar

. Ft.Ross

Cache Cr.

Bear R.

Tiver

Putah

Dry Diggings

"Long Valley

Georgetown

Sutter's Ft

Coloma"mm

Sonoma

Sutterville

Mormon Island

Old Dry Digrrings

120

Pr. Petr S

Bemícia

Cosumnes

Drytown

Dry Crf Sule Volcano

Lower

Rancheris Porellas/R.

Mt.Diablo

Mokelumine

Lancha Plana.

Calaveras

Stockton

193

French Camp

Stanislaus

American Camp

Wood's Crossing

Tuolumne I.

timba!

Merced

/Santa Cruz"

Dear

Bay of

Pajaro

Mariposa

Monterey

Chowchilla

Monterey

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Rose Bar,

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Sacramento

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San Francisco

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Sonoranian Camp

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Coyote Cr.

San Joaquin R.

THE GOLD REGION IN ISIS, FROM TUOLUMNE TO TRINITY.

122

Potter

Lake

EXTENSION OF THE MINING DISTRICT.

examining the diggings at Coloma, he declared there must be gold also on the creek, wondered he had never found it there; indeed, the failure to do so seems stupidity in a person so lately talking about gold-find- ing. Nevertheless, he with Humphrey was of great service to the inexperienced gold-diggers, initiating them as well in the mysteries of prospecting, or seek- ing for gold, as in washing it out, or separating it from the earth.1

So it was with John Bidwell, who came to Coloma toward the latter part of March.2 Seeing the gold and the soil, he said there were similar indications in the vicinity of his rancho, at Chico. Returning home he searched the streams thereabout, and was soon at work with his native retainers on Feather River, at the rich placer which took the name of Bidwell Bar.3 Not long after Bidwell's visit to Coloma,4 P. B. Reading arrived there. He also was satisfied that there was gold near his rancho at the northern end of the great valley, and finding it, he worked the

1 Humphrey died at Victoria, B. C., Dec. 1, 1867. Alta Cal., Dec. 4, 1867. Hittell, Mining, 15, ascribes to the Frenchman the first use of pan and rocker on the coast.

2 He says that Humphrey, Ruelle, and others were at work 'with pans in some ravines on the north side of the river.' Bidwell's Cal. 1841-8, MS., 232. He makes no mention of any rocker, although the machine must have been new to him. It may have been there for all that.

3 'On my return to Chico I stopped over night at Hamilton on the west bank of Feather River. On trying some of the sand in the river here I found light particles of gold, and reckoned that if light gold could be found that far down the river, the heavier particles would certainly remain near the hills. On reaching Chico an expedition was organized, but it took some time to get everything ready. We had to send twice up to Peter Lassen's mill to obtain flour; meat had to be dried, and we had to send to Sacramento for tools. Our party were Mr Dicky, Potter, John Williams, William Northgraves, and myself. We passed near Cherokee and up on the north fork. In nearly all the places we prospected we found the color. One evening, while camped at White Rocks, Dicky and I in a short time panned out about an ounce of fine gold. The others refused to prospect any, and said the gold we had obtained was so light that it would not weigh anything. At this time we were all unfamiliar with the weight of gold-dust, but I am satisfied that what we had would have weighed an ounce. At length we came home and some of the men went to the American River to mine. Dicky, Northgraves, and I went to what is now Bidwell's Bar, and there found gold and went to mining.' Bidwell's Cal. 1841-8, MS., 232-3; Sac. Union, Oct. 24, 1864.

$Sutter, in N. Helv. Diary, says he left the fort April 18th with Reading and Edwin Kemble, was absent four days, and beside gold saw silver and iron in abundance.

FURTHER DISCOVERIES.

deposits near Clear Creek with his Indians. Mean- while the metal was discovered at several inter- mediate points,5 especially along the tributaries and ravines of the south fork, which first disclosed it. Thus at one leap the gold-fields extended their line northward two hundred miles. It will also be noticed that after the Mormons the foremost to make avail of Marshall's discovery were the settlers in the great valley, who, gathering round them the Indians of their vicinity, with such allurements as food, finery, alcohol, went their several ways hunting the yellow stuff up and down the creeks and gulches in every direction. Sutter and Marshall had been working their tamed Indians at Coloma in February.6

As the field enlarged, so did the visions of its occu- pants. Reports of vast yields and richer and richer diggings began to fly in all directions, swelling under distorted fancy and lending wings to flocking crowds. In May the influx assumed considerable proportions, and the streams and ravines for thirty miles on either side of Coloma were occupied one after another. The estimate is, that there were then already 800 miners at work, and the number was rapidly increasing. Early in June Consul Larkin estimated them at 2,000, mostly foreigners, half of whom were on the branches of the American. There might have been 100 fami- lies, with teams and tents. He saw none who had worked steadily a month. Few had come prepared to stay over a week or a fortnight, and no matter how rich the prospects, they were obliged to return home and arrange their business. Those who had no home or business must go somewhere for food.

When Mason visited the mines early in July, he understood that 4,000 men were then at work, which certainly cannot be called exaggerated if Indians are

5 As on the land of Leidesdorff, on the American River just above Sutter's flour-mill, about the middle of April. S. F. Californian, April 19, 1848; Cal. ifornia Star, April 22, 1848.

6 In his Diary, under date of April, Sutter says that some of his neighbors had been very successful.

MINES AND MINING CAMPS.

included. By the turn of the season, in October, the number had certainly doubled, although the white mining population for the year could not have exceeded 10,000 men. Arrivals in 1848 have as a rule been overestimated. News did not reach the outside world in time for people to come from a distance during that year.7 It is impossible to trace the drift of the miners, but I will give the movements of the leading men, and, so far as they have come under my observa- tion, the founders of mining camps and towns.

The success of Bidwell in the north was quickly re- peated by others. Two miles from his camp on the north fork of Feather River, one Potter from the Farwell grant opened another bar, known by his name. Below Bidwell Bar lay Long Bar; opposite, Adams- town, first worked by Neal. From Lassen's rancho went one Davis and camped below Morris Ravine, near Thompson Flat. Subsequently Dye and com- pany of Monterey with 50 Indians took out 273 pounds in seven weeks, from mines on this river. The abo- rigines began to work largely on their own account,

7 Simpson should not say there were 3,000 or 4,000 miners at work three months after the discovery of gold, because there were less than 500; four months after the discovery there were less than 1,000; nor should the Reverend Colton speak of 50,000 in Nov., when less than 10,000 white men were at work in the mines. My researches indicate a population in California in the middle of 1848 of 7,500 Hispano-Californians, excluding Indians, and 6,500 Ameri- cans, with a sprinkling of foreigners. Of the Californians, probably 1,300 went to the mines, out of a possible maximum of 2,000 able to go, allowing for their larger families. Of the Americans, with smaller families and of more roving disposition, soldiers, etc., 4,000 joined the rush. Add 1,500 Oregonians and northerners, arriving in 1848, and 2,500 Mexicans, Hawai- ians, etc., and we have a total mining population of somewhat over 9,000. Cal. Star, Sept. 2, 1848, Dec. 9, 1848, allows 2,000 Oregonians to arrive in 1848, and 100 wagons with U. S. emigrants. The gov. agent, T. B. King, indicates his belief in a population at the end of 1848 of 15,000, or a little more. Report, 15; U. S. Gov. Docs., 31st cong. Ist sess., H. Ex. Doc. 59, 7. The committee of the Cal. const. convention, in statement of March 1850, assumed a population of 26,000, whereof 8,000 Americans, 5,000 foreigners, and 13,000 Californians, but the last two estimates are excessive. See also Stillman's Golden Fleece, 32; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, ii. 393; Grimshaw, Narr., MS., enumerates only five sea-going vessels at San Francisco early in Nov. 1848, and these evidently all on trading trips, and as late as Feb. 1849, the First Steamship Pioneers, found only a few ships here. It is difficult, there- fore, to make up 5,000 foreign arrivals before 1849, for the influx from Sonora is shown elsewhere to have been moderate so far.

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History of California, Volume VI, Part 7

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885-1890 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 816

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885-1890
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 816