USA > California > History of California, Volume VI > Part 47
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18 Of the smooth water-worn gold usually found in rivers, 'flour and grain' gold, the fineness approaching to flour and gunpowder, belongs mostly to locustrine deposits, and to the gold bluffs. 'Shot' gold samples have been furnished by Secret Ravine, Placer. 'Scale' gold is often of remarkable uni- formity. On Yuba and Feather river bars it was almost circular, about one tenth of an inch in diameter. 'Thread ' gold has been found near Yreka, and on Fine Gold Creek, Fresno. Of the coarse gold generally attributed to ravines, the crystalline is rare; pellets of the size of peas are presented by Cottonwood Creek, Shasta; at the adjoining Horsetown they took the shape of beans. Gold shaped like moccasons is found in Coarse Gold Gulch, Fresno. Near Prairie City, El Dorado, a long ridge presents shot gold on one side and 'scale ' gold on the other. Alta Cal., Dec. 24, 1850, comments on the beautiful leaf gold found at Wood Diggings. The latter form is common in quartz, where the gold, usually ranging between imperceptible specks and streaks, appears also in pellets, in aborescent, denditric, and foliated forms. Fern- leaf specimens are very beautiful, as found near Shingle Springs, El Dorado, some studded with octahedron crystals, as at Irish Creek, Coloma. Blake describes several specimens. N. S., Pac. R. R. Rept, v. 300. Most rich quartz crumbles readily, so that pieces for jewelry have to be sought. Marble Springs, Mariposa, furnished the most in early days. Hittell's Mining, 41; Alta Cal., Sept. 21, 1854.
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MINING METHODS.
actual quartz veins, while the supposed derivatory placers have yielded nuggets by the hundreds from one pound and upward. Australia still holds the palm for the largest piece, but California ranks not far behind. The largest ever found here, in Novem- ber 1854, from Calaveras, weighed 161 pounds, less some 20 pounds for quartz,19 which represented a sum
19 At $17.25 per ounce the estimated value was $38,916. It measured irregularly 15 inches by 6 in width and 4 in thickness. The claim belonged to 5 poor men, 4 Americans and a Swiss, who upon finding the lump, in Nov. 1854, set out for S. F., guarding it night and day. Other accounts reduce the value to $29,000. S. F. Gazette and L'Echo Pac., Dec. 1, 1854; Sac. Union, Nov. 27-30, 1854, May 24, 1855. It was to be exhibited abroad. Hunt's Mag., xxxii. 255; Daily Transcript, Feb. 28, 1866. On the strength of this discovery goes the story, a stranger deposited a nugget of 2,319 ounces at a N. York assay office, which he permitted to be assayed from one point, not wishing to inar the appearance. He obtained a loan of $6,000. The lump was subse- quently found to be a gold-covered piece of lead. Grass Val. Union, June 18-22, 1872. One of even greater valuation than the 161-1b. Inmp is said to have been found by Chinese in Aug. 1886, but at present I will confine my- self to early annals. Alta Cal., May 11, 1855, refers to a 96-1b. lump from near Downieville; 72 lbs from Columbia Sept. 1854; Cal. Courier, Nov. 14, 1850, to 50-60 lbs from the Yuba; a $10,000 piece from Ophir, Sutter co., Id., Dec. 21, 1850; S. F. Picayune, Dec. 20, 1850; a 65-1b. from near Columbia, S. J. Pioneer, Feb. 16, 1878; also one of 54 lbs from Dogtown, Butte, and one of 51 lbs from French Ravine, Sierra, 1833; 50 lbs with some quartz from near Mariposa, Placer Times, Apr. 13, 1850; 500 ounces near Gibsonville, Alta Cal., Oct. 4, 1855; one netting $8,829, Sac. Union, May 21, 1855; 33 lbs with 7 lbs of quartz, near Yuba forks, S. F. Herald, July 7, 1850; an $8,000 lump near Downieville, 1851; 30 lbs near Sonora, Sac. Union, Jan. 16, 1855; 30 and 26 lbs at Vallecito, Calaveras, Alta Cal., May 7, 1854; 28 lbs worth $4,400, Holden's garden, Sonora, Sawtell's Pioneers, MS., 5; 27 lbs at Colum- bia, Alta Cal., Apr. 5, 1854; 400 ounces, at Gibsonville, Sac. Union, Oct. 6, 1855; 25 lbs, American North Fork, Placer Times, June 23, 1849; and another such mentioned in Sac. Transcript, Apr. 26, 1850; 25 lbs, Mt Echo and Alta Cal., Sept. 1, 1852; 23 lbs, Sonora, Pac. News, May 17, 1850; 23 lbs, French Gulch, Alta Cal., Sept. 15, 1856; 22 Ibs on the Calaveras, Id., Dec. 23, 1850; Polynesian, vi. 198; Cal. Courier, Dec. 25, 1850; also 284 ounces, near El Do- rado. Quartz bowlders are several times referred to of about 400 lbs, esti- mated as high as $25,000. S. F. Picayune, Sept. 16, 1850; Alta Cal., March 4, 1854; Cal. Courier, Sept. 16, 26, 1850; S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 30, 1855. At Carson Hill a piece of 112 Ibs was chiselled out in Feb. 1850. Hayes' Mining, ii. 46. Several more might be added, for Sonora, round Sonora alone claims eight nuggets between 20 and 30 lbs, uncovered from 1850 to 1855. The list is based mainly on newspaper items. Lumps below 20 lbs in weight are innumerable, and the region round Sonora is the most prolific in this direction, as shown in S. F. Picayune, Sept. 16, Oct. 15, 1850, which writes, 'one hun- dred pieces of gold averaging 12 lbs each have been got out within a few months.' Cal. Courier, Oct. 15, 1850; Pac. News, May 14, Aug. 30, Oct. 19, 1850; Alta Cal., Feb. 19-21, May 16, 1853; Oct. 9, 1855; Placer Times, May 17, 1850; and list in Hittell's Mining, 48. Mariposa claimed a goodly share. S. F. Picayune, Sept. 10, 1850; Cal. Courier, Nov. 16, 1850; Sac. Union, Aug. 4, 1855; Pac. News, May 10, 1850. The size of Mokelumne pieces is instanced in Cal. Courier, Dec. 16, 1850; Alta Cal., Oct. 5, 1852. Placer Times, Feb. 9, 1850, refers to a woman near Placerville who took out a 13-1b. nugget; Hayes' Mining, ii. 3. Auburn boasted of many fine lumps. Placer Times, Feb. 23,
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NUGGETS AND POCKETS.
of over $30,000. It is doubtful whether any more lumps were obtained prior to 1856 containing 100 pounds of pure gold, but there are several ranging below this to 50 pounds, and a large number from ten pounds upward.
Those who found valuable nuggets were few as compared with the number who, alighting on remu- nerative claims, took out fortunes from coarse and fine pay dirt. These especially form the theme of anecdote and newspaper record, all with the usual exaggeration.20 Instance the prospecting claim on Carson Hill, from which gold was chiselled out in big chunks, and which yielded within a short time some $2,000,000; and such troves as were repeat- edly obtained by individual diggers, especially in the numerous 'pockets' of the Sonora region, including Wood Creek, the richest of its size, the bars of American, Yuba, and Feather rivers, with such spots 1850; Sac. Transcript, Apr. 26, 1850; Placer Times, March 9, 1850; Alta Cal., March 23, 1856. For finds at Grass Valley, etc., Id., March 18, 1854; Sac. Transcript, May 15, 1851; Sac. Union, June 30, 1855. Scott's River had many specimens. Id., Jan. 27, March 7, 1855; S. F. Bulletin, Nov. 30, 1855; Alta Cal., July 2, 1851. See, further, Little's Stat., MS., 12; Hayes' Mining, i .- vi., passim, and under different districts in this chapter, as Feather River and Tuolumne.
20 The results of fluming, sluicing, and other work entailing costly prelim- inaries by a company are numerous, but hardly belongs to the instances here intended, yet the product of a single claim is to the point, as that of Carson Hill, where big pieces were chiselled out, one of 112 lbs; a single blast yielded $110,000, and within 2 years, says the report in Hayes' Mining, ii. 46, over $2,000,000 was obtained. Three men obtained $80,000 on the Yuba. Cal. Courier, Nov. 14, 1850; and five are credited with 525 lbs. Sac. Transcript, Sept. 30, 1850. A party of 21 gathered $140,000 at Jacksonville. S. F. Bul- letin, Apr. 28, 1856; S. F. Picayune, Nov. 13, 1850. A rich lead was struck on top of a hill. Sac. Transcript, March 14, 1851. At Oregon Canon four men took 300 lbs in coarse gold. Little's Stat., MS., 12. At Sherlock's diggings $30,000 was obtained from a small hole. Woods' Sixteen Mo., 84. One man brought $12,000 from Deer Creek, mostly dug out in one day. Placer Times, March 16, 1850. A Mexican took 28 lbs from a 'pocket,'and another $8,000. Taylor's Eldorado, i. 246-7. Six are said to have obtained $220,000 from Bear Valley, Mariposa. Murderer's Bar was first worked by three sailors, who averaged 11 lbs daily. Alta Cal., July 15, 1853. Rush Creek lays claim to a yield of $3,000,000. Barstow's Stat., MS., 2. Other similar instances in Golden Era, cap. 20; Sac. Transcript, Jan. 14, 1851; Pico, Acont., MS., 77; S. F. Picayune, Aug. 19, 1850; Little's Stat., MS., 6-7; Foster's Gold Region, 17-29; Torres, Perip., MS., 81; Ballou's Adven., MS., 25; Polynesian, vii. 7; Pac. News, Nov. 10, 1849; Alta Cal., Aug. 2, Dec. 15, 1849; Fitzgerald's Sketches, 179-81; Sherwood's Cal., MS., 3. See ubi sup. for additional troves and value of mining ground under the districts. ‘As much as $2,700 has been washed out from one pan.' McDaniel's Early Days, MS., 7.
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MINING METHODS
as Park Bar, Rush and Nelson creeks, where the yield of one day's work frequently fulfilled the bright- est hopes of the gold-hunter. The American Middle Fork yielded perhaps the best steady average of gold- dust. All found sooner or later that mining was a lottery, for adjoining claims even in a reputably rich spot might bring to one a fortune, to others nothing ;21 and the veriest tyro might strike a deposit in the most unfavorable place, while experienced diggers toiled in vain. 22
It was a lottery wherein a vast number of blanks were overshadowed by the glitter of the few prizes. The great majority of diggers obtained little more than the means to live at the prevailing high prices, and many not even that. At times they might find a remunerative claim, but this was offset by periods of enforced idleness in searching for new ground, by waiting for rains or for the abatement of waters, by more or less extensive preliminary work to gain access to the paying strata and making it available, with the aid of shafts, tunnels, ditches, and so forth. In addi- tion to obstacles came the drains of companionship, which absorbed time and money to the enrichment of stores and drinking-places.23 It was generally admit-
21 Woods relates a striking case. A dispute arose between two miners concerning a narrow strip between their claims. An arbitrator was called to settle it, who in compensation received the portion of the disputed tract. Within a few hours the two large claims were abandoned as worthless, while the arbitrator found in his strip a pocket yielding $7,435. Sixteen Mo., 57.
22 It was a common saying that sailors, niggers, and Dutchmen were the luckiest, particularly the drunken old salt. Borthwick's Cal., 66. At Pilot Hill a greenhorn was directed by some fun-loving miners to a most unlikely spot by the side of a hill for taking up a claim; but the joke was reversed when the novice there struck a rich deposit. Moore's Exper., MS., 5 6. The slave of a southerner, who worked with his master, dreamed of gold beneath a certain cabin. This was purchased, and $20,000 was obtained before the ground was half worked. Borthwick's Cal., 163. A cook found $7 in the giz- zard of a chicken. Pac. News, Nov. 11, 1850. S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 22, 1857, relates how a claim fraudulently sold by 'salters' yielded a fortune to the dupe. Many another claim had been abandoned or sold by a despairing or impoverished digger in which the new-comer found a rich spot, perhaps at the first stroke. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were on the other hand ex- pended on flumes and other costly work at times without bringing any re- turns. Delano, Life, 281-2, instances cases.
23 Traders and speculators secured the most of it. A miner came back to camp after some weeks' absence with what he considered a good yield, only
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GOLD PRODUCTION.
ted that the steady wage-worker coula show a far larger balance at the end of the year than the aver- age miner,24 and as a test, one has merely to divide the total annual production by the number of workers to find that their earnings were far below the current wages.25 In 1852 the average yield for each of the
to find that his wife by laundry work had earned much more. Ryan's Pers. Adven., ii. 1-64. A fair illustration of average success is presented in Woods' Sixteen Months, 171-6, showing that in a company of 141 members, two made $15,000 and $7,000 by trading; two made $6,000 each by mining and manu- facturing; three made $2,000 by mining, trading, aud teaming; two others made $1,500 and $1,000; about 70 made a mere living in mining, etc., and the remainder died or disappeared into obscurity. Woods adds other similar data. Letts, Cal., 102, shows that if a man finds a lead paying $6 a day he does well, but this as a rule lasts only from six to ten days, owing to the lim- ited size of claims. Then comes a week or more searching for a new lead or claim. If he goes far a mule must be bought to carry food, machine, etc. Add cost of living to the expense, and what remains? The cynic Helper, Land of Gold, 103-5, 158-65, paints the situation in still darker colors. Auger, Cal., 113-16, and Shaw, Golden Dreams and Leaden Realities, 116, etc., take a prosaic middle course, which agrees with the average statement by pioneers in the MSS. referred to in this chapter. Numbers went home with the reputa- tion of having made fortunes, when only a small proportion of the shame- faced and disappointed crowd could point even to a sum equivalent to the salary they might have earned during their absence.
24 Borthwick, Cal., 190-2, believes that the average earning of the miner who worked was in 1851 $8, but generally not over $3 or $4. Buffum, Six Months, 131-2, places the average in 1849 at $8, although a stout persevering man could make $16. Gov. Riley, Report, Aug. 30, 1849, agreed with the lat- ter item. Ten dollars, says N. Y. Herald, Aug. 3, 1849; Cal. Past, Pres., 112. Only $6 or $8, says Velasco, Son., 307. The average decreased gradually every year. See also Frisbie's Remin., MS., 35, and later references.
25 The estimated gold production stands as follows:
1848 $10,000,000
1853
$65,000,000
1849
40,000,000
1854
60,000,000
1850
50,000,000
1855.
55,000,000
1851
60,000,000
1856. 56,000,000
1852
60,000,000
Total.
$456,000,000
Based on a recorded export of $331,000,000, plus unregistered treasure and gold retained for local use. For argument and references in support of these figures, I refer to the chapter on commerce, in connection with shipments of gold and currency. According to the census of 1852, three fifths of the popu- lation, about 153,000 out of 255,000, belonged to the mining counties, and 100,- 000 of this number might be called miners. An official report in Cal. Ass. Jour., 1855, ap. 14, p. 80, also accepts this figure, but reduces it to 86,000 for 1853 and 1854. Dividing $60,000,000 by 100,000 leaves $600 a year as the average earning of a miner; and as many made fortunes as individuals or employers, the average for the struggling majority fell to little more than $1 per day, and this at a time when common labor was still four or five times higher, as shown in the chapter on commerce. The average rate makes the gold cost three times its value. Del Mar, Precious Metals, 262-4, has a calculation which brings its cost to five times the value, but he exaggerates the number of miners and the rate of wages, and adds that the low yield caused the death of thousands by privation. Miners could always earn or obtain food. The high wages were due to the preference for mining life. King complains that
·
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MINING METHODS.
100,000 men engaged in mining was only $600, or barely $2 a day, while wages for common labor ruled twice and three times higher. Deducting the profits of employers and the few fortunate ones, the majority of diggers earned little more than $1 a day. This, however, was the culminating year for individual miners, for the lessening share disheartened large numbers and directed their attention to other indus-
in 1849 foreigners, chiefly Mexicans, carried away $2,000,000. Report Cal., 68; and Sonorense, March 28, 1851, shows that at Guaymas alone 2,500 marcos of gold were registered. During 1850 there was more than $350,000 besides un- 'registered introduction. A calculation in Placer Times, Oct. 1850, estimates that two thirds of the miners, or 57,000, were mining in the region between the Cosumnes and the upper Feather River, and producing during the average mining season of five months fully $30,000,000, of which Feather River, with 9,000 diggers, yielded $6,400,000, at $6 a day; the Yuba, with 30,000 diggers, $14,400,000, at $4 a day; the Bear, with 3,000 diggers, $1,440,000, at $4 a day; the American, with 5,000 diggers on each of its three forks, $9,000,000, at $5 a day. Pac. News, Oct. 29, 1850. Buffum's Six Mo., 131, divides 100,000 miners in Jan. 1850 in five 20,000 groups, one for the American forks, one for Yuba and Feather rivers, two for the S. Joaquin tributaries, and one in various dry diggings. In Aug. 1850, Cal. Courier, Aug. 9, 1850, as- signed 8-10,000 to the Stanislaus and Tuolumne. Alta Cal. assigns 15,000 souls to the American forks on Dec. 15, 1849. Buffum regards the American Middle Fork as most widely permeated with gold. Six Mo., 79-87. The Feather yielded probably the most brilliant results to the first comers, to judge by the items given under this district. The remaining 29,000 diggers were occupied chiefly between the Mokelumne and Tuolumne, with a scattering below and in the north-west, and to them, if the above figures be correct, nearly $20,000,000 must be attributed to make up the $50,000,000 estimated for 1850. With virgin ground and rich pockets, they certainly ought to have made more than the above $4 to $5 average. See also Lamb's Mining, MS., and Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 131-6. The preceding annual total yields are nearly all from placer diggings. Quartz mining was as yet in its infancy, for the 59 quartz mills of 1855 produced only $4,082,100 from 222,060 tons of ore. Cal. Ass. Jour., 1856, p. 26. The report for 1856 reduces the mills to 58. Id., 1857, ap. 4, p. 28-32. Hy- draulic work proper also claimed merely a small proportion, although fast gaining strength, as may be judged from the sudden increase of litches, which from 1,164 miles in 1854, costing $2,294,000, expanded to 4,593 miles in 1855, costing $6,341,700. The increase for 1856 was small, to judge by the less complete returns for that year. Compare above references with Id., 1855, ap. 14, p. 69-91; Id., Sen., 40-3, ap. 5, p. 29 et seq .; Id., 1856, ap. 5, p. 50 et seq .; Id., 1853, ap. 14; 1852, 651-2; U. S. Census, 1850, 985; Browne's Min. Res., 15-200; S. F. Merc. Gaz., Jan. 3, 1857; also Alta Cal., S. F. Bulle- tin, and Sac. Union, for the close of each year. Also Id., Dec. 23, 1854; Sept. 29, 1855; Alta Cal., Feb. 5, 1853; S. F. Bulletin, March 26, May 6, 9, Aug. 23, 1856; Hayes' Mining, i. 93-5, etc .; Hunt's May., xxiii. 19; xxxv. 121, etc .; Nev. Jour. Sen., 1877, ap. 10, i. 179, introduce comparisons with Australia; Quart. Review, Ixxxvii. 422; xc. 492; xci. 529; South. Quart. Rev., v. 301; Revue Deux Mondes, Feb. 1, 1819; Jacob's Prec. Metals, ii. 41; Roswag, Métaux, 54, etc., have figures on gold yield in the world, with comments on the effect of California's large addition. This subject will be touched in my next volume.
425
FASCINATIONS OF MINING LIFE.
tries which should bring a better and more permanent result. Yet mining had attractions in its independent, unrestrained camp life and roaming intercourse with nature, besides the alluring, though generally declusive, hope of rich troves, which for many years continued to bring fresh recruits to its ranks.
The increase of production from $40,000,000 in 1849, by ordinary digging process, to $60,000,000 in 1852, a figure long sustained, or nearly so, was at first due to the extension of the field over much new ground, and then to the gradual improvement in methods, which permitted larger quantities of soil to be opened and washed at an ever-decreasing expenditure of time and labor, as shown elsewhere. 26 The development of hydraulic and quartz fields brought additional means for checking a decline which otherwise would have been rapid. Measured by the labor expended upon the production, its cost was three times the value. A host of other items may be entered to its debit, such as the disturbing influence of the emigration of gold- seekers, and the loss to different countries of capital27 and stout arms, a proportion of which succumbed to hardships and danger. Society suffered by the loos- ened moral restraint of mining life, with the consequent development of vice and increase of crime and blood- shed, and the spread of a gambling spirit which fos- tered thriftlessness, and disturbed the healthy mental equilibrium.28 California had further to endure devas-
26 It is curious to note the gloomy predictions expressed at frequent inter- vals, whenever a temporary decline in gold remittances agitated commercial fears. In 1849-51 it was generally supposed that the yield would soon be exhausted. After this, doubters became more cautious, yet even local jour- nals raised a wail at times. Alta Cal., Sept. 9, Dec. 31, 1852; Jan. 9, 1856; S. F. Bulletin, Apr. 15, Aug. 23, 1856.
27 The London Times, in the autumn of 1849, remarks: 'A great man once said that it was no wonder if Oxford and Cambridge were such learned places, considering how much knowledge was yearly carried thither, and how little was ever brought away. We are almost inclined to apply the same rule to the settlements on the Sacramento. If California is not the richest country upon the earth, it soon ought to be; for all the available capital, whether in goods or cash, of the Indian, Pacific, and the Atlantic seaboards, appears to be despatched to San Francisco,' showing so far a large balance against the placers.
26 Compare statistics of insanity in Cal. and elsewhere. The effect of ex-
426
MINING METHODS
tation of soil by the washing away of fertile surfaces, and the ravaging of others by noxious gravel deposits, and of streams by pollution and fillage.29 On the other hand must be considered the great and enduring good effected by gold-mining, and the movements to which it gave rise; the impulse received by trade and in- dustries throughout the world through the new mar- kets and traffic, besides affording additional outlets for surplus population; the incentive and means for ex- ploring and unfolding resources in adjoining and in new regions, and enriching them with settlements. The gold discoveries in Australia, British Columbia, and half a dozen other countries, with their trains of migration and prosperity, followed closely on the Cali- fornia event.30 The United States was at one step placed a half-century forward in its commercial and political interests on the Pacific, as marked by the opening of the sealed ports of China and Japan, partly by steamers which completed the steamship girdle round the world, by the construction of the Panamá railway, and by the great transcontinental steam line. The democratic principles of the republic received, moreover, a brilliant and effective demonstration in the equality, organizing skill, self-government, and self-advancement displayed on the Pacific coast. That is to say, at one breath, gold cleared a wilderness and transplanted thither the politics and institutions of the most advanced civilizations of the world.
posure and privations in the mines was to some extent balanced by the value of the training in strengthening many constitutions.
29 Helper, in his Land of Gold, 23-31, makes a formal list of losses standing to the debit of California, the purchase-money by U. S., the wages of her population, the cost of transport to and fro, losses by conflagrations, by wrecks and debts, which alone would cover the value of the gold by 1855 threefold. He might have added the cost of the war of conquest, the value of steamers and other connecting service, the capital invested in and with California, and lost in trade, etc., the expenses of Indian wars, and so on. He looks only on the dark side, and fails to find compensating good.
30 A mania set in for discovering gold, and in 1852 alone it was found in ten countries, Siberia, New Zealand, South America, etc. Men swarmed from California to all parts of the Pacific, as diggers, adventurers, manufac- turers, capitalists. Quart. Review, xci. 512, has pertinent remarks on the Australian gold discovery
427
AUTHORITIES.
General mining authorities are: Cong. Globe, 1848-9, pp. 257-8; 1849-50, app. 22-3, iudex, p. xviii .; 1850-1, 4; 1851-2, 18; Helper's Land of Gold, 103-5, 151-7, 160-5; Carson's Early Recolt., 5-9, 17, 19, 39; Crosby's Events, MS., 14, 16-17, 19-22, 25; Coleman's Vig. Com., MS., 146; Sutter, in Cal. Assoc. Pion., N. Y., 1875, 53; Sherman's Mem., i. 52; Simonin, Vie Souter., 409-10, 419-20, 494, 498, 541-8; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, iv. 371; vi. 371; Pico, Doc., i. 191; Id., Acont., 77; London Quart. Rev., lxxxvii. 416-23; xc. 492- 502; xci. 505-6, 512, 529-40; Low's Stat., MS., 3-4; Larkin's Doc., vi. 107; Id., Off. Corr., ii. 55; King's Rept Cal., 68; Id., Geol. Explor., iii. 1-9; Del Mar's Hist. Prec. Metals, 165, 260-5; Fowler's Dict., MS., 14 et seq .; Lamb's Mining Camps, MS., passim; Lane's Narr., MS., 108-112; Shaw's Golden Dreams, 33-4, 59, 87-8, 116; Silliman's Deep Placers, 15-23, 39-42; Hittell's Hist. S. F., 127-8, 289, 462; Id., Mining, 2-8, 20-22, 36; Id., Land Cases, MS .; Dietz' Our Boys, 166-71; Ashland (Or.) Tidings, Aug. 9, 1878; Crane's Past, Pres., 23, 29-30, 112, 184-9; Cal. Statutes, 1850, 221-2; 1851, 424; 1852, 295; 1853, 63; 1854, 166; 1856, 141; Annals S. F., 417-18; Esmeralda Herald, Oct. 4, 1879; El Dorado Co. Hist., 117; Cal. Comp. Laws, 1850-3, 218-22; Delano's Life, etc., 281-2, 290; Anthony's Siskiyou Co., MS., 6-14; Moore's Pion. Exp., MS., 5-12; Nouv. Annales Voy., cxx. 365-74; exxiii. 225; cxxviii. 325-41; cxxix. 109-24, 225-46, 353-64; Roswag, Métaux, 24-53; Cal., Jour. House, 1850, 802, and index 'min. lands;' 1852, 829-35; 1853, 704-5, 715; 1855, 893, app. no. 14, pp. 67-91; 1856, 24-7; 1857, no. 2, 31; no. 4, 28-38; Cal., Jour. Sen., 1850, 1302, 1342; 1851, 591-8, 660-3, 683-701; 1852, 651-2, 659-65, 755; 1853, 638, 649, 715, app. no. 3, 55-6; 1854, 586; 1855, 40-3, 905, 915, app. no. 3, 27, app. no. 5, 29, 86-8; 1856, 400-1, app. no. 5, 50-7, 220- 324, app. no. 22, 6; Burnett's Recoll., MS., i. 367, 306-7; ii., passim; El Sono- rense, March 21, 25, 28, Apr. 8, 15, Aug. 16, Sept. 27, Nov. 29, Dec. 22, 1848; Avila, Doc., 225; Frisbie's Rem., MS., 35; Cronise's Nat. Wealth, 132; Nev., Jour. Sen., 1877, app. 10, pp. 179-81; Northern Enterprise, March 20, 1874; Rockwell's Span. and Mex. Law, 507-94; Hunt's Merch. Mag., xxvi. 513; xxvii. 382-3, 445-50; xxxii. 255; xxxv. 121-2; Overland Monthly, xiii. 273- 80; xiv. 321-8; Miner's Advocate, Nov. 25, 1854; Present and Future, July 1, 1853; Dean's Statement, MS., 2-5; Miner's Own Book, pp. 32; El Mineur, June 29, 1856; Russian River Flag, Jan. 22, 1851; Mining Review, 1876, 6, 8, 17-18; Steele, in Or. Jour. Council, 1857-8, app. 42-3; Ross' Narrative, MS., 13-17; Ryan's Judges and Crim., 79; Id., Pers. Adv., ii. 1-64, 296-8; Havilah Courier, Sept. 8, 1866; Harper's May., xx. 598-616; Oakland Gazette, Apr. 19, 1873; June 19, 1875; Roach's Stat., MS., 5-6; Revere's Keel and Saddle, 160-4, 251-4; Randolph's Stat., MS., 51; Simonin, Les Mines, in Revue des Deux Mondes, Nov. 1875, pp. 286-8; Crusoe Island, 336; A. M. Comstock, in Vig. Com. Misc., 36; Los Ang. Herald, Dec. 23, 1874; Los Ang. Ev'g Express, May 29, 1872; Sac. Bee, Jan. 16, 1874; Sac. Record, Sept. 10, 1874; Sac. Rec .- Union, Nov. 3, 1877; Delessert, Les Mines, in Revue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1, 1849, pp. 478-83; Taylor's El Dorado, i. 60-1, 87-9, 92, 101-3, 110-11, 191, 205-7, 246-8; Id., Spec. Press, 153, 150, 1503, 265-6, 2903, 296, 3913, 431, 437-9, 441, 451, 453, 500, 5813; Revue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1, 1849; Lloyd's Lights, 155, 508; Quincy Union, Dec. 9, 16, 23, 30, 1835; Frignet, La Cal., 83-4, 99-103, 105-8; Or., Jour. Council, 1857-8, app. 42-3; Navarro Leyes, Feb. 1856, 363-9, 551-6; Nev. Journal, Aug. 3, Nov. 23, 1855, Jan. 18, Feb. 29, 1856; Nevada D. Transcript, Feb. 28, 1866; Nevada D. Gazette, May 10, 1866; Nev. City Tri-weekly Herald, May 23, 1878; Hist. Nerada, 170-206; Nevada-Grass Val. Direct., 1856, 10-12, 28-32; Direct. Nev. Co., 1867, 32-3, 48-9, 61-2; Thomas' Mining Remin., MS .; Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 131-6; Pion. Mag., iv. 345; Colusa Co. Annual, 1878, 46; Buffum's Six Months, passim; Fremont's Amer. Travel, 99, 103-4; Direct. Placer Co., 1861, 13; Thompson's Golden Res., 1-91; Soule's Stat., 3-4; S. F. Picayune, Aug .- Dec. 1850, passim; Hinton's Ariz., app. 62-99; Eureka West. Coast Siy- nal, March 19, 1873; Portland Bulletin, Aug. 3, 1872; Placerville Repub., June 27, 1876; Placerville Democrat, July 1, Aug. 19, 1876; Colton's Three Years, 274-5, 280-1, 306, 339; Armstrong's '49 Experiences, MS., 13-14; Merrill's Stat., MS., 5-10; Foster's Gold Region, 17-29; Connor's Stat., MS., 2; Grass
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