USA > Massachusetts > Norfolk County > Norwood > Norwood annual report 1957-1959 > Part 6
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ARTICLE IV Materials, Loads and Stresses
Section 1. Materials and Tests
(a) INSPECTOR MAY REQUIRE TESTS - All building materials shall be of a quality to meet the intent of this By-Law. In case of dispute the building inspector may require tests to be made at the expense of the owner to establish its suitability or to determine whether it conforms to the intent of this By-Law.
(b) TEST OF NEW MATERIALS - New building material or materials not otherwise provided for in this By-Law and new forms of construction not susceptible to engineering analysis, shall be subject to such tests to deter- mine their character, quality and fitness as the building inspector shall direct.
(c) REPETITION OF TESTS - The Building Inspector may require tests to be repeated, if at any time there is reason to believe that a material no longer conforms to the requirements on which its approval is based.
(d) TESTS OF WORK ALREADY CONSTRUCTED - In case there is reason at any time to question the safety of a floor or other structural part of a building or structure, the building inspector may require the owner or builder to make load tests or other suitable tests to determine the safety of said construction. Such tests shall be made under the supervision of the Build- ing Inspector and shall show that the construction in question will safely sus- tain a superimposed load equal to one and one-half times the design live load plus the dead load.
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carry safely a wind force acting normal to the roof surface on one slope at a time of twenty pounds per square foot of such surface, and no vertical live load need be assumed.
(d) ROOFS USED AS FLOORS - When a roof, in addition to serving as a closure of a building or structure, is to be used as a floor, it shall be designed to carry safely the live load to be imposed, but not less than the minimum live load prescribed in this section for floors.
(e) ANCHORAGE - All roofs shall be capable of resisting an upward force of thirty pounds per square foot applied normal to the roof surface over the whole roof area. If the dead weight of the roof is not sufficient to resist such a force, the roof shall be anchored adequately to the remainder of the structure.
Section 4. Wind Loads
(a) MAGNITUDE - All buildings and structures, including tanks, towers, and signs, shall be designed to resist a horizontal wind pressure on all sur- face exposed to the wind, allowing for wind in any direction, of not less than fifteen pounds per square foot for those portions less than forty (40) feet above ground and of not less than twenty-five (25) pounds per square foot for those portions more than forty feet above ground, except that wind pressure on sloping roofs shall be as specified in Section 3 - paragraph (a) of this Article. For round chimneys and stacks these pressures shall be assumed to act on the projected areas.
(b) STABILITY - The overturning moment due to wind pressure shall not exceed seventy-five (75) percent of the moment of stability disregarding live loads, unless the building or structure is securely anchored to the founda- tion to resist this force.
Section 5. Working Stresses
(a) DESIGNS TO CONFORM - Every building or structure hereafter erected and all new construction in the alteration of an existing building or structure shall be so designed and constructed that the working stresses fixed in this section are not exceeded. In using these stresses, the effects of all loads and conditions of loading and the influence of all forces affecting the design and strength of the several parts shall be taken into account.
(b) MASONRY - The working stresses for masonry in compression shall be taken as follows:
BRICKWORK
With Portland Cement 175 lbs. per sq. inch With cement lime mortar 140 lbs. per sq. inch HOLLOW BLOCK (on gross area)
With Portland Cement 80 lbs. per sq. inch
With cement lime mortar 70 lbs. per sq. inch
(c) REINFORCED CONCRETE - Working stresses for reinforced con- crete shall conform to the minimum standards formulated by Board of Stand-
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ards of the Department of Public Safety of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts.
(d) STRUCTURAL STEEL - Working stresses for structural steel shall conform to the minimum standards formulated by Board of Standards of the Department of Public Safety of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
(e) WOOD - Working stresses for wood shall be as tabulated on pages .. Stress given are for long-continued or permanent loads in continuously dry locations. Lumber which has been pressure treated, with preservatives by approved processes may be designed for these stresses under any conditions of dampness.
For species and grades not listed, stresses recommended by the Board of Standards of the Department of Public Safety of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts shall be used.
For combined stresses due to wind and other loads, the prescribed working stresses may be increased fifty percent; provided the section thus found is not less than required by the dead and live loads alone. For mem- bers carrying wind stresses only, the prescribed working stresses may be increased fifty percent.
(f) SOIL BEARING CAPACITIES - In the absence of satisfactory tests, the sustaining power per square foot of different soils shall be deemed to be as follows: Soft clay - one ton; wet sand, firm clay or sand and clay (mixed or in layers) two tons; hard clay or dry sand - 4 tons; gravel - 6 tons; hardpan - 10 tons; medium rock - 15 tons; and hard rock - 40 tons.
When a doubt arises as to the safe sustaining power of the soil upon which a building is to be erected, or it is desired to exceed the presumptive capacity, the building inspector may direct that borings or tests be made by and at the expense of the owner of the building or structure to determine the sustaining power of the soil. A complete record of such borings or tests shall be filed with the Building Inspector.
No foundation of a building or structure shall be placed on filled ground until the building inspector has fixed, by test or inspection, the safe sustain- ing power that may be assumed.
(g) PILE LOADS - The safe load for piles intended to sustain a building or structure shall be determined by an approved formula or by test.
No loading test shall be made until the Building Inspector has been notified.
Copies of test load data shall be filed with the Building Inspector if he so requires.
ARTICLE V Design and Construction Requirements
Section 1. Excavations
(a) PROTECTION - All excavations shall be properly guarded and pro- tected to prevent them from becoming dangerous to life or property. Where necessary they shall be sheetpiled, braced or shored to prevent adjoining
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earth from caving in or to prevent settlement or damage to an adjacent build- ing or structure.
(b) PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING - All masonry shall be pro- tected against freezing for at least forty-eight (48) hours after being placed. Unless adequate precautions against freezing are taken, no masonry shall be built when the temperature is below thirty-two (32) degrees Fahrenheit on a rising temperature or below forty (40) degrees on a falling temperature, at the point where the work is in progress.
(c) PARTY WALLS - In case there is a party wall along a lot line of the premises where an excavation is being made the person causing the exca- vation to be made shall, at his own expense preserve such party wall in as safe a condition as it was before the excavation was commenced and shall when necessary, underpin the support of the same by proper foundations.
(d) CLEARING - All stumps, roots, vegetation and debris occurring within a building area shall be removed. The ground level in unexcavated portions under frame floors shall be at least two (2) feet below the bottom of floor joists and girders.
(e) WATER IN EXCAVATIONS - Foundation excavations shall be kept reasonably free of water until completion of the foundation work.
Section 2. Foundations
(a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS - Every building or structure shall be supported by foundations resting on solid ground, ledge or piles.
Foundations for first class, mill and second class construction shall extend to not less than 4' 0" below the surface of the ground unless solid rock is encountered at a lesser depth. For other classes of construction, the corres- ponding depth shall be not less than 3' 0" except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.
No foundations shall be started on frozen ground.
(b) FOOTINGS - Footings when needed shall consist of masonry, poured concrete, reinforced concrete or steel grillages. Wood shall not be used unless entirely below permanent water level or properly treated with preservative.
Footings shall be so designed that the bearing shall be nearly uniform as possible and not in excess of the safe bearing capacity of the soil as set forth in this By-Law.
Unless founded on rock every foundation wall built of stone, brick or blocks shall have a concrete footing not less than 8" thick and projecting at least 4" beyond the wall on each side. Footings to be approved by the inspector before loading.
(c) FOUNDATION WALLS - Foundation walls shall be built of approved masonry, concrete, or reinforced concrete. They shall be of adequate thick- ness and strength to resist any lateral pressure, and to support their vertical superimposed loads, but in no case shall the thickness of a foundation wall be less than that of a wall supported directly by it. No stone foundation wall shall be laid as a dry wall, nor be less than 16 inches thick. No poured concrete
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foundation wall shall be constructed without the use of forms for both sides of the wall. No forms used in poured concrete foundations shall be removed until forty (40) hours after pouring, in summer weather or sixty-four (64) hours in winter weather.
(d) THIRD CLASS CONSTRUCTION - Foundation walls for buildings of third class construction may be of hollow cement blocks twelve inches in thickness, or of solid concrete ten inches (10) in thickness. In private garages or other out buildings 8" concrete block may be used. Hollow concrete block shall have a footing of poured concrete one foot thick and extend 4" beyond each side of wall. Concrete block shall not be used in wet locations. Concrete block foundations shall be waterproofed. 8" concrete block may be used for above finish grade.
(e) FOR PORCHES AND PIAZZAS - Porches and piazzas, if supported from the ground, shall have suitable masonry foundations extending not less than three (3) feet, six (6) inches below and six (6) inches above the surface of the ground.
(f) UNDERDRAINAGE AND WATERPROOFING - The cellar or base- ment of every building where the nature of the ground requires, shall be properly underdrained, and if necessary the cellar walls shall be waterproofed with materials of proper character to exclude seepage. This work shall be to the complete satisfaction of the Building Inspector.
Section 3. Masonry
(a) MATERIALS - Approved masonry shall comply with the provisions of this section.
As used in this By-Law, masonry designates construction involving the use of natural or artificial stone, bricks, commercial blocks made of non- combustible material, plain concrete and similar products. Reinforced concrete may be used where masonry is specified, but the requirements for reinforced concrete are covered separately under Section 4 of this Article.
No masonry shall be supported on wooden girders or other form of wood construction except as allowed for foundations in Section 2, of this Article.
(b) ADJOINING WALLS - Whenever an excavation is intended to be made and there is any wall, building or structure wholly or partly on land adjoining the proposed excavation, the safety of which may be affected by such excavation, then the party causing the excavations to be made shall notify the owner of the adjoining premises of the intended excavation and its depth, shall make arrangements to enter upon the adjoining land if neces- sary, and at his own expense shall preserve and protect such wall, building or structure from injury.
(c) BRICK MASONRY - In solid brick walls at least every sixth course shall be a header course, or there shall be at least one full length header in every one and one-half square feet of wall surface; provided, that the distance between adjacent full headers shall not exceed twenty (20) inches either vertically or horizontally. All joints in brick masonry shall be solidly filled with mortar.
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Secondhand brick if used shall be thorougly cleaned before using.
(d) STONE MASONRY - In stone masonry at least ten (10) percent of the face area shall consist of header stones having not less than four inches of bond into the backing masonry.
(e) HOLLOW BLOCK - Where two or more hollow units are used to make up the thickness of a wall the inner and outer courses shall be bonded at vertical intervals not exceeding three feet by lapping at least four (4) inches over the unit below, or by lapping with units at least fifty percent greater in thickness than the unit below at vertical intervals not exceeding seventeen (17) inches.
(f) MORTAR - Cement-lime mortar shall be composed of one part lime putty or dry hydrated lime, one part Portland cement and not more than six parts sand, all measured by volume.
Cement mortar shall be composed of one part Portland cement and not more than three parts sand, all measured by volume, with an allowable addi- tion of lime putty or hydrated lime not to exceed fifteen (15) percent by volume of the cement content.
Sand for mortar shall be clean and free from loam, shale, alkali, organic matter or other deleterious substances.
Commercial mortar mixes may be used in all masonry construction if manufacturer's specifications are followed.
All masonry footings and foundation walls and all rubble stone walls shall be laid in cement mortar only.
All hollow block walls, backing of walls faced with ashlar, exterior walls in skeleton construction, chimneys and isolated piers shall be laid in cement mortar or cement lime-mortar.
(g) WALLS - The thickness of a masonry bearing wall shall be such that its height between successive floors of other substantial lateral supports shall not exceed 20 times its thickness for solid masonry or 18 times its thickness for hollow block construction unless such walls are reinforced by adequate cross walls, piers or buttresses at intervals not exceeding the same amounts. No masonry bearing wall shall be less than 8" thick.
Nonbearing walls may be four (4) inches less in thickness than the above requirements.
Masonry walls that meet or intersect shall be adequately bonded or anchored.
Every masonry pier supporting a girder, arch or column, or supporting a lintel carrying a wall over an opening of more than ten feet in span, shall be built of solid masonry. Isolated piers or posts on the interior of buildings shall not be built of stone or hollow block masonry.
The unsupported height of piers shall not exceed ten times their least dimension.
Doors and window openings in walls shall be spanned by well butt- ressed arches, or by noncombustible lintels having bearing proportioned to
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their loads but extending into the wall not less than six inches at each end.
Except when carried independently by girders at each floor, no wall shall be built up more than twenty feet in height in advance of other walls of the building.
(h) VENEERED WALLS - Veneered walls shall not exceed forty feet in height above foundation or other supports.
Veneering shall be tied into the backing either by a header for every 300 square inches of wall surfacing or by substantial corrosion resistant metal wall ties spaced not farther apart than one foot vertically and two feet horizontally. Flat tile or thin sand stone may be applied with mastic.
Materials used for veneering shall be of not less than the following thickness.
Stone 3 inches
Brick 4 inches
Cast stone 11/2 inches
Flat tile or sand stone 1 inch
In no case shall veneering be considered as part of a wall in com- puting the strength of bearing walls; nor shall it be considered as part of the required thickness of a wall.
(i) PLAIN CONCRETE - Plain concrete shall consist of one part Port- land cement, two and one-half parts fine aggregate and five parts coarse aggre- gate by volume measured dry, and not more than eight gallons of water per ninety-four pound sack of cement. The aggregate shall be clean and free from loam, shale, alkali, organic matter, or other deleterious substances. This section shall be considered the minimum for concrete.
Section 4. Reinforced Concrete Construction
(a) MIX - Concrete for reinforced concrete construction shall consist of one part Portland cement, two parts fine aggregate and four parts coarse aggregate by volume measured dry, and not more than seven and one-half gallons of water per ninety-four pound sack of cement.
This requirement applies under ordinary conditions but shall not pre- clude the use of other properly designed mixes.
(b) GOOD PRACTICE - The engineering principals for calculating stresses for reinforced concrete shall conform to regulations of the Board of Standards of the Department of Public Safety of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Section 5. Steel Construction
(a) GENERAL - Steel construction shall conform to the latest steel construction engineering principals.
(b) WORKMANSHIP
(1) All workmanship shall be such as to insure adequate safety.
(2) Compression joints depending upon contact bearing shall have the bearing surfaces truly faced after the members are riveted.
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(3) The use of a burning torch shall be permissible only if the burned metal is not carrying stresses during the burning. Stresses shall not be trans- mitted into the metal through a burned surface.
(c) ERECTION
(1) The frame of all steel skeleton buildings shall be carried up true and plumb and temporary bracing shall be introduced whenever necessary to take care of all loads to which the structure may be subjected, including erection equipment and the operating of same. Such bracing shall be left in place as long as required for safety.
(2) As erection progresses the work shall be securely bolted up to take care of all dead load, wind and erection stresses.
(3) Wherever piles of material, erection equipment or other loads are during erection, proper provision shall be made to take care of stresses re- sulting from the same.
(4) No riveting or welding shall be done until structure shall have been properly aligned.
(5) Rivets driven in the field shall be heated and driven with the same care as those driven in the shop.
(d) STEEL PIPE COLUMNS, CONCRETE FILLED - Except in first class and mill construction, circular hollow steel columns filled with con- crete may be used to carry loads not greater than the capacity of the metal casing plus the capacity of the concrete filling. The allowable unit stress in the casing shall be as specified for steel columns; that in the concrete filling shall be in the same ratio to the unit stress in the casing as the modulus of elasticity of the concrete bears to that of the casing, but shall not exceed the allowable compressive stress for the mix used. The ratio of L/d shall not exceed 40 where L. is the unbraced height of the column in inches and d. is the outside diameter of the pipe in inches. The pipe shall be new and full size, shall be made by the seamless process or equal and for sizes larger than 4 inches in outside diameter shall be standard weight or heavier. Con- crete shall not be weaker than 1: 11 3 mixture and shall be compacted by satisfactory method while being placed. Where required to increase the strength of columns, longitudinal steel reinforcement may be used. The strength of this reinforcement shall be calculated by adding its net area to the area of the steel pipe. Bases, caps, web ties and brackets shall be of steel. Each shall be attached by an approved method.
Section 6. Wood Construction
(a) FLOORS AND ROOFS - Floor joists and roof rafters, except in pit- ched roofs, shall be rigidly braced with continuous rows of crossbridging at intervals not exceeding 8' - 0".
Each piece of bridging shall be nailed at each end with not less than two 6d common nails. Bridging to be at least 1 x 3.
No floor joist shall be cut for the accommodation of pipes, ducts or other fittings or fixtures at a distance more than 3 feet from its support or to
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a greater depth than 2" from its upper edge, nor shall a bearing timber or girder be cut away for any purpose, except by approval of the building in- spector.
Floor joists shall be doubled under all partitions which run parallel to such joists, and around all openings in floor and roof construction which are not supported by partitions from the floor below.
Trimmers, headers and tail joists over six feet in length, unless resting directly on a plate or girder, shall be hung in approved metal stirrups or hangers.
At the apex of the roof, the rafters shall be securely nailed to a ridge not less than 2" thick and of sufficient depth to accommodate the cut of the rafters. Valley and hip rafters shall be not less than 2" thick and of sufficient depth to accommodate the cut of the jack rafters. Rafters to be 16" O.C.
An adequate opening for access into each attic space shall be pro- vided to allow for inspection and repair. This opening shall be at least 24" x 20". This opening shall be accessible.
(b) WALLS - Studs shall be doubled at all openings and the heads of such openings in exterior and bearing walls shall be doubled studded and trussed. Studs in bearing partitions shall be not less than 2" x 4" members spaced not more than 16" center to center and shall extend to a girder or partition plate below except in platform construction. Plates for bearing partitions shall be built up not less than two 2" x 4" members. Studs in non-bearing partitions shall be not less than 2" x 3" members, spaced not more than 16" center to center.
Nonbearing partition studs shall have single cap and shoe not less in width than the depth of the studs in the partition.
All studs shall be nailed at each end with not less than four (4) 8d common nails.
In any bearing partition, if the plates which support floor joists are cut through to provide for the passage of ducts, then the plates so cut shall be reinforced and tied together by installing on each side of the plates an angle iron not less than 3" x 3" x 6/16", extending 8" beyond each side of the duct opening and fastened together with not less than two 1/2" diameter bolts on each side of the opening.
(c) BOARDING - Frame walls, floor and roofs shall be covered with horizontal or diagonal boarding not less than 1" thick, laid tight and nailed to each bearing with not less than two 8d common nails, for 8" boards and one additional nail for each 4" additional width or fraction thereof. All boarding or sheathing shall be bonded at least every three (3) feet in height or width.
Boarding may be omitted on exterior walls of frame buildings where 4" x 4" sills are permitted except on dwellings.
All wall, roof and underfloor boarding shall be covered with not less than a single layer of sheathing paper.
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(d) ALTERNATE WALL CONSTRUCTION - Any other type of wall con- struction which provides strength, stability and rigidity equal to that of the stud and boarded walls specified in this By-Law, may be used where wood frame walls are allowed, provided that the results of laboratory tests of substitute materials or types of construction meet the requirements of and receive the approval of the building inspector.
(e) MEMBERS SUPPORTED ON MASONRY - In buildings of other than frame construction, wooden beams and joists, except headers and tail joists shall have end bearings of at least four inches.
The ends of wooden members resting on wall shall be cut to a bevel of three inches in their depth. When a wooden girder rests on masonry an air space of one-half inch shall be provided on the sides and ends of such girder for ventilation.
Wooden beams, girders, joists and rafters entering masonry walls shall be tied to the walls at each floor and roof level with metal anchors not less than 14" thick, 11/2" wide and 18" long, spaced not more than 8' - 0" center to center. One end of all such anchors shall be turned down in the masonry wall and the other end shall be attached at or near the bottom of the beam girder, joist or rafter in such a manner as to be self-releasing. Where joists or rafters run parallel to a wall such anchors shall be long enough to extend across and tie at least 3 joists or rafters.
(f) CLEARANCE FROM GROUND - All parts of wooden frramework shall be kept not less than 6" above the level of outside finish grade.
(g) BOLTS AND WASHERS - All bolts in wood construction shall be provided with washers of such proportions that the compression on the wood at the face of the washer will not exceed the working stresses prescribed in this By-Law.
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