USA > Massachusetts > Norfolk County > Randolph > Randolph town reports 1944-1949 > Part 24
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Section 9. If any portion of any building used in whole or in part for human habitation, is used or adapted for a garage or for the storage of any motor vehicle, the ceiling of the room or rooms so used and the partitions between such room or rooms and the other portions of the building shall be made of metal lath and three coats of cement plaster or of such other construction as would be permissible in a first class building.
ARTICLE 4. CHIMNEYS, FLUES AND FIRE STOPPING
Section 1. No chimneys shall be cobbled from a wall more than the thickness of the wall, nor be hung from a wall less than twelve inches thick nor rest upon or be supported in any way by wood.
Section 2. All chimneys shall be built of brick or stone laid solid in best lime mortar, or Portland Cement mortar, as described in Article 3, Section 1.
Section 3. All brick flues shall be smoothly plastered with mortar on the outside from the cellar ceiling to the under side of the roof, after having been examined and ap- proved by the Inspector of Buildings, except that walls of flues eight inches in thickness need not be plastered on the outside.
Section 4. The walls of boiler, oven, furnace and range flues must be at least eight inches thick to under side of the roof, or lined with terra cotta flue linings extending full height of chimney, in which case the brick walls may be four inches thick, if approved by the Inspector of Buildings.
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Section 5. The sectional area of every flue must be at least equal to the combined area of all smoke flues entering it.
Section 6. All chimneys shall be topped out with brick, stone, terra cotta or concrete at least three feet above the highest point of contact with roof and at least two feet above . any roof surface within ten feet in a horizontal direction.
Section 7. No woodwork of any kind shall be placed at less distance than one inch from the outside wall of any flue; and no nail shall be driven into the masonry wall of any flue which is less than eight inches thick.
Section 8. The jambs and back of all fireplaces, range or grate openings shall be at least eight inches thick.
Section 9. Brickwork over such openings shall be sup- ported by proper iron bars or brick or stone arches.
Section 10. All hearths shall be laid on brick or stone trimmer arches or on bars of iron supporting a proper bed of brickwork, and shall be at least eight inches longer than the fireplace opening, at least eighteen inches wide in front of the chimney breast.
Section 11. All hot air furnaces, low pressure boilers, and hot water heaters shall be placed at least two feet from any wooden or combustible partition or ceiling, unless such partition or ceiling is properly protected by incombustible material, when the distance shall be not less than one foot.
Section 12. Hot air pipes in floor between joists shall be covered with incombustible materials. Hot air pipes in partitions of new buildings or in such alterations as require new lath and plastering shall be covered with incombustible materials.
Section 13. No wood shall be placed within one inch of any smoke flue. No smoke pipe shall pass through any wood floor. No smoke pipe shall be placed nearer than twelve inches to any woodwork unless it is properly guarded
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
by metal shields ; if so guarded smoke pipes shall be not less than six inches distant. Where smoke pipes pass through a lath and plaster partition they shall be guarded by galvan- ized iron ventilated thimbles at least twelve inches larger in diameter than the pipes, or by galvanized iron thimbles sur- rounded by solid masonry extending through the partition and eight inches larger than the pipe. No smoke pipe shall pass through the roof of any building unless a special per- mit be first obtained from the Inspector of Buildings.
Section 14. Steam or hot water heating pipe shall not be placed within one inch of any timber or woodwork, unless the timber or woodwork is protected by a metal or other fireproof shield ; then the distance shall be not less than one- half inch. All steam or hot water heating pipes passing through floors and ceilings or lathed and plastered partitions shall be protected by a metal tube one inch larger in diame- ter than the pipe-having a metal cap at the top-or by a suitable fireproof wrapper.
All pipes or ducts used to convey air warmed by steam or hot water shall be of metal or other fireproof material. All steam and hot water pipe coverings shall consist of fire- proof material only.
Section 15. If any chimney flue or heating apparatus shall, in the opinion of the Inspector of Buildings, be unsafe, he shall at once notify in writing the owner, agent or any other party having an interest in the premises, who upon receiving said notice, shall make the same safe to the satis- faction of the Inspector.
Section 16. All buildings used for dwellings, apart- ments, hotels or offices and all public buildings hereafter erected shall have firestops in the interior composed of cement, plaster, mortar, or some incombustible material set solid in mortar, in the following manner : In brick and stone buildings the space between all furring on the walls and between the studding of all bearings partitions shall be filled
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
solid and flush to a height of four inches above the floor joists in each story.
The spaces between such parts of floor joists as rest . upon partition head shall also be filled with the firestop- ping, above referred to, to the same width as studding above.
In wooden buildings the space between the floor joists under partitions and between joists resting on sill and girders shall be stopped sufficiently with incombustible materials to a height four inches above floor joists to check effectively any draught from one story to another or from the horizontal space between floor joists to the vertical spaces in walls and partitions.
In all buildings the spaces between stringers of stairs, and joists of landings, unless unceiled, shall be firestopped with suitable, incombustible material sufficient to prevent the passage of air.
The spaces around chimneys inside of studding or fur- ring making air ducts are to be thoroughly firestopped with suitable incombustible materials.
ARTICLE 5. CONSTRUCTION
Section 1. Every wooden building hereafter erected or altered shall have all parts of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the superstructure; shall be built with sills halved at all intersections. Posts, sills and girts shall not be less than four by six inches, the plates four by "four inches, or its equivalent, and the studs two by four inches, not more than sixteen inches on centers, and resting upon sills, girders, or plates. Floor-bearing partitions will have studs two by four inches, the bottom resting on girders of not less than six by eight inches, the stud to have a suitable cap, and the studs in the intermediate stories to have a foot- ing on the cap. All door openings will be trussed over the same, as also all self-supporting walls and partitions above
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
the first floor. The attic floor may be supported by a ledger board, not less than 1x6, cut in the wall studs, but be- tween the studs a two-inch plank; by the width of the studs shall be cut in, to prevent the passage of air. No ceiling timbers above the top floor shall be less than two by six. All timbers resting on brick walls shall be cut on a splay, and will have suitable anchor irons on the ends of timbers every four feet and a continuous tie made across the wall where the timbers meet, and the opposite end spiked to the out- side studs. All headers and trimmers of all openings over four feet square, and all timbers under cross partitions shall be doubled.
Section 2. Minimum sizes of structural members of wood specified in this Article refer to net sizes, for which the American Lumber Standard pressed sizes shall be ac- cepted as minimum. In all dwelling houses the allowable span of fir and spruce timbers shall not be more than the following :
Distance between
Bearings
Size of Joist 2 × 6 inches
Distance on
Span of
Centres
Up to
8 feet
16 inches
Over 8 " to 12
2 × 8
16
12 " to 16
2 × 10
16
"
16
" to 20
2 × 12
16
Or of sizes giving their equivalent in strength of floor.
The attic floor joist in dwellings can be one inch less in depth than is given in the above table, and any attic! whether finished or unfinished, that can be used for storage purposes, shall have the same strength.
Floor joist for buildings other than dwellings shall be designed to support the liveload as listed in Section 13.
Section 3. Maximum span for wood roof rafters shall not be greater than the following :
Size of rafters 2 × 4
Spacing 20"
Maxixmum clear span Up to 6'
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
2 × 6 20" 6' to 12'
2 × 8 20" 12' to 16'
2 × 10
20"
16' to 20'
Clear span shall mean the distance measured horizon- tally from outside of plate to point beneath the ridge.
Section 4. There shall be a ridge board two inches or its equivalent in thickness at all ridges and a valley rafter at all valleys. The depth of the ridge board and valley rafter shall be not less than the cut end of the abutting rafter.
Section 5. All openings in roof construction for dor- mer windows shall be framed with double rafters and headers.
Section 6. Partitions shall be bridged at least once in every 8 feet. When carrying partitions rest directly over each other, the studs shall run down between the floor beams and rest of the header of partition below.
Section 7. Headers of carrying partitions shall be at least two inches by four inches in size, doubled and of hard pine, fir or equal.
Section 8. All wooden header beams more than four feet long used in any building shall be framed together and pinned or hung to the trimmer beams in stirrup-irons. When it is not practicable to frame or secure the ends of tail beams into header beams, the ends of the tail beams shall be hung to the header beams by stirrup-irons.
Section 9. All wooden beams of floors or flat-roofs shall be properly bridged with cross bridging at least one inch by 3 inches in size, and the distance between bridging shall not exceed eight feet.
Section 10. Every wooden beam, except header beams, shall rest four inches in the wall at each end, or upon a girder or column unless the wall is properly corbeled out four
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
inches, in which case the brickwork or corbeling shall ex- tend to the top of the floor beams.
Section 11. Second-hand structural materials shall not be used without the approval of the Inspector of Build- ings. All timbers shall be of good sound material and free from imperfections whereby the strength may be impaired.
Section 12. Dead loads shall consist of the weight of walls, floors, roofs and permanent partitions. The weights of various materials shall be assumed as follows :
Pounds per cu. ft.
Beech
42
Birch
42
Brickwork
120
Concrete, cinder, structural
108
Concrete, cinder, floor filling
96
Concrete, stone
144
Douglas, fir
36
Granite
168
Granolithic surface
144
Limestone
150
Maple
42
Marble
168
Oak
48
Pine, southern yellow
42
Sandstone
144
Spruce
30
Terra Cotta, architectural, voids, unfilled
72
Terra Cotta, architectural, voids filled
120
Pounds per
Gravel or slag and felt roofing
Sq. ft. 6
Plastering on metal lath, exclusive of furring
8
Section 13. Live loads shall include all loads except dead loads. All floors and stairs shall be of sufficient strength to bear safely the weight to be imposed thereon in
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
addition to the dead load, and in any event shall safely sup- port a minimum uniformly distributed live load per square foot as specified in the following table :
Pounds per
sq. ft.
Apartment Hotels
50
Apartment Houses
50
Assembly Halls
100
Dwellings
40
Factories
125
Garages (passenger vehicles only)
125
Grand Stands
125
Hotels and Hospitals
50
Machine Shops
200
Office buildings, first fioor
100
Office buildings, above first floor
50
School buildings
50
Heavy Storage buildings
250
Light storage buildings
100
Stores
100
Flat Roofs to 15° pitch
40
Section 14. Brick must be of hard-burned clay, sand- lime or cement, and, except for nogging, fire-stopping and non-bearing or cutrain walls not exposed to the weather shall be hard and strong. Second-hand bricks shall be thor- oughly cleaned before using.
Section 15. All brickwork shall be well laid and bedded with joints filled and flushed with mortar at every course.
Section 16. In brick walls every seventh course shall be a header course except where walls are faced with brick in Flemish bond, in which case the headers of every seventh course shall be full brick and bonded into the backing.
Face brick shall be laid at the same time as the backing and shall in no case be laid after the backing is in place.
Section 17. Brick veneer on wood frame buildings shall
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
be bonded by proper galvanized metal or other approved ties at least 12" vertically and 2'-0" horizontally. This shall also apply to veneer of stone, concrete or terra cotta with each course bonded vertically.
Section 18. Eight inch hollow concrete building blocks may be used in dwellings not more than two stories in height and in other buildings, one story in height, with floor area of not over 1200 sq. ft.
Section 19. All walls, partitions, joists, rafters, beams, and girders of hollow concrete block buildings shall be anchored, tied or strapped as required for brick buildings.
Section 20. Concrete lintels and sills shall be reinforced by iron or steel rods in a manner satisfactory to the In- spector of Buildings and any lintels spanning over four feet six inches in the clear shall rest on solid filled concrete blocks. Whenever walls of hollow concrete block buildings are decreased in thickness, the top course of the thicker wall shall be made solid.
Section 21. Wherever a girder or joist in a hollow con- crete blocks building transmits a load of two to five tons, the supporting block shall be filled with cement, where such transmitted load exceeds five tons, the blocks for at least two courses below and for a distance extending at least eighteen inches on either side of said girder or joist shall be solidly filled with cement.
Section 22. Hollow concrete building blocks shall be equal to standard tested concrete blocks.
Section 23. For first and second class buildings of the dwelling house type the minimum thickness of every party, external, bearing and dividing brick wall, except when framed of steel or reinforced concrete, shall be in accordance with the following table:
B
1 8
2 3 4 5
One Story
12
Two Stories
12
12 8
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Three Stories
16
12
12
12
. . ..
Four Stories
16
16
12
12
12
. .
Five Stories
20
16
16
12
12
12
Section 24. For first and second class buildings of all other types the minimum thickness of every external, party, bearing and dividing brick wall, except when framed of steel or reinforced concrete, shall be in accordance with the following table:
STORIES
B
1
2
3
4
5
One Story
12
12
Two Stories
16
12
12
Three Stories
16
12
12
12
..
Four Stories
20
16
16
12
12
Five Stories
24
20
16
16
12
12
Section 25. Every non-bearing wall of brick shall have a minimum thickness of one-fifteenth of its height per story.
Section 26. Every wall constructed of hollow concrete blocks or terra cotta shall be as thick as is required for a brick wall.
Section 27. Every wall constructed of rubble masonry shall be at least six inches thicker than is required for a brick wall.
Section 28. Every building or structure hereafter erected and all new construction in the alteration of any existing building or structure shall be so designed and con- structed that the working stresses fixed in this section are not exceeded. In using these stresses, the effects of all loads and conditions of loading and the influence of all forces affecting the design and strength of the several parts shall be taken into account.
Section 29. Higher stresses than herein specified may be used, but only if it is clearly established, by test or other satisfactory evidence, that material of a higher grade or
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
a superior workmanship than is generally provided in ac- cepted good practice is to be employed. The use of higher stresses, however, shall not be allowed until a statement the facts and circumstances on which it is based, is made a part of the plans on file.
Section 30. The maximum stress in pounds per square inch in woodwork shall not exceed the following:
Yellow Pine Yellow Pine Douglas Fir Spruce Dense Grade Sound Grade Dense Grade
White Pine
White Oak
Bearing across grain 350
250
200
200
200
500
Bearing with grain
1200
900
1000
750
700
900
Bending
1600
1200
1100
1000
1000
1400
Shear with grain
120
100
100
80
80
120
Section 31. Timber compression members shall not be used in greater unstayed length than thirty times the least dimension for isolated columns for forty times their least dimensions for columns in partitions or truss members.
For centrally loaded timber compression members the safe load per square inch shall be as follows :
Length divided by leas. d.mension
Yellow Pine Yellow Pine Douglas Fir Spruce Dense Grade Sound Grade Dense Grade
White Pine
White Oak
10 or less
1000
750
840
620
585
750
15
900
675
750
560
525
675
20
800
600
660
500
465
600
25
700
525
580
440
405
525
30
600
450
500
380
350
450
35
500
375
420
320
290
375
40
400
300
330
250
230
300
Section 32. Any body of masonry less than four feet long in its greatest horizontal dimension shall be called a pier. The height of a pier between openings having a con- tinuous wall above or below them shall be assumed equal to the height of the opening. The height of a pier or wall sup- porting floors or roofs shall be assumed as the distance from top of footing or floor to under side of floor or roof beams.
The stresses in materials used in the construction of all buildings, produced by their own weight and the loads here-
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
in specified, shall not exceed the limits assigned in this article.
Section 33. The working stresses, in pounds per square inch, in steel shall be taken as follows:
Tension 18,000
Compression in short lengths when the lateral direc-
tion is prevented 18,000
Compression in columns, maximum
15,000
Extreme fiber stress in flexture, in tension and in
compression when unsupported length is not
more than fifteen times the breadth
18,000
Section 34. The working stresses, in pounds per square inch of cross-section, for steel columns and struts, shall vary with the ratio of unsupported length to least radius of gyra- tion of the section, as follows:
For a ratio of :
200
5,588
130
9,284
90
12,414
190
5,989
120
10,000
85
12,844
180
6,429
115
10,376
80
13,279
170
6,908
110
10,764
75
13,714
160
7,431
105
11,163
70
14,148
150
8,000
100
11,571
65
14,578
140
8,617
95
11,989
60
15,000
For intermediate ratios the working stresses shall be proportioned to those given. For structural members sub- jected to stress due to dead-loads or live loads, the ratio of one hundred and twenty shall not be exceeded. For mem- bers subjected to stresses due only to wind or vibration the ratio of two hundred shall not be exceeded.
Natural Stone. The working stresses in pounds per square inch, on natural stones in compression, shall be taken as follows :
Sandstone
400
Marble
600
Limestone 600
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
Slate
600
Granite
600
Section 21. The working stresses, in pounds per square inch, in masonry in compression shall be taken as follows:
WHEN LAID IN
Portland Cement Moi car
Cement Lime Mortar
Lime Mortar
Brickwork, common
175
140
75
Hollow walls of brick
125
100
Ashlar Masonry, dressed granite
600
500
400
Ashlar Masonry, dressed limestone
500
400
250
Ashlar Masonry, dressed marble
500
400
250
Ashlar Masonry, dressed sandstone
400
320
160
Rubble Stone
140
100
Hollow-block, gross area
80
70
Solid-block, gross area
125
100
Concrete, when Portland Cement
is used (1-2-4-Mix)
500
Grout, neat Portland Cement, in thin layers under bases only
1000
In walls faced with stone, architectural terra cotta or other approved facing material, only the backing shall be assumed to take the load and the working stress in such backing shall be taken as that prescribed for the type of ma- sonry used as backing; provided that when such facing is stone ashlar bonded with the backing to the extent of twenty per cent, the wall for its entire thickness may be assumed to carry load and the working stress shall be taken as that pre- scribed herein for the type of masonry used as backing.
Section 22. The working stresses in pounds per square inch, in reinforced concrete construction (not less than 1-2-4 mix) shall be taken as follows :
Extreme fiber of concrete, in compression 800
Plain concrete in direct compression (over
1/3 area) 750
Concrete in shear 40
Concrete in shear, when diagonal tension
is resisted by steel 120
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Bond between concrete and steel 80
Bond between concrete and approved de- formed bars 100
Steel reinforcement, in tension 18,000
Cold drawn steel wire, in tension 20,000
Section 23. No plain concrete bearing pier shall have a greater height unsupported laterally than six times, and no brick pier greater than nine times, its least dimension. No brick or plain concrete bearing wall, unless it is properly braced by cross walls, piers or other means, shall have a greater height unsupported than sixteen times its least dimension.
Section 24. All materials shall be of such quality for the purposes for which they are to be used as to insure, in the judgment of the Inspector, ample safety and security to life, limb and neighboring property. The Inspector shall have the power to reject all materials which in his opinion are unsuitable, and may require test to be made by the architect, engineer, builder or owner to determine the strength of the structural materials before or after they are incorporated in a building, and may require certified copies of results of tests made elsewhere from the architect, engi- neer, builder, owner or other interested persons.
Section 25. Hollow cast iron columns, if used, shall be shown by measurements and tests satisfactory to the In- spector to be of practically uniform thickness and free from blow holes.
Section 26. All mortars shall be made with such pro- portion of sand as will insure a proper degree of cohesion and tenacity, and secure thorough adhesion to the material with which they are used and the Inspector shall condemn all mor- tars not so made.
Mortar below level of water shall be no poorer than one part Portland Cement and three parts sand.
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TOWN OF RANDOLPH, MASS.
All masonry shall be laid in cement mortar, or equally suitable material satisfactory to the Inspector.
The Inspector may allow lime mortar in setting stone where cement will stain. Cement shall conform to the speci- fications of the American Association for Testing Materials, as modified from time to time by the association.
Section 27. Concrete shall be used immediately after mixing ; it shall not be placed in the work after it has begun to harden, and it shall be deposited in such manner and under such regulations as to secure a compact mass of the best quality for the proportions used. Forms shall remain until the concrete has hardened, so as to be able to carry a load safely, and shall be removed without jar.
Section 28. Under the prescribed loads, beams shall be so proportioned that the deflection shall not exceed one three-hundred-and-sixtieth (1/360) of the span.
Provisions for wind bracing shall be made where neces- sary and all buildings shall be constructed of sufficient strength to bear with safety the load intended to be placed thereon, in addition to the weight of materials used in con- sruction.
Section 29. No cutting for piping of any other purpose shall be done which would reduce the strength of any part of the structure below what it required by the provisions of these by-laws.
Section 30. The roof of every building hereafter built, or when 25% or more of the surface of any existing roof is renewed, shall be covered with slate, tar and gravel, suitable asphalt shingles or other incombustible or fire resistive ma- terial where slate or asphalt shingle roof is made to replace an existing wood shingle roof the existing wood shingles shall be removed.
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ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
ARTICLE 6.
ELECTRIC WORK
Section 1. There shall be in the town of Randolph an Inspector of Electric wiring. The inspector, who shall be an experienced licensed electrician, shall be appointed by the se- lectmen, in March of each year and shall hold office for one year beginning the first day of April following his appoint- ment and until his successor is appointed. His compensation shall be regulated by the Selectmen subject to the approval of the town at an annual or Special Town Meeting.
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