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GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02221 4362
EISE ( 18
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo00wils
.
.
STANDARD
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG
PENNSYLVANIA
Of all the things which man can do or make here below, by far the most momentous, wonderful and worthy are the things we call books .- Thomas Carlyle.
EDITED BY ERASMUS WILSON.
ILLUSTRATED
CHICAGO: H. R. CORNELL & COMPANY
1898
COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY H. R. CORNELL & COMPANY
27.50
1251614 PREFACE.
This volume, after nearly two years of conscientious labor, is at length finished and is herewith handed to the public. It will be found full of interest- ing data concerning Pittsburg and environs, much of which has not appeared in print for more than half a century, and has long since been forgotten. Special attention is called to the elaboration of the subject-matter of the chapters, to the introduction of much new material usually overlooked by historians; to the large fund of interesting events crowded into the pages and to the fresh light thrown upon every subject. Too many persons unconsciously entertain the idea that a local history, in order to possess any value, must contain little else than some new and extraordinary discovery or philosophy calculated to surprise and dazzle the reader, apotheosize the inhabitants and glorify the city, county and State. On the contrary, the value of current historical works lies almost wholly in the rich and varied fund, bearing upon every phase of American life, that is being saved from destruction by commercial companies organized for the purpose. Such works must necessarily be chiefly statistical, and there- fore be without high and distinctive literary features. American civilization is yet in its infancy, and time is required to present the true perspective of the swiftly changing panorama of events. It was therefore thought best to devote the principal efforts and the greater space to the preservation of the vast stores of rapidly perishing material, rather than to unsound conclusions drawn from meager, distorted and imperfect records.
The design of this work was to bring all continuous subjects, with as much detail as space would allow, down to the time of the Rebellion, and to sketch the most important recent events only. So many requests were made for the insertion of individual, business and family sketches that a few of a representative character were accepted and will be found grouped in one chapter at the close of the book. Owing to lack of space it was found impracticable to publish special sketches of many prominent persons and institutions; and accordingly a selection was made covering the entire range of the city's history and embracing those that would well represent many classes and pursuits. After mature deliberation, it was the unanimous opinion of the management to spell the word Pittsburgh throughout the entire work without the superfluous 11. In a work of this nature, more or less hurriedly prepared, and filled, as it is, with proper names and statistics, it has been found impossible to avoid mistakes, though it is hoped that they are few. The publishers stand ready, as is their custom, to correct all errors, after being notified of the same, by a special errata sheet, to be sent to every subscriber, to be pasted in the book. Among those who contributed to the history, either as authors or editors, were: Erasmus Wilson, Rev. A. A. Lambing, Hon. J. W. F. White, Colonel Thomas P. Roberts, William Roseburg, Dr. Charles S. Shaw and Weston A. Goodspeed. Upon examination, this volume will be found to exceed the promises of the manage- ment and as the years pass away will be accepted as a standard contribution to the history of the State.
THE MANAGEMENT.
THE BLAKELY PRINTING COMPANY, PRINTERS. BROCK & RANKIN, BINDERS. CHICAGO.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Abbott, William 475-476
Aull, William F ..
.912-913
Bigelow, Edward M.
.445-446
Brunot, Felix R.
. 115-116
Burleigh, Clarence . 495-496
Callery, James
. 535-536
Carnegie, Thomas M
695-696
Christy, Robert
.928-920
Clarke, Thomas S
.35-36
Croghan, William
.705-706
Donnell, James J
. 525-526
Donnelly, Charles
.355-356
English, Harry D. W
.944-945
Ferguson, John S.
. 315-316
Fleming, Andrew
. 545-546
French, Aaron
.345-346
Frick, Henry C ..
455-456
Graham, William H
832-833
Guffey, J. M.
.768-769
Guthrie, George W
.415-416
Harper, John
. 135-136
Hechelman, Herman W
.595-596
Heinz, Henry J
864-865
Herron, John
175-176
Herron, William A.
95-96
Hill, George B.
.635-636
Horne, Joseph
.75-76
Hostetter, David
.880-88I Howe, Thomas M . 195-196
Hussey, Curtis G.
.215-216
Jackson, George W.
.305-306
Jennings, Edward H.
733-734
Jones, Benjamin F.
.55-56
King, Alexander
.245~246
King, Cyrus I
.555-556
Kirkpatrick, John C.
335-336
Lambing, Andrew A .375-376
Lewis, A. Kirk.
125-126
Lippincott, James A.
.575-576
Lockhart, Charles
105-106
Loughrey, Joseph
465-466
Magee, Christopher L.
.435-436
McConway, William
. 505-506
Messler, Thomas D.
225-226
Moorhead, James K.
.85-86
Nevin, Robert P 325-326
O'Hara, James
.25-26
Pfeifer, Charles .655-656
Pitcairn, Robert 800-80I
Rees, James. 675-676 Reymer, Philip
.395-396
Rhodes, Joshua
.255-256
Schenley, Mary E ..
. 155-156
Thompson, William R.
.615-616 Torrance, Francis
.275-276
Torley, John J. .515-516
Vandergrift, Jacob J
.295-296
Verner, James
896-897
Witherow, William
848-849
Zug, Christopher
.235-236
Dunn, James C. .605-606
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Prehistoric Border Line
17
Indian Tribes and Population. .
17
Derivation of Names of Rivers, etc. 18
Conrad Weiser 19
Louis Céloron 19
French and English Contentions.
19
Encroachments of the Settlers
19 20
Siege of Fort Pitt. 22
22
Period of Repose for Settlers.
23
Renewal of Indian Raids.
23
Purchase of 1768 23
Dunmore's War 24
Other Attempts of the Indians 24
Their Final Departure.
27
CHAPTER II.
French and English Struggles .. 28
History Written With an English Bias 28
Treaties Between the Two Nations. 29
Designs Formed to Take Possession. 30
Conrad Weiser's Mission, 1748. 30
Louis Celoron's in 1749. .. 30
.30-31
French Forts Established ..
32
Mission of George Washington. 32
Captain William Trent's Appearance Here. 32
First Permanent Occupation.
Capture by the French. 32
33
Building of Fort Duquesne.
33
First Battle-Washington and Jumonville
34
Surrender of Fort Necessity ..
37
Braddock's Disastrous Expedition
38
Frontier Desolated by the Savages.
39
Destruction of Kittanning. 40
Weakness of Fort Duquesne 41
Expedition of Gen. Forbes. 41
Grant's Defeat 42
Fall of Fort Duquesne.
42
First Fort Pitt .. 42
Triumph of the Saxon Race.
43
CHAPTER III.
The Boundary Disputes. 44
Mason and Dixon's Line. 44
Virginia and Pennsylvania Charters. 47
Fort Pitt Dismantled. 47
Virginia Takes Possession of It. 48
Conflict of the Civil Authorities. 48
19
A Town at Kittanning Proposed.
50
Proclamations of Penn and Dunmore. 51
Virginia Again Takes Possession. 52
Continuation of Mason and Dixon's Line. 5.3
Settlement of the Boundary Dispute. 53
The Line as Established. 57
i
Negotiations for a Settlement, Abortive.
Page.
Conspiracy of Pontiac
Battle of Bushy Run.
Efforts to Win the Indians' Support.
i-a
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
CHAPTER IV.
Page.
Advantages of the Site of Pittsburg
58
Permanent Occupation
58
Building and Fall of Fort Duquesne.
58
Beginning of a Town.
60
Early Religious Services.
60
Extinction of the Indian Title.
61
Survey of the Manor of Pittsburg.
61
Washington's Visit and Description
61
Pittsburg During the Revolution.
62
The Manor to Be Sold.
62
Survey and Plan of Lots
63
Growth After the Revolution.
67
Early Descriptions of the Town
67-68
Population and Industries.
69-70
Postoffice, Mail, Market-house, etc 70
Last Farewell to the Red Man ..
Pope's Description of Pittsburg. 70
Incorporation of the Borough 71 .
Craig's Description of the Place.
72
CHAPTER V.
Transportation
73
Keelboats, Kentucke Boats, Bateaux, etc ..
73
The Packhorse Period.
77
Mail and Stage Routes.
78-79
Wagoning Over the Mountains.
78-79
The First Turnpikes ..
78-81
Schooners, Brigs and Ships
79-80
Ship-building
80
Sea-going Vessels
SI
Other Turnpikes
82-83
Transportation Companies Formed.
83-84
Passenger and Freight Lines
84-89
Apathy of Philadelphia.
84
Struggle for the Carrying Trade.
84-87
The Cumberland Road ...
88-90
The Pennsylvania Turnpike
88-89
Importance and Extent of Carrying Trade.
9.2
Arrival and Departure of Vessels, 1827
93
Allegheny River Navigation.
93
Transportation of Salt.
94
Ferry-boats and Docks.
97
Stage Improvements
97
Steamboat Building
99
Transportation Lines, List of.
100
Freight Rates
100
First Iron Steamboat.
IOI
Loss of Trade Deplored.
I02
First Telegraph Line. 103
IO.4
Tonnage of Vessels
IO.1
Coal Shipments 104
The Era of Plank Roads.
IO7
The First Steamboat, 18II.
IO7
Other Steam Vessels.
108-III
Ejectment Suit for the Wharf.
III
CHAPTER VI.
Transportation Continued II2
The First Two Bridges. II2
Ceremony of Opening Them.
Bridges at Mechanics and Hand Streets. II3
II4
The Soho and Sharpsburg Bridges.
II4-1I7
Other Turnpikes Projected. 94
Craig's Spider
98
Travel on the Turnpikes.
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG. i-b
First Suspension Bridge ..
II4
The Tripartite Bridge Project.
II7
The Canal
II7 I18
Its Route Through the City.
. 119-120
The Cross-cut Canal ..
119-122
Laying of the Corner-stone, Lock I.
I20
Progress of the Construction.
120-12I
The Aqueduct
I20-121
The Canal Convention.
I22
Tonnage of the Canal.
123
Sale of Stock of the Cross-cut Canal.
I24
Packet and Freight Lines
124-127
Portable Iron Canal Boat.
I27
Opening of the Pittsburg and Beaver Canal.
I27
Sale of the "Public Works".
128
Monongahela Navigation Company
129-13I
First Railway Projects ...
I3I
Conventions Held to Aid Them.
132-133
The Central Railroad.
I37
Conflict of Railway Interests.
I37
Views of Judge Wilkins 138
Stock Subscriptions 138-139
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. I39
First Arrival and Departure of Trains
139-140
Railway Tonnage
I4I
Repudiation of the Bonds
141-142
CHAPTER VII.
Commerce
I43
The Indian Traders.
143
Traffic on the Rivers. I43-144
The Early Merchants. 144
Difficulties in the Way of Trade. 147
Destiny of Pittsburg Finally Discovered.
148
The Mississippi River Trade ..
147-148
Commerce of the Borough Established.
148
Character of the Traffic.
149
Importance of the New Orleans Market.
149-150
The Allegheny River Trade. 150
Kentucky Products
I51
Goods Handled by Merchants.
151
Annual Trade Estimated.
152
Market Price of Products
I52
Commerce Stimulated by the War of 1812.
I53-154
Outside Demands for Coal.
I54
Death of Commerce in 1818-19. I57-159
Importance of the Transporting Trade. 158-159
Extraordinary Depreciation of Values. 160
Commercial Efforts of Associations 160
Summary of Trade Fluctuations. 160
CHAPTER VIII.
Commerce Continued 162
The Revival of Trade in 1825 ...
162
Exports of the Fiscal Year, 1825-26.
163
Tonnage and Value of Products.
104
Rapid Growth of Commerce, 1826-29.
The Panic of 1833-34. 167-168
168-169
Business of 1835. .
168-169
Extent of the Traffic of 1836.
170-17I
The Panic of 1837 ..
IZI
Board of Trade and Merchants' Exchange
170-171-172
Magnitude of Commerce in 1838. . 172-173
.
First Company for Lock Navigation 128-129
Railway Connection with Baltimore. I34
Page.
Its Necessity and Importance.
ii
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Page.
The Great Season of 1839. 177-178
Effects of Drouth and Ice on Trade.
177
Increase in Coal Consumption. 180
The Santa Fe Traders. 181
The Depression of 1842. 181
Canal and River Tonnage, 1840-1845. 182-183
The Trying Season of 1849. 183-184
Extent of Business, 1847-1851. 184-187
Precarious Existence of the Board of Trade. 188
John Randolph's Statement. 188
Board of Trade Reorganized. 189
The Dreadful Year of 1854. 189
Statistics of 1855. . 190
Railroads Greatly Increased Trade
191
Importance of the Early Fifties 19I
Coal Shipments of 1845-1858.
192
CHAPTER IX.
Manufactures 193
The First Carried On.
193
The Sale of Fort Pitt. 193
Plummer's Distillery 193
Views of John Scull, 1786.
194
Domestic Considerations
194
Other Early Establishments.
197
Turnbull, Marmie & Co.
193-197
Mills and Factories ...
197
Establishments of 1792.
198
The O'Hara Glass Works.
198
First Strike in Pittsburg.
200
Eltonhead's Cotton Factory
200
Establishments of 1807-8.
20I
The Evans Gristmill.
202
Business of 1810-12.
202
Building of Steam Engines.
.202-204
List of Business Men, 1815.
.204-205
English Imports Considered.
209
Importance of Local Manufactures. 209
210-214
Baldwin's Aid to Manufactures
2II
Growth Due to Expedients 212
Death of Manufactures. .212-218
Resolutions of 1819 and 1820.
.213-219
A Society Formed to Aid Manufactures. 220
Business Depression Considered. 220
Review of the Great Distress.
221
CHAPTER X.
Manufactures Continued 222
First Successful Rolling Mill. 222
The Glassworks of 1825. 222-223
Paper-mills and Gristmills. 223
Tanneries, Saddleries, Shoeshops, etc. 224
Miscellaneous Industries 224-225
Breweries and Distilleries 224
Tobacco, Salt, etc .. 227
227
Great Increase of Products. 228-232
Cotton and Wool. 228-230
The Woolens Bill Advocated.
231
Sale of Goods in Original Packages
231
Manufactures of 1836.
237
Products of 1837 and 1839
238-239
Business of 1846. . .211-242
Quantity of Cotton Goods Produced, 1846. . 242-243
The Strike of 1848.
.243-244
Business of 1815, 1817 and 1819 Compared.
Summary of Manufactures, 1825.
111
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Manufacturing Houses of 1849.
247
Steamboats Built, 1840 to 1849.
248
Operations of the "Ten-hour Factory Law"
.244-249
The Products of 1857
.250-25I
CHAPTER XI.
Iron and Steel.
252
Their Carriage Over the Mountains.
252-253
First Furnaces West of the Alleghanies. 253
Attempt of George Anshutz. 25+
Development of the Iron Industry by 1804.
25-1
The Foundry of Joseph McClurg.
257
Engine and Nail Factories, J807-1810.
257-258
The Eichbaum Wire Works 258
The Cowan Rolling-mill. 259
Manufacture of Ironmongery.
258-259
Use of Coke First Proposed.
260
Source of the Iron Supply. 260
Ironworkers of 1815 26I
Prices of Iron Products, 1818. 262
263
The Claims of Oliver Evans. 263
Prices and Products, 1819-20
264
Iron and Steel Continued CHAPTER XII.
267
Foundries and Furnaces, 1825-26 267
The Rolling-mills of 1825-26. 268
The Engine Factories, same date. 269
Value of Iron Products. 270
27I
Steel Manufactured by Broadmeadow.
272
Various Metal Products.
.272-273
Prices Compared
.272-273
Consumption of Iron per annum
273
Business of 1830.
274
Establishments of 1833. .277-278
.279-280
Price of Blooms and Pig Metal 281-284
Effects of the Panic of 1837. 282
Manufacturers of 1839.
283
The Iron Manufacturers of 1844.
28 .:
The Ironmasters' Convention
289
Pittsburg Novelty Works.
289
Cost of Producing a Ton of Iron. 289
The Smelting of Copper .. 290-29I
290
Strike of the Puddlers and Boiler-makers 290
Building of Locomotives. 292-294
292
Manufacture of Cast Steel.
293
Iron Used for Building Purposes.
293
Production of Railway Iron.
29.4
The Metal-workers of 1856.
297
Products of 1857 .. 297
The Rolling-mills of 1860. 209
CHAPTER XIII.
The Branch Banks.
300
Hard Times During the Revolution.
300
Depreciation of Continental Currency. 301
Lack of Money in the West .. 301
Foreign Coin in Circulation. 302
Pittsburg's Memorial Against Charter. 302
Branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania. 303
288
The Tariffs of 1842 and 1846.
Iron Industry of 1814 and 1850 Compared.
Rolling-mills of 1851.
Works and Products of 1836.
Extent of the Industry.
New Companies and Associations
Page.
Many Important Manufactures Begun .244-250
iv
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Page.
Its Officers and Business. .303-304 Branch of the Government Bank. . 304-307
Office of Discount and Deposit. . 308-309
Its Curtailment of Accommodations 309
Shrinkage in Its Stock Valuations. 309
Business of the Branch .. . 310-31I
Attitude of President Jackson.
312
Branch Made a State Institution. 313
Its Suspension and Termination.
314
CHAPTER XIV.
Private and State Banks. 317
Banking Acts of 1808 and 1810. 317
Bank of Pittsburg, 1810 ... 318
Pittsburg Manufacturing Company, 1812.
The "Mammoth Bill," 1813-14. 318
.319-320
Two Banks Located in Pittsburg, 1814.
321
New Bank of Pittsburg.
322
Opposition to the Branch Bank.
323
All Banks Denounced.
323
The Suspension and Depression, 1818-19.
. 324-332
Conduct of the Branch Criticised.
330
Soundness of the Bank of Pittsburg.
332-333
Its Beaver Branch ..
333
Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank. 334
334
The Bank Forced to Close
.337-338
City Bank of Pittsburg.
338
Merchants' and Manufacturers' Bank.
339
Pittsburg Savings Institution.
. 339-340
Inconvenience for Want of Small Change
340-34I
Jackson's Withdrawal of the Deposits.
342
Course of Mr. Wilkins Criticised.
343
Bank Mecting of January, 1834.
344
Bank Meetings of February, 1834.
347
Interview with President Jackson.
349-350
Exchange Bank of Pittsburg.
35I
Banking Capital, January, 1837.
352 Greater Banking Strength Demanded. . 352-353
353-358
Resumption Demanded by a Public Meeting.
358
Pittsburg Banks and Their Officers.
359
The Gold and Silver Advocates.
359-360-363
Shinplasters Issued by the City and Boroughs.
361
Resumption Ordered by the Governor. 362
Being Premature, Suspension Again Followed. .362-363
Anti-bank Movements Continued. 364
Bank Statements, October, 1840
367
Resumption of February, 1841. 368
Post Notes Issued at Pittsburg. 368
369
Condition of the Banks, November, 1841.
370
Taxation of Banks.
371
CHAPTER XV.
Profession of the Law. 372
Its High Aims and Objects. 372
Honorarium of the Romans.
372
Opinions of Cicero, Quintilian, et al. 373 .
Early English Views .. 373
The Extent of a Lawyers's Duties. 373
High Character of the Local Bar.
374
First Courts Established Here. . 374
Constitutional Changes and Provisions.
374
Memorial and Counter-Memorial to Congress.
347
Delegation Sent to Harrisburg and Washington.
348
Panic and Suspension of 1837 ..
Wonderful Variety of Money.
Robbed by Pluymart and Emmons
V
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Page.
First Judges and Lawyers.
374
Special Mention of Prominent Practitioners.
Three Generations Considered. 374-388
Mr. Loomis as a Collector. 379
382
Habits of the Early Lawyers.
389
Courtship of H. H. Brackenridge.
389
How Colonel Black Cleared a Client.
389
Vigor of the Old Lawyers ..
389
Old and Present Methods Compared. 390-391
High Character and Domestic Virtues. 391
Forensic Efforts, Formerly Important. 39I
Jury and Judge Now Limited. .. 392
Degeneracy of the Bar Considered. 392
Hangers-on of the Present Day. 392
Rascally Methods of Many. 392
List of Judges
393
CHAPTER XVI.
The War of 1812.
397
Pittsburg the Headquarters for Supplies. 397
Expeditions of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne. 397
Expense of the Whisky Insurrection. 398 Militia Discipline Considered. 398
A List of Old Officers. 398
War with France Feared. 398
War of 1812 Declared.
399
Resolutions Adopted at Pittsburg.
399
Captain Butler's Company Ordered Out. 399
399
The State Militia Called into Service ..
400
Allegheny County Men Ordered to Niagara.
400
Stores and Equipments for the Army.
40I
Lamentation of the Mercury.
40.2
The Unfortunate Black Rock Affair ..
402
Reports of Generals Smyth and Porter
402, 403
Desertion of the Pennsylvania Militia.
403
Their Court-martial and Punishment. 403
404
The Action at the Mississinewa Villages
404
The Rally at Fort Meigs. 404
The Storming of Fort Stephenson. 407
Pennsylvanians with Commodore Perry. 408
British Prisoners Escape from Fort Fayette. 408
Illumination in Honor of Perry's Victory 408
Erie Threatened and Militia Called Out .. 408
Pittsburg Volunteers Under Capt. Douglas 408
The National Capital in Danger. 409
Closing Scenes of the War. 409
CHAPTER XVII.
The War with Mexico. 410
Views of the Citizens. 410
The First Volunteers. 410
Ten Companies Promptly Organized.
4II
Resolutions Passed Favoring the War.
411
Funds Raised to Equip Volunteers.
411-414
The Companies and Their Officers ..
412
Jackson Blues and Duquesne Grays Accepted. 413
First Regiment to Rendezvous Here .. 414
Arrival of Companies; Great Enthusiasm 414
Permanent Officers Chosen. 414-417
Flag Presentations and Speeches. 417
Departure of the First Regiment. 417
Views of Mrs. Swisshelm .. 417
Great Pressure to Enter the Service 418
The Surrender of General Hull Denounced.
Tannehill's Brigade 401-402
. Names of the Pittsburg Blues.
vi
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Page.
Second Regiment to Rendezvous Here.
418
Other Companies Arrive ..
418
Former Lively Scenes Reenacted.
419
Officers Elected
418-419
Celebration of the Great Victories.
419
Captain Guthrie's Company. 420
Captain Rowley's Company. 420
Instances of Gallantry. 421
Dead Brought Home and Buried. 422
Return of the Volunteers. 423
Order of the Procession
424
Muster Roils of the Blues and Grays 427
Stores Fabricated at the Allegheny Arsenal.
429
CHAPTER XVIII.
Banking Continued
Great Increase of Banking Companies, 1842. 43I
Farmers' Deposit Bank. 432
Pittsburg Trust and Savings Company. 432
Private Bankers of the Forties .. 433
Banking Law of 1850 .. 433
Quantity of County Scrip Issued .. 434
Other Banking Associations Established. 434-437
Bank Stock Quotations of December, 1853. 438
Statements of 1853 and 1854. 438-439
Demands for Greater Capital. 439
The Panic of 1854 .. 440
New Institutions of the Fifties 437-451
442
The Panic of 1857 ...
444
Several of the Banks Suspend.
447
Trouble in One of Them.
448
The Relief Law Accepted.
449
Resumption of Specie Payments.
449
Banking Law of 1860.
45
The Suspension of 1860.
45I
Relief Measures of 1861.
45.2
Currency Reform Considered.
453
Banks Tender Aid to the Governor, 1861. 453
Great Confusion in Monetary Affairs 453
Resumption in October, 1861. 454
454
Government Bonds Floated.
457
The Premium on Coin.
458
Butchers to Issue Small Change.
458
Par Funds and Depreciated Notes.
459-461
First Government Fractional Currency
459-460
Wild Fluctuations of Gold.
461
Old State and New National Banks 462
Different Policies of the Banks. 463
Subscriptions to the Sanitary Fair. 464
Change of State to National Banks. 464
Old Circulation Retired.
467
CHAPTER XIX.
The National Banks. 468
Efforts to Secure First Charters 469
Letter of Comptroller Eckels.
470
First National Bank. 470
Others Soon Organized. 47I
Career of the Fourth National. 471-478
Soundness of the City Banks.
472
Old Banks and New Banks Compared. 473
Benefits of a Uniform Currency.
Still Other National Banks Formed. .473
473-477
43I
Rush for Stock in 1857
Statistics 450-45I
Suspension of December, 1861.
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
vii
Comparison of Depreciated Bills
The Suspension Broadly Considered.
479
National Banks of February, 1865.
Market Value of Stock ... 479
Kramer & Rahn Forced to Close.
480
Capital of the National Banks.
481
The Clearing-house Established. 481-483
Important Features from 1870 to 1880. 483
Capital and Business Compared. 484
Other National Banks Formed. 484
The Panic of 1873 .. 484-489
Later Failures Which Resulted Therefrom. 489-491
Great Number of Banking Institutions, 1874. 49I
The Distress of 1883-85. . 492
Comparative Figures and Statistics 493
The Panic of 1893. .. 494
Clearing-house Certificates Issued. 497-498
The Last of Them Retired ..
499
Relative Standing in the Clearing-house 500
Total Exchanges, 1866-1897, inclusive.
500
CHAPTER XX.
Private Schools 50I
The School of 1761
50I
Education in 1786-88.
501
Teachers from 1799 to 1804.
. 501-502
Brevost's Young Ladies' School.
502
Bolton's Academy
503
Mrs. Gazzam's Seminary
503
Moody's Academy
503
Riddle's Wood Street Academy
504
Babe Introduced the Lancasterian System.
504
Stockton's Allegheny Academy.
504
The Adelphi Free School.
507
McNevin's Central Academy 507
507
Monitorial Schools Introduced.
507
Prominence of Prof. N .. R. Smith 507
Pittsburg Infant School Society 508
Pittsburg Monitorial High School.
508
Female Monitorial School.
508
Rev. Samucl Williams as a Teacher.
508
The Edgworth Female Academy
500
St. Clair Female Seminary ..
509
Pittsburg Seminary for Young Ladies.
509
Western Female Collegiate Institute
509
Other Private Institutions. .
500
First Instruction in Shorthand.
510
East Liberty Academy.
510
Fletcher's Gymnasium
510
Rev. Mr. Todd's Classical Seminary
510
The Seminary of the French Nuns.
510
Crosby's High School.
5II
Duff's Mercantile College.
51I
Many Other Private Schools ..
.511-513
Iron City Commercial College.
512
. Pittsburg Fcmale College.
512
Locust Grove Seminary 513
513
Denominational Schools 513
Robert Smith Educates Colored Cchildren, 1818. 514
514
First Colored Schools ... 514
Avery's Efforts for the Colored People. 517
Rights of Colored Children to Public Fund. 514 518
Page. 478
480
First Industrial School for Girls.
Pittsburg African Education Socicty.
Kirkham's Lectures on Grammar
Other Early Teachers. 502-5II
viii
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Page.
Normal Schools
518
The Pittsburg ' Academy.
518
The Western University. 518
Bowman's Institute
522
Western Theological Seminary. 522
Allegheny Theological Seminary
523
CHAPTER XXI.
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