USA > Pennsylvania > Allegheny County > Pittsburgh > Standard history of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania > Part 28
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The Pittsburg and Boston Cooper Mining Company built large works on the Monongahela in the fall of 1848. They turned out about 600 tons of refined copper in 1849, and had a capacity of five tons per day. The Cliff Mine produced in 1846 $8,870.95 worth of copper, in 1847 $70,077.32, and in 1848 $166,407.02. The extraordinary success of this company was one of the marvels of the times.
During 1849 Edward Joncs & Co. manufactured platform scales, locks, mal- leable castings, etc., to the amount of $29,644; Philip Magnus, at the mouth of Saw Mill Run, made 2,000 barrels of salt per year, obtaining his salt water from a depth of 440 feet; T. Trunick & Co. made $28,600 worth of lumber on Saw Mill Run; Campbell & Kennedy made $20,800 worth of lumber, also on Saw Mill Run; J. McAllister manufactured $7.795 worth of snuff and tobacco; G. Splane & Co. manufactured about $35,000 worth of chairs, bookcases, bureaus, bedsteads, settees, tables, wardrobes, etc., employing about twenty-five persons.
"All the factories of Allegheny City have been stopped. So we were informed yesterday. Consequently hundreds of men, women and children will be thrown out of employment and many will suffer. The employers will live as usual. There is something hard in this, but we don't see how a remedy is to be discovered and applied during our day and generation. The cause of the stoppage of the Allegheny mills is over-production. That is, in consequence of the application, in past years, of certain protective stimulants, too many mills have been erected in the North and in the South, and too many pounds of yarn and too many yards of cloth have been produced. . . Another
cause may be in the rise in the price of cotton. Let it be remembered that Andrew Stewart said in this city that cotton had been amply protected" (o).
The following table shows the number of steamboats built here for the years mentioned:
1840
32 1844 44 1848 55
I841 49 1845
45 1849. 5I
1842 49 I846 39 1843 28 1847 56
There were also built here during the same time six iron steamers for lake
(n) Commercial Journal, October and November, 1849.
(o) Post, August 6, 1850.
249
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
and ocean service: I. The war steamer Michigan, bark rigged; 2. The war steamer Allegheny, a ship; 3. The Hunter, schooner rigged; 4. The Bibb, schooner rigged; 5. The Jefferson, schooner rigged; 6. The Walker, schooner rigged. Two became war steamers and four became revenue cutters. The Valley Forge, an iron steamer, had also been set afloat on the rivers (p).
Johnson Brothers & Co., in 1850, began to manufacture carriages, and within a year had secured a large trade, owing to the superiority of their work. Immense sawmills were erected on Herr's Island. Four saws were operated in 1851, owned by James Carman & Co. All sorts of lumber-"bill stuff," foot siding, lath, palings, etc .- were manufactured. The mills were formerly run both by water and steam power, but now wholly by steam. Immense quantities of palings were turned out. R. Galway and J. S. Shaffer owned and operated a large pork and beef packing establishment a short distance below Manchester, on the bank of the Ohio. One thousand hogs could be killed and packed daily, though in November, 1851, the number killed and packed per day was 400 to 500. On November 18, 1851, they sold to an Eastern merchant in one transac- tion 107,907 pounds of pork at 7g cents. B. C. & J. H. Sawyer manufactured a large variety of excellent soaps here in 1855. S. Kennedy manufactured chil- dren's coaches here in the spring of 1857.
The ten-hour factory law was a dead letter, because special contracts with employes supplanted it. A new bill to effect the result intended was introduced into the Legislature in 1854-5, and while the same was pending a large meeting of factory operatives was held in Excelsior Hall, Allegheny. William E. Ste- venson was chosen chairman and Thomas Moffit secretary. After several speeches had been delivered, Mr. Fleeson, of the Dispatch, upon request of per- sons who did not wish, for some reason, to take the responsibility, introduced a set of resolutions, instructing the members of the Assembly from this portion of the State to use their efforts to secure the passage of the law, and requesting the Assembly as a whole to do likewise (q).
"Robinson & Minis have resolved upon adding to their business the making of locomotive engines, and have already provided themselves with much of the requisite machinery and tools for this peculiar branch of work. And for a com- mencement the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, in a wise and liberal disposition to aid home interests, have engaged to take from them twelve engines. Here is an actual beginning in Pittsburg of a branch of manufacture which we have greatly needed, and we cannot doubt that complete success awaits this enterprise. And we are glad to learn that this is not to be our only locomotive factory .. A body of our capitalists, uniting with them some practical men, have matured the scheme for an investment of $150,000, in thirty shares of $5,000 each, in the establishment of a gigantic manufactory of locomotive engines. This scheme is so far advanced that we are warranted in announcing it as a settled affair" (r).
Among the original subscribers to the locomotive engine factory were Oliver W. Barnes, James M. Cooper, S. S. Fowler & Co., Jenks, Painter & Co., Lyon, Shorb & Co., William Larimer, Jr., Long, Miller & Co., J. K. Moorhead, Marshall, Bennett & Colby, Robert McKnight, McKelvy & Blairs, Nimick & Co., G. & J. H. Shoenberger, Thomas Scott, James W. Woodwell, all of whom had subscribed for $100,000 of the stock by May 6, 1853 (s).
The value of the holdings of Pittsburg citizens in the copper mines and companies of the Lake Superior country continued to increase as time passed. During one week in March, 1856, the stock of the Cliff Mine leaped from $180 to $210 per share, par being $100.
(p) Dispatch, 1850.
(r) Commercial Journal, March 28, 1853.
(q) Commercial Journal, March 19, 1855.
(s) Commercial Journal, May 6, 1853.
250
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Pittsburg continued to fight vigorously for a stronger protective tariff on both cotton and wool-that is, the majority here continued the fight, though they were opposed by a persistent minority, the advocate of whom was the Post. The protection journals bewailed the indifference of Congress to the woolen interests.
"Indeed, we suspect John Randolph had many sympathizers in both houses of Congress when he said 'he would go a mile out of his way to kick a sheep.' For thirty years its (wool) manufacture has been subject to the greatest vicissi- tudes until about a year since the last broadcloth mill in the country was closed and the failure complete as to this branch of manufacturing industry" (t).
"We have now made a beginning in the manufacture of agricultural machines of another class-reapers, mowers, thrashing-machines and horse- powers, for the introduction of which branch we are indebted to Mr. Wardrop. Messrs. Wardrop, Stout & Williams have entered into copartnership for the manufacture of various agricultural implements. We anticipate for these enter- prising men a large and remunerative business" (u).
The manufacture of fire clay, or terra cotta, water pipes was commenced here in 1856, and met from the start satisfactory compensation.
The following table shows the kind and quantity of all manufactures, exclusive of metal products turned out, by the industries here in 1857 (v):
Industries.
5 Cotton-mills .
Value of Products. $ 1,269,655
3 White-lead factories 443,390
34 Glass factories. 2,631,990
I Stained-glass factory
10,000
4 Looking-glass factories
170,000
Japan-ware factory.
60,000
Britannia-ware factory I
18,000
5 Lime factories 48,000
50,000
2 Match factories.
10,750
I Washboard factory
6,750
I Porcelain-teeth factory 5,000
I Kid-glove factory 6,650
I Alcohol distillery .
450,000
I
Ethereal-oil factory.
20,000
3
Linseed-oil factories
71,500
2 Lard-oil factories
60,000
2 Varnish factories 46,500
443,700
2 Paper factories
86,000
5 Flourmills
864,500
2 Spicemills ..
25,000
2 Whip factories.
34,000
2 Saddletree factories
5,000
2 Coffee-extract factories
60,000
5 Potteries.
33,000
3 Brush factories
40,000
2 Bellows factories
10,000
4 Trunk factories.
30,000
(t) Commercial Journal, March 29, 1856. (u) Commercial Journal, April 18, 1856.
(v) Statistics prepared by George H. Thurston.
I Slate roofer. 20,000
I Stocking factory
17 Tobacco factories
251
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Industries. Value of Products.
2 Patent-leather factories. $ 80,000
I Lifeboat factory. 10,000
I Woolen factory
5,000
I Comb factory.
1,000
I Icechest factory
5,000
I Bobbin factory. 2,500
I Broom factory.
11,000
I Children's-carriage factory
6,000
2 Box factories.
12,480
2 Pumpblock makers 10,000
6 Turners.
55,000
3 Ropewalks.
117,451
3 Upholsterers.
70,000
I Oilcloth factory
75,000
2 Railroad-car factories
65,000
I Bucket factory
85,000
6 Carriage factories
175,000
29 Wagon factories
204,500
13 Tanneries
463,320
27 Breweries.
864,500
6 Cracker factories
114,000
6 Marble-works
75,000
16 Cabinet factories
503,000
8 Candle factories
960,000
I Glue factory
7,500
7 Sawmills.
17 Lumber-yards.
3,241,000
8 Sash and door factories
9 Planing-mills.
10,000
I Gold-leaf factory
25,000
Coal valued at.
6,336,720
Boatbuilding .
1,924,800
Saddlery and harness
181,000
Salt.
. 130,000
Gilt molding
25,000
Total
$22,430,156
Metal manufactures
16,592,279
Grand total manufactures $39,022,435
-
I Compass factory .
CHAPTER XI.
IRON AND STEEL-FIRST SUPPLIES OF IRON-SCYTHES AND SICKLES-NAILS-AT- TEMPT OF GEORGE ANSHUTZ-EXTENT OF IRON INDUSTRY IN 1803-MCCLURG'S FOUNDRY OF 1805-WIRE WEAVING-STEAM-ENGINE BUILDING-NAIL PRO- DUCTS- CUTLERY -IRONMONGERY - UPDEGRAFF'S STEEL-COWAN'S ROLLING-MILL-FIRST COKE-BLISTER STEEL-BEELEN'S FURNACE- EXTENT OF THE EARLY IRON TRADE-LIST OF IRON WORKERS- PRICES AND STATISTICS-PATENTS CLAIMED BY OLIVER EVANS- TYPEFOUNDRY - DEPRESSION OF 1817-21.
The first iron used by Pittsburg was not manufactured here. It was brought over the mountains on packhorses from the furnaces near Philadelphia and from the Susquehanna and the Juniata valleys. The Indian traders first, and the pioneer merchants later, kept bar-iron for sale or barter, the demand coming from blacksmiths, gunsmiths, wagon-makers, etc. They also kept for sale castings of various uses, such as pots, kettles, skillets, etc. The value of these articles in the Western country during the packhorse period cannot be realized nor appreciated by the people of to-day. They were highly prized, had been handed down from father to son and were often disposed of in wills. The earliest families in moving West invariably carried such indispensable articles with them, and the savages, knowing their value, always carried them to their villages or compelled their captives to do so, after plundering the pioneer cabins. Immediately after the Revolution iron prospectors began locating their claims in the upper Juniata Valley, and furnaces and forges were soon in operation.
"Much of the iron made in the Juniata Valley during the palmy days of its iron industry was sold at Pittsburg, first in the form of castings, afterward in both pigs and bars, and finally chiefly in the form of blooms. Before the completion of the Pennsylvania Canal and the Portage Railroad it was trans- ported with great difficulty. Bar-iron from Center County was at first carried on the backs of horses to the Clarion River, and was then floated on boats and arks to Pittsburg. Pig and bar iron from Huntingdon County were hauled over the Frankstown Road to Johnstown, and thence floated to Pittsburg by way of the Conemaugh River. Subsequently blooms were sent to Pittsburg from Huntingdon County by wagon" (a).
The Spring Creek Forge, built in 1795, and the Bellefonte Forge, built in 1798, furnished much of the bar-iron used in Pittsburg, or sold here for ship- ment down the Ohio River, from 1798 to 1804. No small quantity of the bar- iron handled by Pittsburg merchants from 1794 to 1804 came from the Barree Forge ("Dorsey's bar-iron," as it was called), on the Juniata, in Huntingdon County, the pigs having been produced at Center Furnace, Center County. Bedford Furnace was built in 1788 and the forge in 1791, and large quantities of its products were used in Pittsburg or distributed from this important center. Kettles, pots, stoves, hearths, andirons, Dutch ovens, etc., were cast there, and bar-iron, such as wagon-tires, harrow-teeth, horseshoe iron, was forged at these works. "Bar-iron made at the forge was bent into the shape of the letter U, turned over the backs of horses, and in this manner taken by bridle-paths
(a) Iron in All Ages .- Swvank.
(b) Iron in All Ages .- Swank.
252
253
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
to Pittsburg" (b). Blacksmiths at the forges made from $5 to $8 per day shoe- ing packhorses and bending iron rods suitable for carriage to Pittsburg.
"It was no uncommon event to see, at Mercersburg, in Franklin County, fifty or one hundred packhorses in a row, taking on their loads of salt, iron and other commodities for the Monongahela country" (c).
Turnbull, Marmie & Co., consisting of William Turnbull, Peter Marmie and perhaps John Holker, established a large general store in Pittsburg in 1784, and continued to do business until the spring of 1788, when they offered for sale their entire property in this place. There must have been some strong motive back of this action, for they owned a large property, consisting of Lots I to 17 inclusive, Lots 132 to 145 inclusive and Lot 260, all bounded by Mar- bury, Liberty and Short streets, upon which stood their stillhouse, malthouse, stables, residences, etc .; and besides owned twenty-six acres on Coal Hill, and a ferry and ferry buildings at the Point (d). The motive for thus summarily closing out all their operations here was disclosed the following year (1789), when they constructed on Jacob's Creek a furnace and forge, to which reference is made in the records of Fayette County in June of that year, but which were not put in blast until November 1, 1790, on which day the first iron was blown in the furnace and tried in the forge (e). They thus had given up their large establishment here that they might construct the first furnace and first forge west of the Alleghanies, and engage in the manufacture of iron, in which they, no doubt, correctly thought a fortune awaited them, if their industry and abilities could bring it out. From this company Major Isaac Craig, quartermaster of this post, on January 12, 1792, ordered 400 cannon-balls for General Wayne, then here preparatory to his campaign against the Indians of Ohio.
In 1787 George McGunnigle conducted the business of white and black smith. Thomas Wylie was here engaged in the same pursuit in 1789. He made edged tools and turned all sorts of mill-irons. One of the first attempts in Pitts- burg to make finished implements from blistered steel or bar-iron was begun
by William Dunning in 1789. His advertisement, which appeared in the Gazette of June 13 of that year, stated that he made scythes and sickles and kept the same for sale. His was the first illustrated advertisement in the Gazette, and, therefore, the first published west of the Alleghanies. Hugh Rippy made and repaired guns at this time, obtaining the barrels, and perhaps the locks, from "over the mountains." At that time nearly all tools and implements were inade by blacksmiths. In 1792 there were five blacksmiths, two tinners and two whitesmiths here. They were the only resident metal-workers. In 1787 nails were worth in Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania currency, $20 per hundredweight, or 20 cents a pound (f).
Union Furnace, near Connellsville, built by Isaac Meeson in 1790, and put in operation in 1791, furnished large supplies of castings and bar-iron for Pittsburg (g). George Anshutz, from his Westmoreland furnace, in 1795 and later, sent much of his product, principally stoves and assorted castings, to Pittsburg for sale. After 1794 bar-iron from the Dorsey Forge in Huntingdon County was kept for sale here by merchants, the pig-iron from which it was inade having been cast at the Center Furnace. From 1799 to 1804 large quan- fities of bar-iron were obtained from the Bellefonte furnaces and forges. In 1799 William Woods & Co. advertised for sale seven tons of this iron. Blister steel, made by William McDermett, of Caledonia, first made its appearance in Pittsburg about 1797.
The commencement of the iron industry at Pittsburg may be said to date
(c) Historical Collections .- Day. (d) Gazette, April, 1788.
(e) Iron in All Ages .- Swank.
(g) Pittsburg Gazette, April, 1794.
(f) Gazette, March, 1787.
254
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
from 1792, in which year George Anshutz, an Alsatian, completed a furnace on a small run at Shady Side, a suburb of the town, under the mistaken notion that iron ore could be found near there in sufficient quantity to warrant the enter- prise. This was found not to be the case. The supply was soon exhausted, and, although a quantity of ore was brought down the Allegheny, the expense attendant thereto rendered the attempt unprofitable, and the furnace was aban- doned by Mr. Anshutz (h).
In 1803 Robert Simpson, merchant, kept for sale the blister steel and bar- iron made by William McDermett, of Caledonia, near Bedford. He quoted the price of blister steel at 90 pounds, American money, per ton, or four pounds thirteen shillings and ninepence per hundredweight. At this date (1803) William Dunning not only manufactured scythes and sickles, but advertised that he would turn mill irons to order (i). In 1804 Peter Eltonhead began to manu- facture machinery here for carding and spinning cotton and wool. This was one of the most important pursuits up to that date.
William Hart announced that he had discovered a "valuable bank of iron ore" on the east side of the Allegheny River, about eight miles from Pittsburg, which he would sell or lease. He said there was for sale an eligible situation for a forge or furnace within half a mile of the ore. He claimed that good judges had pronounced the bank the best for bar-iron in the Western country (j). As a matter of fact the air was filled with rumors of iron deposits at this time, and all over Western Pennsylvania furnaccs and forges were in various stages of completion and operation. The iron heart of Pittsburg was beginning to throb.
In 1803 William Boggs manufactured sickles and called for an apprentice to the trade. Oliver Ormsby, in 1803-4, sold bar-iron from Bellefonte, while Thomas Cramer sold the products of the Dorsey forge. John Hamsher, cop- persmith, who had been here for some time, died in 1804. Robert Simpson handled a considerable quantity of the bar-iron from Dorsey's ironworks about this time. In January, 1804, Samuel Hubley, coppersmith, made stills, kettles for hatters and all others requiring them, boilers, saucepans, etc., and adver- tised for old copper, brass and pewter. As early as August, 1803, Cooper & Smith made andirons, heads for grates, cocks for stills, castings to order in copper, brass, pewter or lead; machinery turned to order. They wanted old copper and brass. At the close of 1803 a wonderful growth was revealed by Cramer's Almanac of 1804, not so noticeable in the products of iron and steel as in a score of other manufactures. The value and variety of the former were as follows :
Bar-iron, axes, hoes, plow-points, etc. $19,800
Cutlery, augers, chisels, hackles, planing-bits, etc. 1,000
Cut and hammered nails 16,128
Cowbells. . 200
Guns, rifles, etc. 1,800
Scythes and sickles 1,500
Tinware.
12,800
Brass, andirons, still-faucets, etc.
2,800
Inasmuch as no iron whatever was manufactured here, and as every article above was made from bar-iron and crude models by hand, this must be regarded as a good showing. In July, 1803, news was received that the Treaty of Paris had been signed and that Louisiana had been purchased by the United States. The intelligence gave great joy to all. An unrestricted trade with the country west
(h) Statement of George Anshutz Berry, grandson of George Anshutz.
(i) Gazette, June, 1803. (j) Gazette, June 16, 1803.
eloshua Rhodes
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HISTORY OF PITTSBURG. 257
of the Mississippi, believed to be so vital to the manufacturing interests of Pitts- burg, was thus seen to be an assured fact.
John Parkin, early in 1800, began the manufacture of brass and iron wire, at his small factory near the garrison. George Holdship, in 1798 or 1799, com- menced the manufacture of cut nails and springs, and solicited wholesale and retail orders. William Porter began the same industry about the same time. John Hamsher was doing a good business as a coppersmith and tinplate worker in July, 1800. "Do not be surprised when you are informed that the aggregate value of the articles manufactured in Pittsburg for 1803 amounts to upward of $350,000" (k). This referred to all articles of manufacture, and not to iron alone.
Previous to 1805 the iron industry proper had no permanent commence- ment in this place. Thus far there had appeared no reason why a furnace should be located here. The efforts of George Anshutz, in 1792-4, to manufacture iron had been made under the misapprehension of the existence of iron ore in paying quantities close to the Point. Furnaces and forges were then built only in close proximity to large banks of ore, and as none could be found near Pitts- burg, nothwithstanding considerable heralding by speculators and others to the contrary, this locality was doomed to see such industries spring into life all over Western Pennsylvania without being able to see any profit in their estab- lishment here. The commencement of banking operations by the Branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania, the improvement and cheapening of transportation of iron ore down the rivers, and the growing importance of Pittsburg as a dis- tributer and manufacturer of iron supplies, were beyond doubt the principal reasons for the construction in 1805 of the McClurg Foundry. The second attempt was more successful than the first. In 1805 Joseph McClurg, with whom were associated at first, it is said, Joseph Smith and John Gormly, erected an iron-foundry on the site of the present Park building, corner of Smithfield Street and Fifth Avenue. The date of the first blast cannot be given, though on February 12, 1806, Mr. McClurg advertised that "the Pittsburg Foundry is now complete" (1). This would signify that the first blowout did not occur until about that date. In 1807 "one air furnace" here was in full operation (m). This was the Pittsburg Foundry. In 1809 Mr. McClurg put in operation, in connection with his air furnace, a mill for grinding iron, and soon his products found their way to all parts of the Western country.
Four nail factories were in operation in 1807, one of which made one hun- dred tons of cut and hardened nails annually. Seven coppersmiths and tinplate workers and japanners were doing a flourishing business. One wire-weaving and riddle factory was also in operation, as was one brass-foundry. One cutler and toolmaker conducted a shop here (n). About 1808 Mark Stackhouse and Mahlon Rogers founded their establishment for the manufacture of steam engines. They built the engine for the Evans Steam Mill, and were highly spoken of by Oliver Evans. In connection with their engines they commenced making screws for butt-hinges, a very useful and important industry for the Western country at that time. Mark Stackhouse built a steam engine in 1810, which was placed in the Franklin Cotton Factory and used continuously until 1829, at which date it ran as well as when first set in operation. One in the Evans Steam Mill was about the same age. Anthony Beelen built previously and put in operation in November, 1810, an air furnace just above the mouth of Suke's Run; he also built adjoining the same a white-lead manufactory-a blue frame of three stories, near the air furnace. In 1810 the borough marshal
(k) Cramer's Almanac, 1804.
(m) Cramer's Almanac, 1808.
(1) Craig's "History of Pittsburg."
(n) Cramer's Almanac.
14
258
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
enumerated the following metal-working establishments here and the values of their products :
One mill (flatirons) . . $ 2,000
Two air furnaces (McClurg's and Beelen's), product 400
40,000
tons
Six naileries.
49,890
Two gunsmiths.
2,400
Seventeen smiths' shops.
34,400
Six copper, brass and tin factories.
25,500
One cutlery .
3,000
One wire manufacturing, Eichbaum's (est.)
2,000
Total. $159,190
In 1810 there were sold in this place the following quantities of bar-iron and castings: George Anshutz-Bar, rolled and slit iron, 332 tons; castings, 75 tons. Christopher Cowan-Sundry iron, 300 tons; castings, 50 tons. Thomas and J. Cromwell-Iron, 150 tons; castings, 100 tons. All others, 300 tons. Total, 1,307 tons, worth on an average $140 per ton, or $182,980 (o).
In February, 18II, it having been represented to the Legislature that William Eichbaum, of Pittsburg, had erected works and secured a part of the machinery necessary for the manufacture of wire, and was unable, by reason of a lack of means, to complete and carry on the manufactory, and had petitioned the Legislature for a loan of money for that purpose, the following action was taken (p):
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