USA > Pennsylvania > Allegheny County > Pittsburgh > Standard history of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania > Part 27
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Our streets are gloomy in the extreme and our prospects dark and lowering" (y).
Number Number Bushels of of Coal Used of Engines.
Quantity Manufactured Annually.
Annual Value of Manufactures.
Value of Works.
C. Ihmsen & Co., window- glass
150
130,000
5,500 boxes. 112,600 gross.
$ 38,500
$50,000
C. Ihmsen & Co., vials .. . .
38,500
S. McKee & Co., window- glass .
40
50,000
5,500 boxes.
38,500
10,000
F. Lorenz, window-glass, three establishments ... . .
I
120
15,000
16,500 boxes.
115,500
75,000
Whitehead, Ihmsen & Phil- lips, glass-flint and bot- tles. .
I
I73
120,000
150,000
60,000
O'Leary, Mulvaney & Co., flint glass
I
45
36,400
60,000
30,000
Gregg & Hagner, white lead.
I
5
11,000
10,400 kegs.
31,200
15,000
L. B. Carey & Co., saw-
mill
I
5
15,000
15.000
10,000
It will thus be seen that there were nine glass factories on the South Side in April, 1837, five for window-glass, one for vials, two for white glass and one for
(x) The foregoing statistics of December, 1836, are taken from the Western Address Directory, 1837, by Lyford, of Baltimore.
(y) Harris' Intelligencer, June, 1837.
(z) These establishments were in Birmingham on the south side of the Monongahela River, April, 1837.
Establishments (z).
Hands. Annually.
239
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
black bottles. There were also on the South Side three iron and nail factories, each establishment being double, thus making six ironworks. There were also one lock and screw factory, one sawmill, one white-lead factory and one foundry and engine shop-nineteen manufacturing establishments in all south of the Monongahela River. These nineteen factories used 13 steam engines, employed 918 hands and consumed annually 1,345,400 bushels of coal, manufactured 12,800 tons of iron nails, castings, etc., made 12 steam engines, 27,500 boxes of window- glass, 112,600 gross vials, 6,250 gross black bottles and demijohns, 10,400 kegs of white lead, all having an aggregate value of $2,522,200. In addition, nine coal roads produced $251,500 worth of coal and several brickyards $30,000 worth of brick-a grand total of $2,803,700. The following is the report on the manu- factures and general business of Pittsburg and Allegheny County, made by the Marshal of the Western District of Pennsylvania for the year 1839:
Number of glasshouses.
.16
Glass-cutting establishments
9
Number of men employed.
515
Value of manufactures, including looking-glasses
$520,000
Capital invested.
$580,000
Potteries
I
Men employed.
4
Capital invested.
$300
Value of manufactures
$1,000
Value of woolen goods manufactured.
$25,200
Capital invested.
$10,000
Hands employed.
IO
Number of cotton factories
5
Spindles in operation
17,570
Persons employed. .
730
Value of manufactures
$511,200
Capital invested.
$580,000
Number tanneries
30
Sides sole leather tanned
10,580
Sides, upper.
57,880
Men employed.
II3
Capital invested.
$72,400
Other factories using leather
124
Value of manufactures
$341,768
Capital invested.
$177,075
Hats and caps manufactured.
$189,560
Number of persons employed.
217
Capital invested.
$82,600
Value of medicines, drugs, white lead, paints, dyes, etc. .
$201,800
Value of turpentine and varnish
$3,675
Men employed
95
Capital invested.
$236,300
Distilleries.
I4
Gallons produced
93,000
Breweries.
6
Gallons produced
223,000
240
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
Men employed.
80
Capital invested. .
$163,600
Bushels bituminous coal raised.
11,538,556
Men employed (about)
655
Capital invested.
$82,000
Ropewalks
4 66
Men employed.
$108,000
Capital invested.
$31,600
Value of plows and carriages manufactured
$203,450
Men employed.
225
Capital invested.
$81,900
Wholesale commercial houses in foreign trade.
7
Wholesale commission houses.
32
Capital invested.
$1,341,IIO
Capital invested.
$4,421,490
Lumber-yards and trade
31
Men employed. I20
$155,800
Butchers and men employed in the trade
90
Capital invested.
$89,100
Paper manufactories
I
Men employed.
28
Value of product
$25,000
Capital invested.
$30,000
Printing offices in Pittsburg
18
Binderies.
7
Daily newspapers
4
Weekly newspapers
II
Periodicals. .
IO
Men employed
130
Capital invested
$98,000
Flouring-mills
33
Gristmills.
59
Barrels flour manufactured.
43,280
Sawmills.
78
Men employed.
210
Capital invested
$797,350
Value of boats built.
$103,110
Men employed in internal transportation
1.175
Value furniture manufactured.
$249,400
Men employed. 394
Capital invested.
$119,450
Value machinery manufactured.
$443,500
Men employed.
25I
Value of precious metals manufactured
Men employed.
$4,860 6
Value of product
Number of stores 55I
Capital invested.
24I
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
"We have been curious enough to call at George Herring & Co.'s steam button manufactory on Fourth Street, above Smithfield, and have been highly gratified at this new and very useful establishment. An immense quantity of every size and kind of bone and shell buttons is made very fast and very low out of materials which otherwise would be thrown away. The manufactory employs a number of girls and men and is well worthy the patronage of the public" (a).
James Marshall associated his brother, Thomas M. Marshall, with him in the wholesale grocery business in December, 1838, under the firm name of James Marshall & Co. C. Ihmsen and Frederick Wendt took out, in 1838, a patent on a superior pattern of window-glass, made by a new process, said to excel crown window-glass.
"The first iron steamboat built of American iron and American workman- ship is in progress of building at our Washington Works, by Robinson & Minis. This boat is 140 feet keel, 172 feet deck, 25 feet beam and 6 feet hold, and will measure over 220 tons and will be finished on the 4th of July next" (b). .
In February, 1840, John F. Wrenshall, Pollard McCormick and Alexander Brackenridge, owners of the Hope Cotton Factory, dissolved and were succeeded by Messrs. Brackenridge and McCormick, under the firm name of McCormick & Co. (c).
"Last week forty-six good two-horse wagons for farming purposes were sent off from the manufactory of Townsend & Radle, Manchester, to St. Louis. This week the same gentlemen furnished Anthony Beelen seven eight-mule wagons, to be landed at Independence, Mo., whence, when loaded with Eastern merchandise, they will go by land to Santa Fé, in New Mexico, a distance of 900 miles. John Gilmore furnished three eight-mule wagons and John Chess furnished two eight-mule wagons from Pittsburg, and David Bealer manu- factured for Mr. Beelen, for the same order, two dozen very neat Spanish axes, the first, we believe, made in Pittsburg for Mexico" (d).
Cutler & Weir, coffee-mill manufacturers, were at work in January, 1840. Thomas A. Hillier, looking-glass manufacturer, assigned in June, 1840. Henry Sims, chemist, in 1840, began to manufacture printers' ink. Thomas Fairman manufactured furniture in Allegheny in 1840. Digby & Hopewell manufac- tured ready-made clothing here in August, 1841. In 1845 Henry Errett operated a steam bandbox factory; J. T. Stewart made upholstering; J. & H. Phillips made oilcloth and varnish; William R. Smith made jewelry; John Dunlap made tin and copper ware; H. H. Ryan, G. Splane & Son and J. W. Woodwell made furniture, etc.
It was noted in May, 1846, that several signs in the city read "Ready-Made Coffins." "This may be all very convenient and an evidence of business enter- prise, but it is not pleasant. It seems too much like hurrying one out of the way. We wish the obliging gentlemen who offer such accommodations to their fellow-citizens would not make their civility quite so prominent" (e).
In April, 1846, the assistant puddlers struck for an increase in wages, as did the operators in the extensive tobacco and sugar factories. Considerable violence was resorted to. One boy who went back to work was lynched, though not killed, by his associates. In May the journeymen engine-builders also struck for more favorable terms.
The tariff of 1846 increased the duty on highwines, costly carpets, plate glass, gloves, cosmetics, silks, flannels, furniture, gems, wool-coarse and manufactured-and decreased it on spices, low wines, cheap carpets, iron, coal, plain and tumbler glass, cheap gloves, sugar, salt, cloths of wool, India silks,
(a) Harris' Intelligencer, October, 1838.
(c) Pittsburger, February 12, 1840.
(e) Commercial Journal, May 14, 1846.
(b) Daily Advocate, April 4, 1839.
(d) Harris' Intelligencer, March 12, 1840.
242
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
pins, shirtings, mousellaines, cotton cloth, cordage, raw hemp, linseed oil, etc. It took effect in December, 1846.
A. Fulton, bellmaker, was doing a large business in September, 1846. In nine days he made thirteen big bells of 100 to 500 pounds each. Orders came to him from all parts of the West. Hamilton Stewart of the Home League Factory manufactured colored cotton goods in Allegheny in 1847. Up to this time he had made about 125,000 yards per year. Twenty-five men and twelve women were employed, and hand looms only were operated. Shirt- ing in large quantities was made. Rhodes & Alcorn manufactured mustard and spice in Pittsburg in 1841-ginger, cinnamon, pepper, cloves, alspice, nut- megs, roasted coffee, etc. J. Shephard manufactured crackers and bread.
In January, 1846, three steamers built in this city for the Government were afloat, and one large iron war steamer, Allegheny, and one revenue cutter were on the stocks. The Fort Pitt Works were engaged in casting every day one 64-pound cannon, and in boring others, all intended for seacoast defense, and besides were engaged in making equipments and all sorts of heavy castings for military operations. John Irwin's ropewalks supplied the big war steamer with all the rope required for its rigging. The powder-mill here had a daily capacity of 3,600 pounds. The eleven rolling-mills, which, in 1845, turned out 200 tons daily, prepared large quantities of chain cables, anchors, boilers, wrought-iron shafts and cranks, ship irons; and the twenty iron foundries and fourteen engine- shops supplied cannon balls and many other war supplies. With her coal and her iron it was said of Pittsburg in regard to her capacity for war, that "she has plenty of coal to warm her friends and plenty of iron to cool her enemies" (f). On the Allegheny and its tributaries, in March, 1846, were fifty furnaces, which sent their iron to Pittsburg (g).
In the spring of 1846 seven cotton factories were in operation here, with a capacity of 20,000 bales per annum. The cotton manufacturers were required every year to go to the South once or twice to buy their cotton, and necessarily had to lay in large stocks, which fact forced them to employ a large sum of dead capital, and cut seriously into their annual profits. It was estimated that the annual loss by this means amounted to $20,000. It was different in the East, where a cotton market was maintained. Considerable cotton was handled here by commission merchants, but principally on their own account. The importance of establishing here a general market, where cotton could be obtained at the lowest price during all seasons of the year, was urged by the Board of Trade and by cotton manufacturers. But at that time cotton was in truth King, because it was in such great demand that the producers in the South could levy almost any exaction upon the consumer, both in this country and abroad. One thing which contributed to this unfavorable state of affairs was the stoppage of navigation by ice in the winters and by drouth in the summers.
Weight Weight Number of Yarn of Cloth of
Statistics of October. 1847.
Bales
Daily,
Daily,
Yards of Cloth
Product. Hands. Looms.
Hope Factory. .
. 3,100
6,500
4,000
...
$216,000
375 . . .
Eagle Factory . · · 3,000
5,700
3,800
205,200
250 . ..
Union Factory . .
1,600
4,500
1,500
500
. .. .
I 16,500
200 40
Pittsburg Factory . . 1,600
5,300
. . . .
2,000
1,620,000
I 38,000
200
150
Penn Factory
. 2,400
6,200
....
3,000
2,410,000
207,000
260
210
Star Factory
800
2,500
. . ..
900
729,000
62,100
80
75
Allegheny Factory. 400
1,200
500
. ...
. . ... .
27,000
40
...
Totals
12,900
31,900
9,800
6,400
4,759,000
$971,800 1,405 475
(f) John Harper, in Gazette, January 31, 1846.
(g) Gazette, March 5, 1846.
Cotton. Spindles. pounds. pounds.
per Annum.
243
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
"All the cotton factories in Allegheny have stopped and will doubtless remain so for two or three months or longer. Thus some 2,000 operatives have been thrown out of employment. The proprietors allege their inability to meet the requirements of the ten-hour law, which went into effect on the 4th instant" (h).
The following were the cotton factories which closed their doors: Pittsburg Cotton Mill of Blackstock, Bell & Co .; Hope Cotton Mill of P. McCormick; Eagle Cotton Mill of King, Pennock & Co .; Union Cotton Mill of Moorhead, Copeland & Co .; Penn Cotton Mill of Kennedy, Childs & Co .; Star Cotton Mill of N. Voegtly & Co .; and Allegheny Cotton Mill of James A. Gray. In Massa- chusetts operatives worked under a twelve-hour law. Here the manufacturers claimed they could not afford to pay for ten hours' work the same wages paid by the manufacturers of other states for twelve hours' work, and that they could not compete with outside establishments which thus secured their labor for about seventeen per cent. less than the wages paid in Pittsburg. But the opera- tives were not willing to have their wages cut down. Under the law, factory owners could make special contracts whereby operatives might work twelve hours; but the latter wanted extra pay therefor, which was emphatically refused by the former, and therefore a strike of large proportions was inaugurated. In August, 1848, considerable violence resulted. One or two factories started up at ten hours with a small reduction in wages-a compromise between the claims; but several owners refused to make any concessions, and on one occasion were bombarded with stones and stale eggs by the girls. Walking delegates were indignantly turned down by the irate owners, who, at all times, however, were accessible to the strikers themselves. In most instances, except for temporary periods, the owners made their point of paying ten hours' wages only for ten hours' work (i). The grand jury found true bills against eleven men named of one hundred others unknown to the jury, and five girls, for factory riots in the fall of 1848. In July, 1848, the ten-hour law went into effect, and several of the cotton factories in Allegheny stopped. In fact, all closed except that of Arthurs & Co.
The manufacture of special colored glass was commenced here in 1848 by Simpson, Leake, Stanger & Co., who produced the first amber colored bottles for liquors. They also made glassware of all descriptions. Isaac Gregg put in operation a new brickmaking machine in the summer of 1848, in Birmingham. He could make 3,000 bricks per hour. The Pittsburg Novelty Works gave a big dinner to employes January 1, 1848. Many toasts were drunk.
Taylor & Bennett began the manufacture of soda ash, just above Birming- liam, in 1848, employing about $30,000 capital. This was an important venture here, because one firm alone, W. & M. Micheltree, on Liberty Street, was then importing 500 tons annually of this commodity. Large quantities were consumed in the manufacture of glass.
"The principal manufactures here are iron, glass and cotton. It is well known that within the last year large investments in glass that might otherwise have located here have sought other regions. In cotton manufactures there is over $1,000,000 invested and employment given to about 1,500 hands. It is well known that these establishments will probably be closed here and the capital invested at other places as speedily as arrangements, which are now in progress, can be completed; and the only reason for this is the unceasing warfare waged against the owners. To judge from the tone of some newspapers of this city one would suppose that the millions of dollars invested here in manufacturing was a curse to the community-that the owners, were tyrants and robbers, and
(h) Gazette, July 6, 1848.
(i) Commercial Journal, July and August, 1848.
244
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
the sooner every manufacturing establishment was put down the better. Will a manufacturer who is esteemed as a man of usefulness and enterprise elsewhere stay in Pittsburg to be scandalized as a tyrant and oppressor?" (j).
The labor troubles of 1848 were the cause of much discontent and ill-will between employer and employe. It became so unbearable in December, 1848, that the leading cotton manufacturers, in a body, visited several Western cities with the view of removing their establishments entirely from this vicinity. In several instances they received most generous offers from the business men of other cities to induce them so to remove. The press here took sides and bitterly assailed all opposers, and apparently did little to quiet grievances. "There never was a more suicidal, reckless, ungenerous course pursued toward any interest, or toward any set of men, than toward the manufactures and the manufacturers of Pittsburg by a certain clique and a certain newspaper in this city" (k).
In all this vigorous controversy the Post, which represented the interests of many of the employes and opposed any increase in the tariff over what was afforded by the law of 1846, took a prominent part. It accused the manufactur- ers, though making large profits, of oppressing their employes and of concealing the magnitude of their profits. It went even farther than that, as witness the following:
"And what is Pittsburg? Ask the hundreds and thousands of her citizens who are flocking off to California where there are no factories-no improve- ments. They will answer, 'We are going to a place where we hope capital cannot oppress us. At the risk of our lives we will not be enslaved by the money power.' This is their significant and withering reply. Now, what do we propose? Simply and undeniably this: To introduce such reforms here as will prevent this neces- sity which drives away to distant lands our very best, most useful and industrious citizens. We appeal to every honest and thinking man if it is fair that we should be hunted down, as we have been, by any class of people for this" (1).
This vituperation continued with increasing venom and was taken up and magnified by the newspapers of other places until the "Pittsburg Riots of 1848" became an odious bone of contention in the principal cities, and by the leading parties, of the United States. The question of employer and employe was merged by partisans into that of protection and free trade, and made use of for the most malignant party purposes. Read the following:
"Pittsburg can lay claim to a complete savageism, a stultified barbarity, which the red cutthroats of Fort Duquesne never knew. Pittsburg of the pres- ent hour-of the year of grace 1849-stands out in bold relief from the annals of barbarism. She is no longer the Smoky City, but will henceforth be known as the Blot City-the Blot of Pennsylvania. But we call upon the man who keeps a slavepen in Baltimore to go to church next Sunday and publicly thank God that he is not a Pittsburg factory-owner. Hereafter we shall look upon shambles, red with the blood of the negro, as something better, more Christian, than the law of Pennsylvania as 'dug up' in Pittsburg, and hailed with steam-engine hosannas by Pittsburg slaveholders. Let no Congressman from Pittsburg ever dare to talk in Washington about the evils of black slavery or the blessings of free soil. Your Pittsburg law, gentlemen, can give the shambles of Jeffreys nine points of the game and beat them, too, in every detail of absurd bar- barity" (m).
The Post was only a little less severe than the Philadelphia paper, but it represented the spirit then prevailing here among the factory operatives, who
(j) "Pittsburger" in Gazette, January 13, 1849.
(k) Gazette, January 13, 1849 (referring to the Post).
(1) Post, February, 1849.
(m) Quaker City of Philadelphia, February, 1849.
Alexandru Án
247
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
felt oppressed and humiliated when they were forced to accept a reduction of sixteen per cent. in their wages under the ten-hour law. In fact, the causes which led to the riots of July, 1848, were made the subject of judicial inquiry in the autumn of that year. The course of the Post was so severe that the cotton- factory owners publicly remonstrated in February, 1849, the remonstrance being signed by Blackstock, Bell & Co., King, Pennock & Co., Pollard McCormick, Moorhead, Copeland & Co., Kennedy, Childs & Co., and James A. Gray, on behalf of six cotton factories.
Hope Cotton Factory, in Allegheny, owned by Mr. McCormick, turned out immense quantities of yarns, worth $187,500 per annum, in 1849. It operated 8,000 spindles and consumed 3,000 bales of cotton annually, 320 per- sons being employed. James Arthurs & Bro. operatcd a large woolen factory on Strawberry Alley, spinning, carding and manufacturing flannels, satinets, blankets, etc. In 1849 it had been in operation nearly half a century. They manufactured $11,570 worth of cloth per annum. In 1849 the following manu- facturing enterprises were represented here:
H. S. Fahnestock, furniture, worth $16,920; Hammer & Danler, furniture, $27,840; James A. Gray, cotton factory in Allegheny, yarn, $34,800; Voegtley Flour Mill, $41,350; B. A. Fahnestock & Co., white lead, $65,000, consuming 500 tons of lead, 1,820 barrels. of vinegar and 15,000 gallons of linseed oil; O'Don- nell & Mullen, chairs, $5,000; Burke & Barnes, 350 safes per ycar, worth $21,000; S. Allender, furniture, $27,000; T. B. Young & Co., furniture, $39,500; William Gray, rifles, worth $4,000; King, Pennock & Co., cotton factory, batting, yarns, and carpet chain, $192,460, consuming 2,700 bales and employing 250 persons; James Farley, furniture, $14,196; Daniel Day, cigars and tobacco, $7,058: Wil- son & Gorman, soap and candles, $24,720; J. S. Sheaffer, patent leather, $60,000, consuming 5,000 hides and 800 cords of bark; Hugh Gilroy, carpets and damask table-cloths, $1,000; Conrad, Reed & Co., wool-carding, $3,800; Benjamin Williamson, carpets and flannels, $2,880; R. Williams, turned wares and bellows, $5,000; Conrad, Reed & Co., shoe nails, $1,200; Dr. William Wright, dentist, manufacturer of full sets of teeth, worth $120 per sct; G. C. Hawke, files, $14,400; Thomas Oliver, saddles, harness, collars and trunks, $9,748; T. S. Pierson, locks, keys, stamps, coffec-mills, etc., $10,400; J. W. Douglass, vehicles, $2,900; Henry Wessel, umbrellas, $800; S. McKelvy, steel and file works, $21,000; J. D. & A. Kelley, planed lumber $11,400, sash $3,750, doors $500; Bennett, Berry & Co., soda ash, 622 tons, worth $46,650; Walter Kirkpatrick, soap and candles, $10,000; James Kelly, soap and candles, $16,000; J. B. Riddle, turned woodwork, $2,100; McCall & Robinson, shoe lasts, $5,500; Ramsey & Reiter, machines and engines, $6,000; Stewart & Miller, lime, $23,400; N. Nicholson & Payne, castings, grates, stoves, machinery, $104,000, employing 108 persons and con- suming 2,200 tons of pig-metal per year; Cockshoot & Co., rectified whisky, $7,750, or 940 barrels; J. R. Taylor & Co., iron and brass wires, $9,620; Bennett & Bro., domestic queensware, $20,000; A. Holstein, saddles and trunks, $8,750; .W. A. Gildenfenny, trunks, harness, saddles, $4,000; B. Winchester, cigars and tobacco, $12,750; John Dunlevy, goldbeater; P. Lynch, rectifying distillery, $7,750; David Johnson, confectionery, $1,800; C. B. Seely, trunks and harness, $12,475; John Youngson, American pine and ethereal oil, $18,000; James A. Mozurie, tobacco and cigars, $45,981; George Weyman, tobacco and cigars, $66,755; Haslett & Frew, chairs, $8,000; George Sheffler, cigars, $3,200; R. S. & W. M. Hannaford, chairs, bureaus, bedsteads, $122,600; B. P. H. Morrison & Co., sawed lumber on Herr's Island, $81,000; Frederick Bieler, cutlery, $1,500; G. G. Backofen, copper and tin ware, $3,000; J. Devereux, burning fluid pre- pared from alcohol, $1,500; James Shindle, wall-paper, $12,500; James Kincaid, tin, copper and sheet-iron ware, $25,000; Reisinger, Wells & Co., green-glass
248
HISTORY OF PITTSBURG.
works, $14,000; A. Nardi, caps, $5,992. J. S. Bonnett & Co. manufactured $50,000 worth of rectified liquor; John Williamson, $10,000 worth of chains; John Beck, $9,000 worth of ale; John Cunningham, $11,856 worth of planed lum- ber; George Haworth, mantels, sawed marble and tombstones, $14,000; W. & D. Rinehart, $10,000 worth of snuff, tobacco and cigars; John Pricc, $18,975 worth of candy; Kingsland & Scott, large quantities of furnace bars, patented by Mr. Kingsland, in October, 1849; also bed fasteners, buggy boxes, wagon boxes, sash-weights, grates, castings, $9,000 annually; H. Stimple, $63,900 worth of japanned and shoe leather, sheepskins, buckskins, etc., employing about forty persons; Crumpton & Co., $70,200 worth of soap, candles, etc .; William McKee, $II,525 worth of wagons; Franccs Keevil, $8,640 worth of hats; Barchfeld, $5,876 worth of saddles and harness; Moorhead & Shaffner, $12,000 worth of tin, copper and sheet iron; Francis Felix, $12,000 worth cxtracts of coffee; J. Ankrim & Co., $6,000 worth of cast steel, files and rasps; T. H. Nevin & Co., $58,656 worth of white and red lead and litharge; Otto Kunz, about 6,000 por- celain teeth; J. Gregg & Co., a new concern, about $5,000 worth of carriages and wagons; C. L. Magee & Co., fur hats worth $10,400, silk hats $4,160, caps $480; James Lymon, $14,400 worth of furniture; Eli Edmondson, $14,000 worth of beds, bedding, mattresses, curtains, etc .; John Becks, planing-mill products, worth $10,200; Hays & Painter, about $25,272 worth of linseed oil (n).
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