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Gc 975.7 M13h 1136060
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
1
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02294 3614
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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthca00mccr_0
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Hans G. Hilcheek
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THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE REVOLUTION 1780-1783
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THE HISTORY
OF
SOUTH CAROLINA
IN
THE REVOLUTION
1780-1783
BY
EDWARD MCCRADY, LL.D.
A MEMBER OF THE BAR OF CHARLESTON, S.C., AND PRESIDENT OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT," "THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT," AND "THE HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE REVOLUTION -1775-1780 "
Neto Work THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1902
All rights reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. - Set up and electrotyped August, 1902.
Norwood press J. 8. Cushing & Co. - Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A.
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED
Abridgment of the Debates of Congress. Vol. I. 1789-1796. Benton, New York, 1857.
American Loyalists. Lorenzo Sabine. Boston, MDCCCXLVII.
American War, History of the. C. Stedman, London. I. Murray, 1794. 2 volumes.
Annals of Newberry District. John Belton O'Neall, LL.D. 1859. Annual Register or Review of History, Politics, and Literature, for the years 1780, 1781, 1782.
Army Regulations, U.S. 1136060
Articles of War, U.S.
Bancroft's History of the United States. Editions of 1852-1883.
Bay's South Carolina Reports. Law.
Botta's History of the War of the United States of America. Translated from the Italian by George Alexander Otis. 2 volumes. 1834. British Military Library. London, 1799.
Brown, Tarleton, Memoirs, Barnwell, S.C.
Campaigns of 1781 in the Carolinas. Henry Lee. Philadelphia, F. Littell,
1824.
Clinton-Corn wallis Controversy growing out of the Campaign in Virginia, 1781. B. F. Stevens. London, 1888. 2 volumes.
Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society. 4 volumes. Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina. Landrum.
Crimean War, History of. Kinglake.
Curwen's Journal and Letters, 1775-1784. New York, 1845. 3d edition. Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., an Exile to St. Augustine, MS. Documentary History of South Carolina. Robert W. Gibbes. 3 volumes. Doyle, Sir Francis, Reminiscences and Opinions, 1813-1885. Appleton, 1887.
Drayton's Memoirs of the Revolution. John Drayton, LL.D. 1821. 2 volumes.
Fraser, Charles, Reminiscences of Charleston.
Garden's Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War. Charleston, 1822. Gazette, The Royal.
The South Carolina, and General Advertiser.
The South Carolina Weekly.
V
vi
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED
Gordon, W., History of the American Revolution. London, 1788. 4
volumes.
Greene, Nathanael, Life and Campaigns. C. Caldwell, M.D. Phila- delphia, 1819.
Life. William Gilmore Simms.
Life and Correspondence. Hon. William Johnson. Charleston, 1822. 2 volumes.
Major-General of the Army of the Revolution. George W. Greene, Boston, 1849.
Great Commander Series. Francis Vinton Greene. New York, 1893.
Gregg, Right Rev. Alexander, History of Old Cheraws. 1867.
Historical Register of the Continental Army. Heitman. Washington, 1893.
Johnson, Joseph, M.D., Traditions and Reminiscences of the Revolution in South Carolina. Charleston, 1851.
Kent's Commentaries.
King's Mountain and its Heroes. Draper. Cincinnati, 1881.
Lacey, General Edward, Life of. M. A. Moore, M.D. 1854.
Laurens MSS., South Carolina Historical Society.
Lives of the Lord Chancellors. Campbell. Vol. VII.
London Remembrancer, or Impartial Repository of Events.
Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution. New York, 1852. 2 volumes. Magazine of American History, with Notes and Queries. Edited by
Martha J. Lamb. Vol. XII. 1884.
Marion, Francis, Life of. William Dobien James, A.M. Charleston, 1821. Life of. William Gilmore Simms.
Life of. M. L. Weems. Philadelphia, 1851.
McCall's History of Georgia. Savannah, 1811. 2 volumes.
Memoirs of the War of 1776. Henry Lee. Edition of Robert E. Lee. 1870.
Moore's Diary.
Morgan, General Daniel, Original Report of Battle of Cowpens.
Morris, Gouverneur, Life of. Jared Sparks. Boston, 1832.
Moultrie's Memoirs of the American Revolution. New York, 1802. 2 volumes.
Myers, Mr. T. Bailey, of New York, Collection of.
North Carolina in 1780-1781. David Schenck, LL.D. Raleigh, 1889.
Orangeburg County, History of. A. S. Salley, Jr. 1898. Parliamentary History, 1781-1782. Vol. XXII.
Pamphlets, Charleston Library. 5th Series. Vol. II.
Pinckney, Eliza, Women of Colonial and Revolutionary Times. Mrs. H. H. Ravenel. Scribner Series, 1897.
vii
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED
Pinckney, General Thomas, Life of. By Rev. Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney, D.D. 1895.
Ramsay, David, M.D., History of South Carolina. 1809. 2 volumes.
History of the Revolution in South Carolina. 1785. 2 volumes. Russell's Magazine, Charleston. Vol. IV.
Simms, William Gilmore, History of South Carolina. Edition 1840-1860. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. A. S. Salley, Jr., editor.
South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776. McCrady. 1899.
South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775-1780. McCrady. 1901.
Southern Review, Charleston, S.C. Vol. I. 1828.
Statistics of South Carolina. Robert Mills. Charleston, 1826. Statutes of South Carolina.
Strictures on Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton's History. By Roderick Mckenzie, Lieutenant Seventy-first Regiment. London, 1787.
Sumter, General Thomas, MS. collection in possession of Miss Mary Brownfield, Summerville, S.C.
Letters of, in possession of William Nightingale, of Brunswick, Ga. Certified copies of same in possession of South Carolina Historical Society.
Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780-1786 in the Southern Prov- ince of North America. By Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton of the British Legion. London, MDCCCXXXVIII.
Two Wars. An Autobiography. S. G. French.
United Service Magazine, September, 1881. The Battle of Eutaw Springs. J. Watts de Peyster, Major-General, N.G.N.Y.
Washington, George, Washington Irving's Life of. New York, 1855. 4 volumes.
John Marshall's Life of. Philadelphia, 1804. 5 volumes.
Washington's Writings. By Jared Sparks. Boston, 1837. 12 volumes. Watson, Richard, Anecdotes of the Life of.
Wheeler's History of North Carolina. Philadelphia, 1851.
Winsor's Narrative and Critical History. The War in the Southern De- partment. By Edward Channing.
Wraxall's Memoirs. London, 1818.
Year Book, City of Charleston. Hon. J. Adger Smyth. 1899.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
General Gates removed from command of Southern Department - General Nathanael Greene appointed in his place-Sketch of General Greene - His appointment solicited by the delegates in Congress of the Southern States - Greene leaves West Point for his new command - Receives his instructions from Washington - Arrives in Philadelphia - Unsuccessfully appeals to Congress for assistance - Obtains some help from Governor Reed of Pennsylvania - His department enlarged to in- clude Delaware and Maryland - Major Henry Lee promoted lieutenant- colonel and ordered to join him - Greene proceeds to the South - His staff - Cornwallis's position at Winnsboro- Leslie diverted from Virginia to reënforce him - Greene reaches Charlotte and assumes command - Finds Morgan in the field with an independent corps detailed by Gates - Organization of rest of Gates's army - Affair at Rugeley's Mills - Wash- ington captures the post- Number and condition of army found by Greene -Colonel Davie accepts the appointment as commissary general on his staff - Greene moves his army to Cheraw - His sanguine views in regard to the position - Leslie arrives at Charlestown with his command - Marion's activity meanwhile - Reports to Greene Leslie's arrival and march to Camden - Career of Major Dunlap - He raids Pickens's and McCall's plantations - Pickens, regarding himself released from the en- gagements of his parole, comes out and joins Morgan - The case of General Williamson - Washington attacks and defeats party of Loyalists at Hammond's Store, and Cuningham at Williamson's plantation on Little River.
CHAPTER II
Position of parties in the beginning of the year 1781 - Cornwallis sends Tarleton to look after Morgan and advances himself from Winns- boro to Turkey Creek, where Leslie joins him - Tarleton outmanœuvres Morgan on the Pacolet and forces him to fall back - Crosses the river
ix
X
CONTENTS
and pursues Morgan - Morgan halts at Cowpens and prepares to give battle - The force on each side - Morgan's position criticised, his justification of it condemned - His masterly disposition when forced to battle - His order of battle - Description of the battle -Tarleton utterly defeated.
CHAPTER III
Morgan's conduct to Sumter, the origin of the hostility of Greene to the latter - Jealousy between Continental and partisan leaders - Greene's unfortunate habit of letter-writing - Governor Rutledge sum- mons Sumter to meet Greene - Sumter hastens to obey, notwithstanding his wound - Their conference - Greene writes to Sumter, disparaging partisan warfare - Effect of letter considered - His own conduct incon- sistent therewith - His failure to recognize what had been accomplished by the volunteer bands - Case between Sumter and Morgan stated and considered - Greene's radical misconception of the partisan corps - No government to furnish a militia - Marion continues his successful raids on enemy's communication - Greene writes to him approving his partisan warfare - Lee's Legion arrives at Cheraw - Its composition - Marion's corps as now organized - Capture of Captain De Peyster by Cap- tain Postell - Colonel Peter Horry attacks and routes Tories under Gainey - Sergeant McDonald's gallant conduct - Marion, threatened by Hector McNeal from North Carolina, appeals to Greene for re- enforcements - Lee's Legion sent to his assistance - Major Anderson sent to attack Tories at Amie's Mills -Lee joins Marion and attacks Georgetown, garrison surprised, Colonel Campbell taken prisoner - Marion and Lee ultimately repulsed - Major Irvine of British army killed.
CHAPTER IV
Positions of the British and American forces when the battle of Cowpens was fought - Greene learns of the victory, but makes no movement - Morgan leaves Pickens to bury the dead and provide for the wounded - Advances across Cornwallis's front - Reaches Gilbertown - Hyrne relieves Pickens of care of prisoners - Sir Henry Clinton sends a corps under General Philips to take the place of Leslie's in Virginia - Leslie effects junction with Cornwallis, who begins his march northward - Greene informs Marion of victory at Cowpens - His ride across the country to join Morgan - Leaves Huger to follow with rest of army - Position at Cheraw proves not as satisfactory as Greene had supposed - British forces remaining in South Carolina - Question as to Lord
xi
CONTENTS
Rawdon's command - Question as to credit for movements in South Carolina after Greene left the State - Brilliant strokes of the Postells - Marion attacks Major McLeroth at Halfway Swamp - Pursues him - McLeroth halts and takes position - Marion proposes a combat between picked men from both sides - McLeroth accepts - Arrangements made -Parties about to engage when McLeroth calls in his and retreats - His object probably to gain time - Abandons his baggage and escapes Marion - Sumter, partially recovered from his wound, takes the field - Pickens operates in rear of Cornwallis - Sumter is joined by his partisan leaders, marches for Fort Granby - Attacks the place - Rawdon marches to its relief - Sumter writes to Marion, requesting a conference - Destroys British magazines in Rawdon's presence and retires - Attacks British post at Thomson's plantation - Attacks and captures wagon train and convoy - Lord Rawdon appears - Suinter retires with prize, which he loads on canoes on the Santee, but loses by the treachery of pilot - Attacks Fort Watson, but is repulsed - Retires to High Hills of Santee - Writes again to Marion, urging conference, but Marion does not come - Sumter retires to the Waxhaws- On his march he is at- tacked by British troops under Major Fraser - But is not impeded - Rawdon concerts movements to crush Marion - Watson fromn Nelson's Ferry and Doyle from Camden sent after him - Marion moves from Snow Island by rapid march, attacks Watson at Wiboo Swamp, and defeats him - Affair of Mud Lick on the Saluda - Roebuck and White defeat the British and Tories - Horry's rear guard fight at Mount Hope - Marion attacks Watson at Black River - Watson takes position at Blakeley's plantation - Is there besieged - Escapes to Georgetown - Marion pursues him - Doyle attacks Marion's guard at Snow Island and destroys his provisions - Returning from pursuit of Watson, Marion attacks and defeats Doyle at Witherspoon's Ferry - Watson, refreshed at Georgetown, again takes the field against Marion - Returning from pursuit of Doyle, Marion, hearing of the destruction of his stores and ammunition at Snow Island, determines to retire to North Carolina, but learns of the approach of Lee.
CHAPTER V
Pickens, now made brigader-general, rejoins Greene and is put in charge of operations in the rear of Cornwallis - Huger and Lee form junction with Greene and Morgan at Guilford Court-house - Greene retreats into Virginia, while Cornwallis moves to Hillsboro - Brilliant stroke of McCall under Pickens - Graham's part in it - Greene visits Pickens's camp, concerts combined movements of Pickens and Lee -
xii
CONTENTS
Pickens's movements - The Pyles affair - Pickens returns to South Carolina - The affair at Dutchman Creek - Pickens is joined by Colonel Clarke of Georgia and McCall - Attacks and defeats Dunlap at Beattie's Mill - Curious doubt as to Dunlap's life or death - William Harden, a new leader, now appears - Leaving Marion on Pee Dee, Harden crosses the country and takes position between Charlestown and Pocotaligo - Attempts to induce Colonel Hayne to take the field, but Hayne refuses - The facts of Hayne's case - Affairs at Barton's post - Affair with Fenwick - Harden attacks and takes Fort Balfour - In a week's operations in rear of Charlestown, fights four engagements and breaks up British communication.
CHAPTER VI
Summary of engagements and results effected by the volunteer partisan bands during Greene's absence from the State - But growing necessity for more regular organization - No civil government to provide a militia - Governor Rutledge, with dictatorial powers, still out of the State - His letters to Sumter, Marion, and Pickens - Sumter's ineffectual appeals to Marion for counsel and cooperation - Sumter writes to Marion upon subject for organization of State troops - Richard Hampton's letter to his brother John on same subject, giving details of plan - Scheme discussed - Its evils - Marion disapproves-Sumter and Pickens partly adopt it - But not successfully - Regiments raised - Wade Hampton takes the field - Tradition in regard to him - His case like that of Pickens, Hayne, and others in regard to their paroles - Its im- portance - The case of Captain Postell - Marion's conduct in regard thereto - His correspondence with Captain Saunders upon subject - His correspondence with Watson upon same - Balfour's letter to Watson - Marion, in retaliation for Postell's arrest, takes an officer sent by Saunders under a flag, but officer escapes - Postell held a prisoner to the end of the war.
CHAPTER VII
British rejoicing upon the news of victory at Guilford Court-house - Cruden's ball - Conduct of the Carolina women - Actual results of the battle disastrous to the British - Greene resumes the offensive-Wade Hampton arrives at Greene's headquarters with letter from Sumter - Question as to the credit of the idea of Greene's movement upon Raw- don at Camden - Two parties upon subject at Greene's headquarters - Greene reluctantly determines upon movement - Writes to Sumter, an-
xiii
CONTENTS
nouncing his purpose, and putting him in charge of cooperative move- ments in South Carolina - The charge that Sumter disclosed his purpose considered and answered -Greene, disregarding his letter to Sumter, sends Lee to Marion with special instruction - Sumter's letter to Greene, promising cordial cooperation, and saying how many men he expected to be able to furnish -Controversy upon this subject - No militia in South Carolina - Only partisan followers of Sumter, Marion, and Pickens - Sumter takes the field and sweeps the country from the Catawba to the Saluda - Marion, joined by Lee, abandons his retreat to North Carolina, turns upon Watson, who, hearing of Lee's junction with him, retreats to Georgetown - Marion proposes to follow Watson, but Lee dissuades him - Marion and Lee determine to take Fort Watson - They proceed to do so - Gallant defence by Lieutenant Mckay - Marion sends to Greene for piece of artillery - Meanwhile fort taken by means of Maham's device of a commanding log tower - Marion moves to High Hills of Santee - His movement brings on the battle of Hobkirk's Hill - Greene's flattering letter to Marion - His inconsistent letters to Washington and to Governor Reed - Sumter's subsequent denunciation of the letters in which Greene disparages the followers of Sumter and Marion.
CHAPTER VIII
Greene breaks up his camp at Ramsay's Mill and marches to South Carolina - Arrives before Camden - On road receives letter from Sumter, reporting his movements and condition of affairs - Replies to it, giving Sumter instructions - Writes twice again to Sumter, which letters fail to reach him -Sumter reports his movements in pursuance of his instruc- tions - Rawdon apprised of Greene's approach - Receives reinforcements of a body of Loyalists - An examination of the numbers of the two armies, British and American - Greene advances and takes post at Hobkirk's Hill -Sends piece of artillery to Marion - Movements to conceal his doing so- Colonel Carrington's mistake - Rawdon assumes the offensive - Marches out and attacks Greene-Question as to the surprise of Greene - Greene's dispositions for battle - Description of battle -Greene de- feated -Losses on both sides - Greene's disappointment - Loss of battle attributed to Colonel Gunby -Court of inquiry exculpates him of all but errors of judgment - Features of the battle considered - Greene writes long letter of complaint to Governor Reed of Pennsylvania -Complains that Sumter and Marion accomplish but little - The British, on the other hand, not elated by the victory - Balfour's letter to Clinton on the sub- ject.
xiv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IX
Greene orders Sumter to collect his forces and join him - Receiving letter from Marion of capture of Fort Watson, replies, directing him also to move up and join him - Sends similar order to Lee - Watson eludes Marion, Lee, and Sumter, and reaches Rawdon -Greene contemplates abandoning the State - Orders to Marion and Lee countermanded -Sum- ter criticised for not joining Lee-Greene's letter to Lee upon the subject, and Lee's reply condemning Sumter - Correspondence between Sumter and Greene, showing Greene's approval of Sumter's course-Sumter blamed for Watson's success in joining Rawdon - Charge considered - Anticipating an advance upon Rawdon's part, Greene falls back to Saw- ney's Creek - Rawdon advances, but finding Greene's position too strong, retires - Controversy as to Greene's purpose at this time to abandon the State- Davie's statement in regard to it - Greene's cipher letter to Lee - His letter to Washington - No inconsistency between Davie's state- ment and Greene's cipher letter to Lee- Different motives only attrib- uted - Mr. Lee's views as to the disastrous consequences had Greene carried out his purpose.
CHAPTER X
Lord Rawdon's disapproval of the post at Camden-Sumter and Marion had also perceived, and acted upon same -Lee entitled to credit of Greene's return to South Carolina, but not to the initiation of the movements against Rawdon's communication - Greene's disparagement of it- His personal reason therefor - Effect of these movements ap- preciated in England - Rawdon determines to abandon Camden - His measures therefor - He burns Camden and falls back - Unhappy fate of Loyalists who accompany him on his retreat - Brilliant successes of the partisan corps and Lee Legion - Sumter besieges Fort Motte and Fort Granby - Captures Orangeburg and its garrison -Sweeps across the country, removing horses and all means of transportation in Rawdon's way -Marion and Lee join in siege of Fort Motte -Story of the siege - Romantic incident of Mrs. Motte furnishing arrows to fire her house - The fort taken - Greene appears, orders Marion to Georgetown and Lee to Granby - Negotiates for surrender of fort - Lee receives capitulation of the post - Sumter indignant at the terms upon which he did so - Both Sumter and Marion tender their resignation because of Lee's conduct - Greene refuses to receive either-Greene's letter to Sumter - His im- proper correspondence with Lee.
XV
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XI
Balfour meets Rawdon at Nelson's Ferry, reporting the whole coun- try in revolt, and the dangerous condition of affairs-Results of Sum- ter's raid - For five days Rawdon could get no intelligence - Reports that Greene had passed the Congaree - Sumter urges an attack upon Rawdon by Greene with all his forces-Greene refuses - Case discussed - Greene turns aside to besiege Ninety Six - Ninety Six ordered to be evacuated - Greene's movements prevent it -Greene still contemplating giving up further prosecution of the war in South Carolina -- Harden's move- ments -Clarke and McCall proceed to Georgia to renew the war there - Both stricken with small-pox - McCall dies - Dreadful condition of the Georgia Whigs -Johnston and McKoy take position on the Savannah - Colonel Browne from Augusta sends to dislodge them - His detachment defeated - Browne moves against Harden - Affair at Wiggins's Hill - Harden retreats - Losses on both sides - Whigs wounded concealed - Tanner murdered - Wylley, a prisoner, turned over by Browne to Indians to be massacred - Tragic story of Rannal McKoy's execution, with others, by Browne - Pickens's movements since his return to South Carolina - Joined by the two Hammonds - Affair at Horner's Creek - Clarke re- covers and resumes the field - Marches to Augusta - Pickens operates between Augusta and Ninety Six - Affair at Walker's bridge, Brier Creek -Guard at Beech Island killed by detachment sent by Browne - Detach- ment on its return surprised and slaughtered - Greene sends Lee to pre- vent escape of garrison from Ninety Six - Lee attempts to surprise the garrison, but fails - Reports to Greene Colonel Cruger's purpose to hold Ninety Six- Hastens to Augusta-Clarke captures boats on the Savannah with British presents to Indians -Major Rudulph takes Fort Galphin with stores of clothing and ammunition - Augusta besieged by Pickens, Clarke, and Lee - Progress of the siege - Attack upon Fort Grierson - Grierson's whole party killed, wounded, or taken - Major Eaton of North Carolina killed - Grierson killed while a prisoner - A Maham tower built - Severe struggle ensues, with great loss on both sides -Browne's stratagem fails - Browne surrenders - Losses during the siege - Measures taken for Browne's protection - Pickens reports circumstances of Grierson's death to Greene - Prisoners taken marched to Ninety Six - Browne sent to Savannah - Mrs. McKoy's alleged interview with Browne - Pickens's effort to discover the murderers of Grierson-Colonel Lee marches with guns captured at Augusta to join in siege of Ninety Six - Pickens remains at Augusta to secure stores captured.
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