USA > South Carolina > The history of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1780-1783 > Part 59
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It is true that there were those of the State who sus-
731
IN THE REVOLUTION
tained and upheld General Greene in these, as in all other matters, for there were already the germs of the Federal party forming in the Continental line, soon to develop into the Cincinnati Society, and thence into that political organi- zation, and in the debates of Congress ten and twelve years later (1792-94), upon the question of the relief of Greene's estate from embarrassment, growing out of the Banks contracts, we shall find the delegates for South Carolina in the House of Representatives dividing upon that line, the Federalists, Robert Barnwell, Robert Goodloe Harper, and William Loughton Smith supporting the bills for relief, while the Republicans, Sumter, Hampton, and Winn oppose them. These votes, too, it will be observed, divide
also locally. The Low-County representatives uphold Greene's course, while those of the Up-Country condemn it. It will be further observed that it is Sumter and his old leaders in the field, Hampton and Winn, that in Con- gress resist the claims of Greene's estates as growing out of his own wrong; and so it was that the Republican or Democratic party in South Carolina gathered around Sumter and his leaders, as did the Federalists around the Continental officers. It is most interesting again to observe, if we shall look, that in the votes in the State Convention which subsequently adopted the Constitution of the United States, the same lines are generally followed. The Federalists, the members of the old Continental Congress, the original movers in the Revolution, the St. Augustine exiles, under the Rutledges, the Pinckneys, and Gadsden, who advocated its adoption, coming almost entirely from the Low-Country ; while the heroes from the Up-Country, Sumter and his old followers, Hill and Lacey, the three Hamptons (Wade, Richard, and John), Taylor, Brandon, Thomas, and Butler, were the Republicans who opposed the adoption of that instrument and carried with
732
HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
them fifty-two out of the seventy-three votes in the con- vention against its adoption. The vote was almost solidly the upper country under Sumter against the lower under the Continentals. General Greene's conduct, especially his course in regard to Sumter, had much, very much, to do with the formation of parties in the State.
It has been said that however true it is that individuals in South Carolina took an early and a noble stand against the oppressive measures of the British ministry, that though it is equally true that South Carolina was the first of the thirteen States to form an independent con- stitution, and that she overpaid her proportion of expendi- tures of the war in the sum of $1,205,978, that though it is also true that she sent some gallant Whigs to the field, and several wise ones to the council, that statistics show, nevertheless, that she failed far in furnishing men for the cause ; and that it will not do in answer to this charge to point to the many battle-fields in the State ; that the exact question is not where were the battle-grounds of the Revo- lution, but what was the portion of men each of the thir- teen States supplied for the contest ?1 We have taken occasion in a preceding volume to show how fallacious and impossible are the figures given in Knox's Report to Congress in 1790, upon the authority of which this criti- cism is based, especially as the same are amplified by the author who makes it. We have pointed out that, even in the case of South Carolina itself, the population could not have furnished the number of men she is credited with, still less a greater number; and we then asked the perti- nent question which we venture again to repeat, viz .: If so be that there were so many Americans in the field, where did they fight, and why did they not drive the British from the continent without waiting for the as-
1 The American Loyalists, by Lorenzo Sabine, 30, 31.
733
IN THE REVOLUTION
sistance of the French?1 But the question recurs: Is it true that South Carolina failed to furnish her portion of men to the cause of freedom and independence ? Is it or is it not a fact that, while her territory was the battle- field of the struggle during its last three years, her sons took but little part in the war that was waged upon her soil ? This charge, so grave, is not to be answered by indignant denial, however natural and true such denial might be. It must be answered, if it is to be effectively, by the record. But here her historians find themselves in difficulty. For, as we have had occasion so often be- fore to observe, the peculiarity of the condition of affairs in the State during this time precluded contemporaneous record of those who followed her partisan leaders. As there was no government in the State outside of the mili- tary rule of the British within the lines held for a time securely by them, there was no such thing as a militia in the American service until the reorganization of the government by Governor Rutledge in the fall of 1781. Hence there were no rolls. The men who did the fighting in South Carolina under Sumter, Marion, and Pickens were purely volunteers, partisan soldiers who came and went, and fought as the occasion demanded, without the prospect or hope of pay or reward. It is true that in years afterwards rolls were made upon which a grateful State issued pensions and rewards, and these rolls may yet be found among miscellaneous records which were saved when the capital of the State was burned in 1865, but which have not yet been arranged, and remain in a confused mass in a room in the State-House. But as from the very nature of the case there were no field re- turns made at the time of the severest fighting, there being no government to receive them, South Carolina never can
1 History of So. Ca. in the Revolution, 1775-80 (McCrady), 289-300.
734
HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
show by record the exact number of her sons who took part in the struggle, nor even approximately so. But this her historians can safely say, that, from the very nature of the warfare that existed in her borders, there were few men living who did not serve at one time or another upon one side or the other in the great contest. It was a time in which there was no such thing as neu- trality, nor place in which there was a spot for safety.
But while her historians cannot find militia rolls to swell the numbers of those who rendered services important or trifling as the case may be, they can point to the list of battles, actions, and engagements which took place in South Carolina, which, if analyzed, will answer most emphatically the question which has been asked.
From a carefully prepared Table, which appears as an appendix to this volume, it will be seen that there are re- corded one hundred and thirty-seven battles, actions, and en- gagements which took place in the State. Doubtless some of these were very small affairs, scarcely more than skir- mishes, but the list contains no smaller affairs than are to be found in the list of battles which took place in other States;1 it enumerates as but one the siege of Charlestown, which lasted fifty-three days, and included several bloody actions, and as but one each also the sieges of Forts Watson, Granby, and Ninety Six, each of which occupied several days in its operations. If we analyze this table we shall see that in the first two years of the war, 1775-76, there were nine
1 See Chronological List of Battles, Actions, etc., appended to Heitman's Historical Register of the Continental Army, 1775-1783. This list analyzed gives the number of battles in the respective States as follows: New York 90, South Carolina 54, New Jersey 34, Georgia 24, North Carolina 21, Massachusetts 15, Canada 15, Connecticut 14, Virginia 14, Rhode Island 5, Pennsylvania 3, Delaware 3, Indiana 3, Vermont 2, Maine 1, Florida 1, Kentucky 1, Chesapeake 1, Lake Ontario 1, Nova Scotia 1, elsewhere 3 - in all 312.
735
IN THE REVOLUTION
battles in South Carolina, - one, the great victory of Fort Moultrie, in which none but Carolinians, North and South, took part, nor any blood but that of South Carolina was shed. In the other eight none but South Carolinians fought for the American cause. For three years there were no military operations in South Carolina, but her Continentals were wasted in a fruitless expedition to Florida in 1778. In 1779, when the war turned south- ward, there were nine affairs in South Carolina, and in these none but her own Continentals and militia took part. In a preceding volume, we have shown that in 1780 there had been thirty-four engagements in the State, in eight of which Continental troops had taken part, and in the remaining twenty-six only partisan bands.1 To the twenty-six should be added two in the early affairs of Beckham's Old Field and Mobley Meeting-house (omitted in that list because of the want of any account of casualties in either of them on either side). In four of these partisan affairs, i.e. Gowen's Old Fort, Flat Rock, Hanging Rock, and Wahub's Plantation, North Carolinians only were engaged ; and in the battle of Camden there were no South Carolina troops present ; in nine other partisan conflicts there were men from the three States of North and South Carolina and Georgia ; in twenty-two there were none but South Caro- linians. From the advent of Greene to the end of the war, toi.e. during the years 1781-82, it will be seen by the table appended that there were eighty-three battles, etc., fought, and that in these the Continentals from other Southern States, under Greene alone, took part in nine; that South Carolinians took part with these Continentals in ten, and that they fought sixty-four without assistance from any one coming from beyond the borders of the State. To recapitulate, 1, then, of the one hundred and thirty-seven battles, actions,
1 History of So. Ca. in the Revolution, 1775-80 (McCrady), 850-853.
2
1
's d k 1,
736
HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
and engagements, between the British and Tories and Indians on the one hand, and the American Whigs on the other, which took place in South Carolina during the Revolution, one hundred and three were fought by South Carolinians alone, in twenty others South Carolinians took part with troops from other States, making in all one hundred and twenty-three battles in which South Carolin- ians fought, within the borders of their State, for the liber- ties of America; leaving but fourteen in which troops from other States fought within the same without her assistance. Besides the battles fought in their own State, South Carolinians fought twice at Savannah and twice at Augusta. They were with Howe when he was defeated by Colonel Campbell at Savannah in December, 1778, and bore a conspicuous part in the siege of that place by Lin- coln and D'Estaing in 1779. They took part with Clarke and McCall at the first siege of Augusta in 1780, and under Pickens and Lee in the second in 1781. They fought and pursued the Indians over the borders of North Carolina and Georgia. A few of them under Pickens and Lee were with Greene in his North Carolina campaign. Is not this a sufficient answer to the question as to the proportion of men which she furnished to the general cause ? Can any State show better?
The condition of affairs in South Carolina was without parallel in the history of the Revolution. No other State was so completely overrun by British forces. There was no part of her territory, from the mountains to the sea- board, which was not trod by hostile forces, no ford nor ferry that was not crossed by armed men in pursuit or retreat, no swamp that was not cover to lurking foes. No other State was so divided upon the questions at issue, and in none other did the men of both sides so generally par- ticipate in the struggle. In none other were Tory organi-
737
IN THE REVOLUTION
zations from other States so much used in connection with Royal troops to subdue American Whigs, thus attempting to carry out the British ministerial plan of overcoming Americans by Americans. While South Carolina received but little assistance from any State but North Carolina, and none from the North, her territory was garrisoned by Americans serving in the British army enlisted from Connecticut, from New York, from New Jersey, and from Pennsylvania. The British forces at King's Moun- tain and at Ninety Six were composed entirely of provin- cials raised in Northern States. Northern States furnished also several excellent Tory officers who operated with the British army in South Carolina. Among these were Lieu- tenant-Colonels Turnbull and Cruger and Major Sheridan of New York, Lieutenant-Colonel Allen of New Jersey, and two brilliant cavalry leaders from Massachusetts, Major John Coffin and Colonel Benjamin Thompson, after- wards Count Rumford. Pennsylvania, on the other hand, furnished the notorious Huck whose career was, however, soon ended. Connecticut sent the infamous Dunlap, and Maryland the robber Maxwell. In no other State was the civil government set up by the Revolutionists so completely overthrown, and the country so given over to anarchy. The citizens of no other State suffered exile for the American cause as did those from South Carolina at St. Augustine. In other States the militia was occasion- ally engaged in operations with the Continental forces, and sometimes, though rarely alone, in enterprises against the enemy. The complete overthrow of all civil govern- ment in South Carolina, rendering the employment of militia on either side within her borders impracticable, in their place partisan bands were organized by the Whigs, upon the nucleus of the old militia organizations, and, practically self-maintained for the last three years of the VOL. IV. - 3 B
738
HISTORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
war, again and again upheld the struggle while there was not a Continental soldier in the State. The names of Sumter, Marion, and Pickens stand out in the history and romance of the United States, occupying a peculiar and unique position. And yet, neither they nor their fol- lowers could, for the brilliant services they rendered, be admitted to the Cincinnati Society. In no other State was there so much fighting and bloodshed. No State contributed so liberally of her means to the common cause of her sister States, a cause which was not origi- nally hers ; no State, we venture to assert, furnished so many men in proportion to her population in the actual warfare which ensued, nor so few upon the pension rolls of the country after it was over. More than a hundred battle-fields dot the map of South Carolina and blazon the glorious struggle of her people.
We may be permitted, in conclusion, to quote again, as we have before done in a former volume, the tribute of the great American historian to the conduct of the people of South Carolina when practically abandoned by Congress and its army.
" Left mainly to her own resources," says Bancroft, " it was through the depths of wretchedness, that her sons were to bring her back to her place in the republic, after suffering more and daring more and achieving more than the men of any other State."
APPENDIX A
LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA LEGIS-
LATURE ELECTED IN 1781 UNDER GOVERNOR RUT- LEDGE'S PROCLAMATION,1 WHICH MET IN JACKSON- BOROUGH IN JANUARY, 1782. COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE JACKSONBOROUGH ASSEMBLY.
PARISHES OF ST. PHILIP AND ST. MICHAEL, CHARLESTOWN
Senators
Arthur Middleton and Col. Isaac Motte.
Representatives
Thomas Bee, Adænus Burke, Richard Beresford, John Blake, Edward Darrell, Nicholas Eveleigh, John Edwards, Thomas Grimball, Wm. Hasell Gibbes, John F. Grimké, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Jones, Henry Laurens, John Laurens, Will- iam Lee, Alexander Moultrie, Rich- ard Lushington, John Neufville, Jr., John Owen, Thomas Pinckney, Col. James Postell, John Ernest Poyas, Edward Rutledge, Davis Ramsay, Hugh Rutledge, Jacob Read, Thomas Savage, Daniel Stevens, Anthony Toomer, Charles Warham.
ST. ANDREW'S PARISH Senator
Col. William Scott.
Representatives
Peter Bocquet, Benjamin Cattell, Thomas O. Elliott, Richard Hutson, Solomon Milner, Jolin Rutledge.
PARISH OF ST. GEORGE, DORCHESTER Senator
Dr. David Oliphant.
Representatives
Edward Blake, Gen. Isaac Huger, John Mathews, Captain William Moultrie, Jr., Charles C. Pinckney, Daniel Stuart, Dr. Thomas Tudor Tucker, Thomas Waring.
PARISH OF ST. JAMES, GOOSE CREEK Senator
William Logan.
Representatives
John Baddeley, Alexander Brough- ton, Thomas Elliott (of Wappoo), George Flagg, Ralph Izard, William Johnson.
1 This list is taken from the diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., and so far as we Know such a list is not to be obtained elsewhere, as the journals of this legis- ature cannot now be found.
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1
f
it e g f
8
740
APPENDIX A
PARISH OF ST. JOHN'S, BERKELEY Senator
Gen. Francis Marion.
Representatives
Alexander Broughton, John Cor- des, Gabriel Gignilliat, Richard Gough, Thomas Giles, John Frier- son.
PARISH OF ST. JAMES, SANTEE
Senator
Richard Withers.
Representatives
Henry Hughes, Mark Huggins, Joseph Legare, Lewis Miles, Alex- ander McGregor, Anthony Simons.
CHRIST CHURCH PARISH
Senator
Arnoldus Vander Horst.
Representatives
John Berwick, Clement Brown, John Sandford Dart, William Scott, Jr., John Vander Horst, James Van- der Horst.
PARISH OF ST. THOMAS AND ST. DENIS
Senator
Isaac Harleston.
Representatives
Joseph Fogartie, Hopson Pinck- ney, Thomas Shubrick, Benjamin Simons, Robert Quash, Edward Weyman.
ST. STEPHEN'S PARISH
Senator
Joseph Palmer.
Representatives
Col. Hezekiah Maham, Thomas Cooper, John Palmer, Peter Sinkler, James Sinkler, Benjamin Walker.
ST. PAUL'S PARISH Senator
Joseph Bee.
Representatives
Thomas Bee, Thomas Ferguson, George Livingston, Christopher Pe- ters, Joseph Slann, Morton Wilkin- son.
ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S PARISH
Senator
John Lloyd.
Representatives
Joseph Glover, Sr., Edmund Hyrne, James Postell, Jr., Richard Singleton, William Skirving, John Ward.
PRINCE WILLIAM'S PARISH
Senator
Col. William Harden.
Representatives
Major William Davis, Dr. Aaron Gillet, Thomas Hutson, John Mc- Pherson, Capt. Andrew Postell, James Smith.
PARISH OF ST. HELENA
Senator
Benjamin Guerard.
Representatives
Pierce Butler, Glen Drayton, Jacob Guerard, Thomas Heyward, John Kean, Charles C. Pinckney.
741
APPENDIX A
ST. PETER'S PARISH Senator
Cornelius Dupont.
Representatives
Thomas Cater, Charles Dupont, James Moore, John Moore, William Stafford, Col. James Thompson.
PARISHES OF PRINCE GEORGE AND ALL SAINTS Senator
Col. Hugh Horry.
PRINCE GEORGE Representatives
Gen. Christopher Gadsden, Col. Peter Horry, Major William Beni- son, Capt. Thomas Mitchell.
ALL SAINTS
Representatives
William Alston, Nathaniel Dwight.
PRINCE FREDERICK'S PARISH Senator
Samuel Smith.
Representatives
Major John Baxter, Major John James, Capt. William McCottry, Capt. John McCauley, Col. James Postell, Thomas Potter.
ST. DAVID'S PARISH
Senator
William Thomas.
Representatives
Col. Lemuel Benton, Capt. Dewitt, Capt. Pledger, William Pegues, Capt. Pegues, Major Thomas.
PARISHES OF ST. MATTHEW AND ORANGE
Senator
Col. William Thomson.
Representatives
Henry Felder, William Mydelton, William Reid, Richard A. Rapley, John A. Truetlin.
SAXE GOTHA ELECTION DISTRICT Senator
William Arthur.
Representatives
Col. Jonas Beard, Joseph Culpep- per, Uriah Goodwyn, Wade Hamp- ton, Richard Hampton, Dr. Jacob Richmond.
DISTRICT BETWEEN BROAD AND CATAWBA RIVERS
Senator
Col. Thomas Taylor.
Representatives
Major Adair, Col. Hunter, Joseph Kirkland, William Kirkland, Major Lyle, Col. Edward Lacey, Major Miles, Major Pearson, William Reeves, Col. Richard Winn.
UPPER OR SPARTAN DISTRICT BE- TWEEN BROAD AND SALUDA RIVERS
Senator
Simon Berwick.
Representatives
Col. William Henderson, Col. Thomas Brandon, Samuel McJun- kin, Col. John Thomas, Jr.
1
ard
742
APPENDIX A
LITTLE RIVER DISTRICT BETWEEN BROAD AND SALUDA RIVERS Senator
Col. Levi Casey.
Representatives
Benjamin Kilgore, - Montgom- ery, Dr. Ross, Capt. Wild.
LOWER DISTRICT BETWEEN BROAD AND SALUDA RIVERS Senator
Major Gordon.
Representatives
David Glynn, Michael Leitner, George Roof, Philemon Waters.
NINETY SIX ELECTION DISTRICT Senator
John Lewis Gervais.
Representatives
Robert Anderson, Patrick Cal- houn, John Ewing Colhoun, Le Roy Hammond, James Moore, Hugh Middleton, John Murray, Gen. An- drew Pickens, Arthur Simkins.
CAMDEN ELECTION DISTRICT
Senator
General Thomas Sumter.
Representatives
James Bradley, Samuel Dunlap, Wood Furman, Capt. Gordon, John Gamble, Col. John James, Joseph Kershaw, Joseph Lee, Richard Richardson, William Welch.
NEW ACQUISITION Senator
Col. Watson.
Representatives
John Fergus, William Hill, Joseph Howe, William Howe, David Linch, John McCaw, Joseph Mckinney, John Moffat, John Patton, Frame Wood.
DISTRICT BETWEEN THE EDISTO AND SAVANNAH RIVERS
Senator
Stephen Smith.
Representatives
John Collins, William Dunbar, Robert Lusk, John Parkinson, Wil- liam Robison, George Robison.
There was no election in the par- ish of St. John's, Colleton, as the islands composing that parish were in the hands of the enemy.
APPENDIX B
TABLE OF BATTLES, ACTIONS, AND ENGAGEMENTS WI
AMERICAN
Battle or Action, etc.
Place (What is now)
Date
Commander
Force
Killed
Wounded
Killed and
Wounded
Missing Prisoners
1 Naval battle
Charleston Har- 11 & 12 Nov. Simon Tufts 1775
bor Abbeville Co.
19 & 21 Nov. 1775
Williamson
562
1
12
13
3 Great Cane Brake
Anderson Co. Anderson Co.
22 Dec. 1775 26 June 1776
Thomson McCall
1300
1
1
gh b.chi
4 Cherokee Indian Town
5 Fort Moultrie
Charlest'n Harb'r 28 June 1776
Moultrie Downes
6522 150
33
63
96
Laurens Co.
15 July 1776
1 Ang. 1776 8 Aug. 1776
Williamson Williamson Williamson
330 640
3
14
17
8 Oconore
Anderson Co. Oconee Co. Oconee Co. Beaufort Co.
11 Aug. 1776
12 Feb. 1779
Moultrie
300
8
22 16
11 Cherokee Ford, Sa- vannah River
12 Coosawhatchie
Beaufort Co. Charleston Co.
3 May 1779 11 to 13 May 1779
Laurens Moultrie
350 2500
14 Stono
Charleston Co.
20 June 1779 June 1779
Lincoln Pyne
1000
50
115
165
and nd
lick
16 Mathews's Planta- tion (Stono)
Charleston Co.
June 1779
Mathews
17 Capture of seven Charleston Co.
June 1779
Hall & Tryon
British vessels
Charleston Co.
June 1779
Frisby
50
17 10
4
21
20 Pon Pon
Colleton Co. Colleton Co. Charleston Co. Berkeley Co.
18 Mar. 1780 20 Mar. 1780 27 Mar. 1780 12 Apr. 1780 Mar., Apr., May 1780 18 May 1780 May 1780 May 1780
White McLure
300 30
10
25
35
25 Beckham's Old Field Chester Co.
26 Mobley's Meeting- house Buford's Massacre
Lancaster Co. York Co.
29 May 1780 12 July 1780
Buford Bratton
350 113 150 263 260 1
28 Williamson's Planta- tion 29 Brandon's Camp 30 Stallions
Union Co. York Co.
July 1780 July 1780
Brandon Brandon
70
50
1
chi chỉ ch ch
Lver
10 Beaufort
Abbeville Co.
14 Feb. 1779
Anderson
st
€ son
on on
on
22 Monck's Corner
100
15 89 169
18 33 258
568
on
24 Lenud's Ferry
Berkeley Co.
Fairfield Co.
Bratton
27
21 Rantowle's
Ladson Washington Washington
Huger Lincoln
640
6
17
23 30
13 Charlestown (Pré- vost)
15 Galley fight, Stono Charleston Co. River
6
744
OK
Commander
ubor
70
2 Ninety Six
6 Lyndley's Fort, Ray- burn's Creek
7 Essenecca
Tomassy
33
4
18 Schooner Rattle- snake (Stono) 19 Salkehatchie
23 Siege of Charlestown Charleston Co.
APPENDIX B
K PLACE IN SOUTH CAROLINA DURING THE REVOLUTION
BRITISH, TORY, OR INDIAN
Commander
Prisonera
Force
Killed
Wounded
Killed and
Wounded
Missing
Prisoners
Aggregate
Loss
borough
130 shots fired ; no casualties
son
1890
20
20
Ninety Six besieged by Tories ; siege raised
yham, P. chief
5
130
135
Tories defeated
1
2800 190
2
13
chief chief
1
3
4
4
chief er
200
13
7
1
t
2400
45
45
500
26
103
129
129
One of the hardest-fought battles of the war No account of British loss
k
60
British loss, captain and greater part of men
2
Washington and Tarleton first appear
n
7
7
n
150 13000
78
189
2 267
20
287
150 200
2
2
Americans dispersed
( No account of casualties. First uprising of the people
700 115
5 35
14 50
19 85
19 85
2
4
6
29
34
First complete American victory
chief
200
200 15
Several Indians killed See Drayton's Memoirs, vol. II, 345-351
Sce McCall's Hist. of Georgia, 196, 197
No account of British loss Prévost lays siege to Charleston
An affair in which most of Beaufort com- pany were killed or wounded No account of casualties
lon
2
n
2
Americans surprised and routed Charleston besieged and taken
n
- Tories routed on both occasions Buford's Virginia regiment destroyed Huck defeated and slain
Brandon's party routed Tories defeated
745
d
16
16 20 100
746
APPENDIX B
AMERICAN
Battle or Action, etc.
Place (What is now)
Date
Commander
Force
Killed
Wounded
Killed and
Wounded
Missing
Prisoners
31 Cedar Springs 32 Gowen's Old Fort
Spartanburg Co. Spartanburg Co.
13 July 1780 13 & 14 July 1780
Thomas Jones
Hampton, Ed. Davie
52 80
8 1
130 3
38 4 6
35 Thicketty Fort
Spartanburg Co. Kershaw Co. Spartanburg Co. Darlington Co. Lancaster Co.
16 July 1780 20 July 1780 30 July 1780 1 Aug. 1780
Gillespie
Sumter
Davie
380 80 300
100
40 Old Iron Works or 2d Cedar Springs
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