History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 140

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992

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The Friends' Almshouse has no story of romance or

1 Westcott, Historic Mansions, pages 99, 100.

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CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS.

interest connected with its history. The Quakers generally were thrifty, and were sufficiently econom- ical in saving to be beyond the necessity of a resort to the almshouse to be supported at the expense of the society. There were in the yard three or four cottages, small square buildings, which were inhabited in the present century by old women, some of whom made a little money by the cultivation of roots and herbs in the garden. About 1830 there was a watch- maker who occupied the room in the first story ad- joining the main entrance on the west. A few pinch- beck and silver watches hung on wires which crossed the front window gave some intimation of the work that might be done within.

The plan of the almshouse building on the inside merely showed what were, although apparently in one building, six separate and small houses in a row, the door of entrance of each being from the yard, and the block being divided on the first story by the central doorway and entrance from the street to the garden. The two dwellings on each side of either end may be described in appearance from the garden as a one- story house with a garret-room, or a garret divided into two rooms. The central building was sufficiently high to be divided into two two-story dwelling-houses with garrets. The cottages in the yard of the alms- house were small one-story brick buildings with an overhanging roof and loft, in which a garret was ac- commodated with a dormer-window. The chimneys were narrow and tall, almost too big in appearance for the houses. Although the Society of Friends had equitable title to this property in 1702, they did not get legal possession of it by deed for many years afterward. In the mean while they had occupied it, built upon it, and in all respects treated it as their own. In 1714 the executors of John Martin made a declaration that they held the lots on Walnut Street for the use of the Society of Friends, " for the habi- tation and succor of such and so many poor and unfortunate persons of the people called Quakers as the members of the Monthly Meeting at Philadelphia should nominate and appoint, and for want of snch poor to inhabit such premises that the said messuage or messuages, or such part or parts thereof happening to be vacant, should be let and rented to others, and that the rent and profits thereof, as well as the sur- plusage of said estate, should be applied for the relief and maintenance of the poor of the said people called Quakers, in such manner as the said Monthly Meeting

John Morris in trust for the nse of the Society of Friends. From these trustees the title is traceable all the way down. In regard to the tenancy of this building, it could never have been very large. The little cottage houses would have been overcrowded by four persons each, and in modern times rarely con- tained more than two. The six tenements of the front building often could not have had more than from two to three occupants each.

This old almshouse, with its queer architecture, was a peculiar building among the grander edifices of the city for one hundred and twelve years. It was torn down in 1841, and upon the ground and some space adjoining in the almshouse yard was built a large, broad, three- or four-story brick building, suit- able for offices for brokers and others, the rents of which were considerable. One or two cottage-houses remained in the yard, in which a few old women lin- gered long after business entrenched itself all round them. At length they had to go, and in 1876 the cot- tages were torn down, and right through the centre of the lot, with arched entrance from Walnut Street, was pushed a long court or alley extending to Wil- ling's Alley, and built up on each side with a row of two-story brick buildings, intended to be used for offices, the passage being called Walnut Place. This disposition of the property was not to the injury of the poor people in whose welfare John Martin, the tailor, was interested one hundred and fifty years be- fore. The revenues from this property must be very considerable, and it may be taken for granted that they are administered with prudence by members of the society for the benefit of their poor, not, however, by the stigma which residents in an almshouse may seem to authorize in vulgar minds. A better and less objectionable method has been adopted. The poor of the Society of Friends do not live in communities any more. They are placed in respectable families as boarders, and the poverty of their condition is not exposed. When John Martin originated the idea of the almshouse there was no such intention of charity as this ; but the diversion of the fund in the method now adopted is worthy of the spirit of the age, and not beyond what it might be supposed the founder of the Friends' Almshouse intended, and would have directed, if he could have foreseen the vast changes that were to take place in manners and methods of living.

Magdalen Society .- After the establishment of should order and direct." This declaration of trust ' the Quaker Almshouse many years rolled by before was made to William Hudson, John Warder, and any step was taken toward the establishment of any private institution in the shape of an asylum or home. The first instance was the establishment of the Mag- dalen Society for the reformation of fallen women. It was founded in 1799, "to aid in restoring to the paths of virtue women who have been robbed of their innocence, and are desirons of returning to a life of rectitude." Bishop William White, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was the first president of this so- Anthony Morris, Jr., and they held it as trustees. The legal title seems to have been vested, in 1751, by Rebecca James, who was the surviving child and heir of Thomas Chalkley, who was at the time of his death surviving executor of John Martin. Abel James, her husband, joined with her in the deed which was made to Edward Cathrall, John Reynell, John Armit, Israel Pemberton, John Smith, John Emlen, and I

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ciety. In 1802 the society was incorporated. Presi- dent, Rt. Rev. William White; Vice-President, Robert Wharton ; Secretary, Samuel Howell; Treasurer, John Evans; Standing Committee, Robert Ralston, Thomas Atmore, John Letchworth, Robert Wharton, Jesse Cluer, and William T. Donaldson. The society bought ground at the northeast corner of Schuylkill Second Twenty-first] and Race Streets, extending down Race Street toward Schuylkill Third [ Twen- tieth ] a considerable distance, and northward half way to Vine Street. Here was erected a house of moderate dimensions, which, in 1810, could accom- modate ten or twelve women. At a later period a broad and imposing four-story brick building was erected in front. High brick walls on all sides shut out the inmates from sight of the world, and if refor- mation is an effect of solitude the building and grounds are well suited to effect the purpose.

Officers for 1882 .- President, William Purves; Vice-President, Henry D. Sherrerd; Secretary, Andrew H. Miller; Treasurer, Richard Cad- bury : Managers, Henry D. Sherrerd, Thomas A. Robinson, Colson Hies- kell, Richard Cadbury, S. Weir Lewis, Andrew H. Miller, Samuel B. Huey, Asa S. Wing ; Physicians, Dr. James J. Levick, Dr. Edward W. Watson ; Matron, Mrs. E. T. Freeberger.

The Rosine Association, a society for the same purposes as the Magdalen Society, was established about 1847, the object being " to rescue from vice and degradation that class of women who have forfeited their claims to the respect of the virtuous." The so- ciety was incorporated April 10, 1848, and established a house on Eighth Street, above Wood, and subse- quently at No. 3216 Germantown Avenue, below the Rising Sun Lane.

Officers .- President, Mra. I. Newton Peirce ; Vice-President, Mrs, Har- riet Gaw ; Treasurer, Elizabeth Diament ; Secretary, Violetta Warbasse; Corresponding Secretary, Harriet S. French, M.D. ; Managers, Mary A. Kintzle, Sarah C. Walker, Sarah B. Brotherton, Rebecca Hampton, Jo- anna Hatten, Elizabeth C. M. Boyd, Mrs. Joseph G. Ditman, Mrs. George A. Smith, Mrs. C. S. Baker, Mrs. Hettie Savage ; Physician, Anna M. Marshall; Solicitor, Harry C. Hawkins.

The Orphans' Society,-On the 20th of March, 1814, ladies connected with the Second Presbyterian Church, at Third and Arch Streets, resolved, at a meeting held by them, to establish an asylum for the care and education of orphan children. Their meas- ures were so well taken that they were able to estab- lish and open a home on the 3d of March, 1815. Ap- plication made to the Legislature was followed by a charter for " The Orphans' Society of Philadelphia." Women only were members. They were admitted on payment of two dollars per year, or thirty dollars for life membership. The First Directress was Sarah Ralston ; Second Directress, Julia Rush ; Secretary, Maria Dorsey ; Treasurer, Mary Yorke.1

Upon the lot at the northeast corner of Cherry and Schuylkill Fifth [ Eighteenth] Street, a broad two- story briek building, with a handsome doorway, was erected. The institution was conducted successfully,

with benefit to the young and satisfaction to the ladies who were interested in the society. But, on the 24th of January, 1822, a terrible disaster occurred. A fire broke out at an early morning hour, at a time when the weather was intensely cold. Schuylkill Fifth and Cherry Streets were at that time far out of town, and a fire there was not certain of being imme- diately noticed, nor made the subject of an alarm. The engine and hose companies were slow in coming on the ground, and they were sparsely manned. Fire- plugs were few, and most of them frozen, and there was every facility for the spread of the flames. There were ninety orphan children in the asylum at the time; sixty-seven of them were rescued, but twenty- three were unable to escape, and were burned to death. Those who were saved were received in the Widows' Asylum adjoining. Before night of the day on which this occurred plentiful donations of bedding, cover- ing, and clothes, with food, made the frightened little creatures comfortable. The cause of the fire was determined to be the catching of the woodwork of a floor by the defective manner in which a boiler was placed upon the masonry which supported it. The building was totally destroyed. The firemen could do but little to save it. Their hose burst from the effects of the cold. The chambers and valves of their engines were filled with ice, and those machines would not work. The best they could do was to try and save the lives of the children, several of whom were rescued by their undaunted courage. A few days after the fire a house ou Market Street, west of Broad, was prepared for the reception of the orphans, and the family was removed there. Much sympathy was felt by citizens and the people of the country in consequence of this terrible calamity, and assistance came forward with alacrity. The State of Pennsylva- nia appropriated five thousand dollars to the Orphans' Society toward the expense of constructing a new build- ing. Private contributions came forward liberally, and amounted to twenty-seven thousand nine hundred and seventy-eight dollars. Encouraged by this, prepara- tions were made to rebuilt the asylum. William Strickland prepared a plan. The new building dif- fered somewhat from that first erected, more particu- larly as to the style of the doorway and entrances. It was at the northeast corner of Schuylkill Fifth [Eighteenth] and Cherry Streets, and had a front to the west. The size was fifty-three by one hundred feet. There was a basement, principal and attic stories, substantially built, and of good materials. The basement was arched throughout, rendering the first and second floors completely fire-proof. The stairs were of stone from the foundation to the bed- room floor. All the rooms in the attic story had im- mediate communication with the large hall and stairs, thereby affording the utmost safety to the numerous tenants. The building was calculated to accommo- date a family of two hundred persons. The cost, in- cluding stable, water-cistern, and the introduction

1 Sve vol. i. pp. 584, 585.

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of the Schuylkill water, was twenty-five thousand dollars. This institution continued in operation after the reconstruction for nearly fifty years. About 1871 it was found that the ground had become so valuable, and the invasion of the city buildings all round the institution was so pressing, that the situation of the | asylum was no longer desirable. It was determined to sell the property. This was done in 1872, and a row of greenstone front dwelling-houses, extending from Cherry Street to Race, was erected on the site. The managers of the society bought a fine elevated - piece of ground, on Sixty-fourth Street, near Haver- ford Avenue, in the western part of the city, where a large building was erected in a prominent position and commanding a handsome landscape view.

Officers .- Firet Directress, Mrs. Alexander Biddle ; Second Directress, Miss E. Fisher ; Treasurer, Mrs. William S. Blight; Secretary, Miss M. Tilghman: Admitting Committee, Miss M. Tilghman and Miss Otto; Binding Committee, Miss Otto and Miss E. Perot.

The Association for the Care of Colored Orphans was founded in 1822 by the Society of Friends. It occupied a building on the east side of Thirteenth Street, above Callowhill, which in later years was known as Brotherly Love Hall. In the year 1837, during the abolition riots following the opening of Pennsylvania Hall, the Shelter for Colored Orphans, as it was then called, was attacked by a mob, and only saved from destruction by the gallant efforts of fire- men, who had been summoned to the scene. The in- | stitution was removed to a brick building at the corner of Forty-fourth Street and Haverford road. Children are admitted from eighteen months to eight years of age, and are chiefly indentured in the country.

The Home for Destitute Colored Children was founded about 1853, and incorporated April 11, 1856. It is situated on the Darby road, near Forty-sixth Street. The object of tbis institution is to afford a home for destitute colored children of our own and neighboring counties, giving them the rudiments of a simple education, and training them to habits of order and industry. At a suitable age they are indentured to respectable families, in the country, if possible. The children of those who are earning their living at domestic service are also sometimes admitted at a moderate weekly charge.

Officers .- Trustees, Dillwyn Parrish, Samuel Jeanes, Henry M. Laing, Calvin Taggart, Eli Dillin, Joseph Powell, Joseph Bacon, Passmore Wil- liamson, Thomas Garrigues, Lewis D. Vail, Joseph C. Turnpenny, G. W. Montgomery, Nathan W. Ellis, William Still, Abram W. Haiues; Treas- nrer, Hemy M. Laing President, Hullah Justice ; Vice-Presidents, Mar- tha Dodgson and Mary T. Ivine ; Recording Secretary, Emily B. Smyth ; Corresponding Secretary, Matilda Garrigues; Treasurer, Martha G. Mc- Ilvain ; Managers, Hnldah Justice, Martha Hodgson, Mary T. Evans, Emily B. Smyth, Matilda Garrigues, Martha G. Mellvain, Mary Jeanes, Lydia S. Johnson, Susan E. Dubois, Sarah K. Taggart, Martha B. Cham- bers, Abby A. Longstreth, Elizabeth B Parrish, Asenath (. Moore, Anna E. Atkinson, Mary T. Gawthrop, Sarah L. Ibudines, Sarah A. Atkinson, Lydia T. Hallowell, Mary P. Chambers, Hannah H. Woodnut, Sarah M. Carver, Ruth A. Pierce, Mary F. Wise ; Physician, Honry B. Rockwell, M.D. ; Counselors, Charles Gibbons and Lewis D. Vail.

The Foster Home Association was chartered Jan. 14, 1839, " to extend aid to respectable widowed par-

ents who from adversity are obliged to part with their children for a time, but desire to have them finally restored." This institution for several years occupied the Preston Retreat, at Twentieth and Hamilton Streets, built for another purpose. In 1866 the Pres- ton estate, having recovered from the financial mis- fortunes which prevented the opening of the building for the purpose for which it was built, took possession of it for the object originally intended. The Foster Home Association erected a fine building at the south- west corner of Twenty-fourth and Poplar Streets, where it has since been established.

The Southern Home for Destitute Children, for- merly the Union School and Children's Home, south- east corner of Twelfth and Fitzwater Streets, was the first of its kind in Philadelphia. It was organized in the lecture-room of the Chinese Museum building, June 21, 1841, and incorporated in 1851. Its object is to provide a home, food, clothing, and schooling for destitute orphan children, and for such other poor children as may be neglected or deserted by their parents.

Over three thousand children have been fed, clothed, and taught within its walls, while hundreds have been placed in comfortable homes, to be trained to habits of industry and usefulness. The institution depends entirely upon voluntary contributions for its support.

Officers .- President, Mr. Richard G. Stotesbury; Secretary, Mr. S. | Weir Lewis; Treasurer, Mrs. John M. Maris ; Board of Trustees, Dr. J. H. Hutchinson, Richard G. Stotesbury, Caleb J. Milue, I. V. Williamson, J. Sergsant Price, A. Boyd Cummings, S. Weir Lewis, Henry Petit, Charles P. Perot, Samuel A. Crozer. Board of Managers,-President, Mrs. W. M. Singerly; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. R. G. Stotesbury, Mrs. J. Lennig, Mrs. J. C. Milne; Recording Secretary. Mrs. S A. Crozer; Correspond- ing Secretary, Mrs. C. P. Perot ; Mrs. Beaton Smith, Mrs. II. S. Hopper, Mrs. E. M. Buehler, Mrs. S. Weir Lewis, Mrs. J. Maris, Miss M. D. Allen, Mrs. G. Knowles, Mrs. Randolph Wood, Miss Lizzie Esherick, Miss Ann Brooke, Mrs. William Hill, Mrs. Marie Symes, Miss Fannie Porter, Mrs. E. L. Linnard, Miss Anna Ellison, Mrs. O. H. Tiffany, Mrs. L. Gerhard, Mre. J. William Lewis; Physicians, Dr. Samuel F. Hazlehurst, Dr. J. W. O'Neill, Dr. R. H. Wharton, Dr. J. B. Dever; Matron, Mrs. Garrett ; Assistant Matron, Miss James ; Teacher, Mrs. Zimmerling.

The Union Temporary Home for Children, No. 1525 Poplar Street, was organized in 1855. It was chartered in February, 1857, and opened in a large double house situate as above stated. There are ac- commodations for about fifty children. There are grounds on the west extending to Sixteenth Street, and along the latter northward to a small street.

The Industrial Home for Girls was incorporated in 1859, and at first occupied a house on Twelfth Street, below Pine, but in 1859 removed to Twelfth Street, below Spruce. The home is now situated at No. 726 South Tenth Street. The design of this in- stitution is to afford a home, provide clothing, and furnish schooling and instruction in the arts of house . wifery and sewing for poor orphan girl-, or such girls as may be neglected or deserted by their parents, the said children having in all cases attained the age of twelve years before admission | unless where it may be desirable, in the discretion of the managers, to

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HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.

receive girls at a younger age in order to avoid the separation of children of the same family). No ser- vants are employed. The inmates do all the work, and thereby obtain a practical knowledge of house- work. The institution depends entirely upon volun- tary contributions for support.

Oficers,-President, Samuel C. Perkins ; Vice-President, H. Y. Evans, M.D .; Secretary, James T. Shinn ; Treasurer, Robert N. Willson ; Board of Trustees, Samuel C. Perkins, Elliston L. Perot, Robert England, Levi Koowles, H. Y. Evans, M.D , James T. Shinn, Robert N. Willson, Joseph K. Wheeler ; and ex officio the following Board of Managers : President, Mrs. J. C. Pechin ; Vice-President, Mra S. C. Perkins, Recording Secre- tary, Mrs. $ Dickson ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss S. K. Neill ; Sub- Treasurer, Mrs. James T. Shinn ; Miss E. W. Lewis, Miss A. M. Stocker, Miss Elizabeth N. Brown, Mrs. George Whitney, Mrs. John E. Cope, Miss E. J. P. Shields, Mrs. Charles P. Turner, Mrs. John Wanamaker, Mrs. S. R. Shipley, Mrs. James Lesley, Mrs. Edward Walo, Jr., Miss A. E. Clarke, Mis. R. N. Willson, Miss Mary Wm. Perot, Miss E. A. Bliss, Miss M. B. Irwin, Miss S. Carr; Physicians, Dr. Elliott Richardson and Dr. Houston Mifflia ; Consulting Physician, Dr. H. Y. Evans ; Matron, Miss Anna R .. Stafford ; Teacher, Mrs. Adeline D. West; Assistant Matron, Mrs. Sarah E. McDowell.

The Northern Home for Friendless Children was chartered Jan. 25, 1854. Mrs. E. E. Hutter and other ladies were prominent in originating this charity. They succeeded iu obtaining a lot of ground extending from Twenty-second to Twenty- third Streets, and from Brown to Parrish Streets. The object was to receive and befriend "destitute and neglected children, ignorant or forsaken, little boys or girls under twelve years of age." It was not necessary that they should be orphans. Here, in 1855, was erected a very large and imposing building, sufficient to accommodate a considerable number of children. In later years, after the war of the Rebel- lion had commenced, a large adjoining building on Twenty-third and Parrish Streets was erected. Here was maintained the Soldiers' Orphans' Institute, the inmates being supported by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Oficers .- Board of Trustees, MacGregor J. Mitcheson (president), James J. Barclay, Charles E. Haven (vice-presidents), James L. Clag- horn (treasurer), Smith Bowen (secretary), Theodore Earp (assistant secretary ), Rev. William M. Baum, D.D., Samuel Bangb, C. Eugene Claghorn, Charles O. Baird, S. Weir Lewis, William Bucknell, A. V. Murphey, Charles H. Hutchinson, Andrew H. Miller; Solicitors, M. J. Mitchesoa and J. J. Barclay ; Physicians, H. Leamaa, M.D., Jacob Roberts, M. D., Charles Baum, M D., Charles M. Seltzer, M.D., George Y. McCracken, M.D. ; Consulting Physicians, D. Ilayes Agnew, M.D .. R. J. Levis, M D., S. D. Gloninger, M.D., W. W. Welsh, M D .; Dentists, W. Gorgas, Joseph R. C. Ward. Officers of the Sunday-school, Hartman Baker, superintendent ; Professor J. B. Umstead, assistant superintend- ent; William A. Johns, secretary and treasurer ; Abner Davisand Walter Smack, librarians : Superintendents of Infant Department, Miss Maggie Walk, Miss Mary Ann Shay. Board of Managers, Mrs. E. E. Hatter (president), Mrs. J. Wiegand, Mrs. J. B. Heyl (vice-presidents), Mis W. J. Chaplain (recording secretary), Mis. Caroline Yarrow ( corresponding secretary), Miss Lunise E. Claghora (treasurer), Mrs. William M. Sio- gerly, Mrs A. Emerick, Mrs. T Trewendt, Mrs. W. H. Kemble, Mrs. Walter Baird, Mrs. William Bucknell, Mis. R. D. Harper, Mrs. J. Lewis, Mrs. Charles B. Baeder, Mrs. Hamilton Disston, Miss Sallie Horn, Miss Laura Merrick, Mrs. Alfred Cookman, Mre. Ilenry Disston, Mrs. W. A. Johns, Mrs. Matthew Baird, Miss Anna M. Grove, Miss Louise E. Clag- hora, Mrs. George I. Young, Mrs. J. R. Claghorn. Superintendents of Northein Ilome, A. G. Huber and Miss Maggie M. Walk ; Matron, Martha Hood; Teachers of Northern Home, Miss Elizabeth Stagg and Miss Jenaie fartin. Superintendents of Soldiera' Orphans' lostitute, A. G. Hober, Mrs. Jennie Ilarshberger ; Matron Miss Emma McFarland.

Boys' Department, Professor P. J. Umstead (principal), Miss Mary Um- stead, Miss Jennie Hartin ; Secondary School, Miss Lizzie S. Ogden. Girl'a Department, Miss Rachel La Rue (principal), Miss Mary Ann Shay, Miss Louisa Lee ; Secondary School, Miss Edith Bogla. Kindergarten, Miss R. S. Walk (principal), Miss Mary Walton. Music Teacher, Miss Anna B. Kintzle; Band Teacher, Professor Henry Paul; Military Instructor, Maj. Harry F. Spicer. George G. Brownlee, baker; Louis H. Wolf, en- gineer ; George W Duffield, John Kissling, shoemakers ; James Spillman, watchman.

Mrs. Elizabeth E. Hutter, the president of the Northern Home, is a native of Lebanon County, Pa., and is the granddaughter of Baron Peter Shindel, who for many years represented his district in the Pennsylvania Senate. Her father was the late Col. Jacob Shindel, a veteran of the war of 1812. Col. Shindel married Elizabeth Leisenring, of Sunbury, Northumberland Co., and Elizabeth Shindel was one of their children. She married the Rev. Dr. Edwin Hutter, of Allentown, Pa., the Rev. Dr. Jona- than Ruthrauff officiating at the ceremony. Iu 1845 the late President James Buchanan, then Secretary of State in Mr. Polk's cabinet, called Dr. Hutter into his service as private secretary, thus necessitating a residence in Washington. Her personal attractions made her a star in the society of the capital ; but when her husband, in 1849, studied for the ministry, she re- Jinquished social temptations, and in the next year removed with her husband to Philadelphia. Three years later Mrs. Hutter became interested in a phil- anthropic project, the result of which was the estab- lishment of the Northern Home for Friendless Children. In April, 1853, she was chosen the first president of the board of managers, a position which she has beld up to the present time. She is also the president and one of the founders of the Newsboys' Aid Association, which was established in 1879. During the civil war she more than once "went to the front" to help the sick and wounded soldiers. When the memorable " Sanitary Fair" was held, in 1864, Mrs. Hutter was placed at the head of the labor, income, and revenue department, in which capacity she raised two hundred and forty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, to be applied to the comfort of sol- diers in the field and hospital. Mrs. Hutter and her husband were zealous and indefatigable in caring for the wounded men who passed through Philadelphia. It was a common thing that those approaching death would ask, "What will become of my children?" Mrs. Hutter asked herself the question, and it was not long before the answer was seen in the formation of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan Institute in con- nection with the Northern Home. In 1867 she was appointed inspector and examiner of the State De- partment of Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan Schools, and still enjoys the distinction of being the only woman in the history of Pennsylvania to whom a Governor's commission has been granted.

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History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 140

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co. Number of Pages: 992

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992