History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 6

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992

USA > Pennsylvania > Philadelphia County > Philadelphia > History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 > Part 6

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The description of so many mansions and fine houses erected during the first half of the eighteenth century may enable us to form an idea of the growth of Philadelphia, of increased wealth, introducing greater luxury in the mode of life of the inhabitants. Difficulties have been vanquished, fortunes have been made, society is no longer what it was at the departure of Penn; it has become more worldly ; taste is more refined; the various elements of which the community was composed are more closely mingled, giving it a new character.

Especially toward the close of the half-century has the progress been marked. A traveler returning to England after a tour in America, writes to the London Magazine in 1749:

" It almost enrpasses belief (when we consider that there were scarce any houses there about ninety years ago) the great extent of the city of Philedelphin, in Pennsylvania. Thie hath, besides many others of near ite lengtli, one etrcet of above n mile long, and the buildings as close together as in most places in London. There were built last year, between dwelling-houses, warehouses, und store-houses, about one hun- dred end twenty. The prodigious increase Is not to be wondered at

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HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.

when we consider that there arrive in this city yearly between three and five thousand Irish and Germans,-the most notable artificers of these staying generally in this city, and the peasants retiring to the country. Such is the plenty of provisions here that I have reckoned eighty car- casses of beef on one market-day,-they having two of a week. ] have likewise numbered sixty country wagons in towa on the same market- day."

The City of Brotherly Love continues to attract attention in Europe, and in 1759 we have another testimonial to its steady progress, in a notice which appeared in the " Grand Magazine of Universal In- telligence," published in London. The following is an extract from the article in question :

" The two principal streets of the city are each one hundred feet wide, and most of the houses have a small garden and orchard; while several canale are cut from the river, equally pleasant and useful. The wharves are spacious and well laid ont, the principal being two hundred feet wide, and to this a vessel of two hundred tons may lay her broadside. A great number of vessels have been built here, twenty having been upon the stocks at one time. The inhabitants are said to be at present ahont thirteen thousand.

" Philadelphia has a great number of very wealthy merchants,-which is not at all surprising when we consider the great trade it carries ou with the English, French, Spanish, Dutch, etc. Vast quantities of pro- duce are brought down the Delaware and Schuylkill,-the former being navigable more than two hundred miles above Philadelphia, and the latter about one hundred. The Dutch employ nine thousand wagone, each drawn by fonr horses, in bringing the produce of their farms to market. In the year 1749 three hundred and three vessels entered in- ward, and two hundred and ninety cleared outward."

Let us take an inside view of the city which already attracted the attention and elicited the praise of trav- elers. Notwithstanding that, at an early period, nar- row footwalks of brick had been laid in the principal thoroughfares, the beds of the streets had been left unpaved, or, where their miry and broken condition impeded travel, they were filled with pebbles. These improvements were generally made by the parties most interested, who would subscribe a sum sufficient to pay for the work. A general effort to have the streets paved was not made until 1761. A lottery was the means adopted to raise the necessary funds. There are frequent instances in the early history of the city of these lotteries organized for some object of public interest. The practice was not considered as a species of gambling; it was a voluntary tax, with a prospeet of a profitable return for some of the lucky ones. The wealthy citizens subscribed freely, and every one used his influence to aid in the prompt sale of the tickets. The act for "regulating, pitching, paving, and cleansing the streets, lanes, and alleys, etc., within the settled parts of Philadelphia," was passed in 1762. The laborers employed on this work of paving were not very experienced, it seems, for one Purdon, a British soldier, related to John Purdon, store-keeper in Front Street, seeing how clumsily the men worked, offered to show them how to do it. He was a skilled pavior, and his services became so much in demand that the city officials obtained his release from the army by paying a substitute to fill his place.

Curb-stones were not in use previous to 1786. Until that time the gutters were protected by short posts placed at intervals. The dirty condition of the streets

was a eause of frequent complaint. In 1765, Robert Erwin is made "a scavenger for seeing the streets cleansed once a week." What would Erwin ask to undertake the job to-day ? It is not on record that he made a fortune out of street dirt, but neither can we find any complaint that he did not keep the streets clean.

Next to cleaning the streets comes the question of lighting them at night and protecting their inhabit- ants. For a long time the belated citizen, unless he carried a lantern, had no other light to guide his steps and save him from tumbling in mud-holes than that which shone feebly through the smoke-dimmed panes of some tavern-window. A few street-lamps were then put up, owned by private citizens, who, finding it troublesome to attend to them, met in consultation and agreed to pay a man a certain monthly sum (each three shillings and ninepence, says John Smith in his manuscript journal) to light them nightly. Thus was the first lamp-lighter commissioned. In 1750 the grand jury reiterated their oft-made representations as to the dirty condition of the streets and the neces- sity of lighting them. An act providing for the light- ing of the streets was passed the following year, and the Gazette of October 3d (1751) announced that " on Monday last the streets began to be illuminated with lamps according to the act."

The appointment of the first watchman appears on the minutes as follows :

"July I, 1700. It was unanimouslie egreed and assented to by ye Gov'r and Council that - he appointed, and is hereby anthorized aud empowered, to go round ye town with a small bell in ye night time, to give notice of ye time of the night and the weather, and if anie dis- orders or danger happen by fire or otherwise in the night time to ac- quaint the constables thereof."

The practice in the early times was for the Council to assign the duties of constables to certain citizens for a stated period. They were fined if they refused to act. No distinction was made in the selection, rich and poor, eminent or obscure, all were liable to be designated. The constables were charged to notify the grand jury of the nuisances occurring in their several wards, and to nominate the watchmen. The names of such men as Joseph Shippen, Abram Car- penter, George Claypole, and Henry Preston appear in 1706 as fined five pounds " for neglect to serve as constables." In 1704, "Gyles Green and William Morris are presented as not serving their tour of duty as watchmen when nominated thereto." In 1742 the inconvenience of this system was admitted, and the grand jury represented the need of a stated watch and watch-house. Very little was done, however, for in 1749 the grand jury insists strongly upon the fact that the five or six men employed as nightly watch- men, and who go their rounds in company, are a poor protection for so great a city, containing from two to three thousand houses and fifteen thousand inhab- itants. The watch was thereupon increased.

That the city had remained so long with so few

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MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, 1700-1800.

guardians, and these private citizens, who did duty for the common good, is the best evidence of the or- derly character of the young community. It was only when its population was swelled by the thousands who flocked to her shores yearly that we hear of thefts and robberies, of midnight brawls and de- bauchery, requiring a greater repressive force. And even then, how favorably it will compare with the great British metropolis ! London, in 1736, had only one thousand street-lamps, and those were only lighted in the winter months. Her few watchmen were, for the most part, feeble old men, with just strength enough left to sing out in wheezing voice the time of night and state of the weather, but totally incapable of arresting or terrifying the evil-doer. Very few of the streets were paved, and great water-spouts projecting from the roofs of the houses made foot travel impos- sible when it rained. As late as 1744 the streets of London were so unsafe that the lord mayor and alder- men went to the king with an address setting forth the terrible grievances of the inhabitants, who were terrified, robbed, and wounded in the streets, even "at such times as were deemed heretofore hours of security," and that the officers of justice have been shot, some dangerously wounded, and others mur- dered, in attempting to discharge their duty by ap- prehending the offenders.

The shade-trees that embellished the streets of Philadelphia in those days were the buttonwood and the willow. The Lombardy poplar was introduced from Europe in 1786-87 by William Hamilton. While the grounds of some of the great mansions we have described could boast of rare flowers and shrubbery, the gardens in the city-almost every house had its garden-were bright only with the simple old-time favorites so neglected in these days of horticultural wonders,-the lilac, the rose, the snow-ball, the lily, the pink and tulip; above which the solemn suu- flower and rank hollyhock lifted their tall heads. Morning-glories and gourd-vines climbed over the porch or shaded the summer arbor. Every house, gen- erally, had its well. Public pumps were not numerous for some years. In 1744 the Union Fire Company offered five pounds reward for the apprehension of the persons " who stole the nozles from High Street and other streets." There were no public clocks to be consulted on the streets, but sun-dials were affixed to the walls of many houses for general convenience, as few people carried watches then. Mr. Watson men- tions as still existing (in 1842) a large dial against a house (formerly the residence of Anthony Morris) on the north side of Pine Street, opposite Friends' meeting-house; another on South Second Street, and 1

another on the north side of High Street, four or five doors west of Second Street.

Stores were quite numerous, and the goods offered for sale in great variety. Merchants generally re- sided on the premises in which they had their stores, and their wives and daughters often assisted them in

the counting-room. The retail trade was for the most part in the hands of women. The old European prac- tice of overhanging signs, bearing some device sym- bolic of the owner's trade, or often some fanciful name having not the slightest connection with it, had al- ways prevailed. It was carried on to such an extent as to become a positive nuisance. In 1769 the setting up of signs, boards, poles, or other devices, extending from the house into the street, as well as the main- taining of all such signs, after the 1st of January, 1770, was prohibited, under penalty of a fine of five pounds.1 An exception was made in favor of inn- keepers.

1 A list of these signs, many of which are whimsical in conceit, has been compiled by Mr. Westcott in his " History of Philadelphia." Wo insert it here A6 & historical curiosity :

1751 -Henry Flowers, watchmaker, sign of Dial, Second Street, be- tween Chestout and Blackhorse Alley ; Yellow Key, Market Street, end of Jersey Market, Glover Hunt, ironmonger ; Three Brass Cocks, Sam- nel Powell, brase-founder, Third Street, neer Race; Handsaw and Crown, Solomon Fussell, opposite Christ Church; Hand and Shears, William Askin, Chestnut Street, near Second; Dish, C. Bradford, pew- terer, Second and Arch Streets; Half-Moon, opposite Jersey Market, Peter Petridge, screen-maker; Sugar Loaf, Front and Catharine, John White: Mortar and Dove, Second Street ; Sugar Loaf, Water, above Market, Capt. James Child; Tent, Thomas Lawrence, upholsterer, Second, opposite Church Alley; Three Bells, Thomas Gregory, brass- founder, Second, opposite Church ; Thomas Say and Isaac Bartram, Three Bolt-heads, Second, above Arch: Founders' Arms, Second, near Market, John Smith and John Winters, who advertised to cast belle for churches, also brass mortars, mortar-pieces, cohorns, field-pieces, etc .; Cock, Second Street, Robert Mathews; Cradle and Coffin, Walnut Street, Samuel Williams, joiner ; Lock end Key, Archi Street, William Rush, hardware; Sugar Loaf and Saddle-tree, Strawberry Alley, John Carl, saddle-tree-maker ; Still and Golden Teakettle, Front, helow Mar- ket, Jumes Halden : Sloop, John Aris, Water, near Chestnut ; Beaver, Samuel Howell, Chestont, corner Strawberry Alley, dry-goods; White Stays, Second, near Market, John Aitkinson, stay-maker.

1752 .- Blue Heart, Second, opposite Black Horse Alley, Joseph Meull, shears-maker; Ring and Dove, Charles Dutens, near Indien King, Mar- ket Street; Paracelsus' Head, Fourth Street; Hearse, Second, opposite Christ Church, John Nice.

1753 .- Crown and Canister, Second, helow Market, dry-goods ; Bible and Crown, Third Street, Stephen J. Potts; Hand and Brush, Second Street, Henry Barbasin, scourer; Star, Merket Street, Aun Redmond, dry-goode; Pestle and Mortar, opposite Presbyterian Meeting-House, Market Street, William Chancellor, druggist.

1754 .- Sash Window, First [Front] Street, opposite the green pump, 6 little above the sign of the Queen of Hungary, George Brooks, glazier, plumber, and paioter; Lamp and Crown, Second, near the Court-House, James Wagetaff, lamp-maker.

1756 .- Royal Bed, corper Second and Chestnut, Edward Weymen; Crown and Cushion, Front and Chestnut, James White and Thomes Lawrence, upholsterers; Black Boy and Trompet, William Forrest ; Scrutoire, near New Market wharf, Society IIill, Francie Trimhall, chairmaker ; Golden Ball, Christopher Marshall, Strawberry and Chest- nut, druggist.

1758,-Scythe, Fourth and Market, Whitehead and Jonathan Hum- phries, hardware; Black Bear, Second, above Race, James Canfman; Spinning Wheel, Market Street ; Bell und Looking-glass, Chestnut Street, John Elliott; Fountain, Market Street, dry-goods; Key, Market Street, Wagstaff & Hunt, mustard-makers; Saddlers' Arms, German- town ; Three Bibles, John Bleakley, Market Street, opposite shambles, books, etc .; Golden Teakettle, Front Street; Gold-headed Cane, Second, below Walnut, Josiah Sherrard, selle hear-skins and hardware; Bottle And Three Bolt-lieads, Second, above Arch, Suy & Bartram, druge; Tea- kettle and Canister, Benjamin Harbeson.

1759 .- Spread Eagle, Arch, near Third : Hand and Earring, Chestnut Street, Austin Macknon, jeweler ; Blue Lion, Water, above Arch, John Ross, has a servant-girl for sale ; Dutch Fun, uppor end of Market, be- tween Fourth and Fifth, Adam Akert, wire-worker ; Knapsack, Chestnut Street, opposite Charles Norris' house, Martin Brand, knapsack-maker;

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Some of the old advertisements will enlighten us as to the choice the ladies had in dress-stuffs, though few, probably, can tell what the strange names mean. Articles for gentlemen were kept in the same stores.

Hand and Pen, Race, between Front and Second, Peter Thompson, In- dia, China, and Madeira wine; Bell and Candlestick, upper end of Second Street, Dan. King, founder.

1760 .- Pipe, Mniket Street, Mclaughlin & Lane, drugs; Prossian Hossar, Levi Marks, tailor.

1762-Combi-maker, Strawberry Alley, Christopher Angier, maker of conibs, powder-horns, aod spoons; Blue Ointment Pot, Second, below George Tavern, Luko Scanlon, drugs; Crown and Cushion, next door to London Coffee-House, Blanche White ; Biblo and Heart, Second Street, corner of Black Horse Alley, Andrew Stuart, printer ; Sickle and Steel- yard, opposite the market, John Hendricks, cutter; Anchor and Hope, M:utin Ashburn, late tavern-keeper, now baker, Povle's Bridge; Black- amoor, tobacconist, manufacturer of " fino pig-tail for gentlemen and ladies ;" Cise Knife, Timothy Matlack, Market, near Fourth, bardwaro; Piece of Reed, Market, west of Sixth, Georgo Leicher, reed-maker ; Golden Pestle, Second, between Market and Chestnut, Isaac Smith and Robert Harris succeed MeLean & Stuart; Crown and Pearl, Ed. Milnes, goldsmith, Second, near Chestnut; Coach, Second near Walunt, James Chapman, barber; English Hunting Saddle, north side Market, fourth door above new printing-office, John Yonng, Jr., snddler ; Golden Bell and Three Cocks, Frout, between Market and Arch, James Smith, brass-founder; Hat and Crown; Bakers' Arms, Northern Liberties, Martin Noll, baker; E-up in the Shades, Wal- out Street; Three Nuns, Robert Lever's, Third Street, dry-goods ; James Rivington, bookseller, corner Market and Front, opposite Coffee-House; Crown aud Anvil, Second, near Spruce, Beo. Armitage; Ship, Thomas Harper, Strawberry Alley ; Mariner, Crooked Billet wharf, James Mease ; Crown, Ring aud Parrot, Front Street, Samuel Alford ; Fifty-six Pound Weight, Chestnut, opposite Three Tun Tavern, De Normandy und Pierce; Blne Anchor and Orange Tree, Front, near German ; Three Reapers, Third Street, Edward Morris ; Ship and Castle, Front, near Market, Anthony IFull ; Bible, Second, between Arch and Race, Zachariah Poulson, bookbinder; Hat and Feather, Second Street, opposito the Royal George, Jolin Drinker, diy-gouds.

1764 .- Indian and Pipe, Second and Rice; Whittington and his Cat, Third Street, Southwark ; Three Crown Sugar Loaves, Second, above Archi, David Shaffer ; Two Green Canisters, Second, opposite Baptist meeting-house, grocery ; Breeches and Gloves, Second, above Market, George Cooper.

1765,-Mariner, Front, nenr Drawbridge, Richard Harrison, school- master ; Ship in Distress, Water Street, Southwark, John Middleton ; Long Plano and Handsaw, Ilezekinh Niles, Church Alley ; Boot and Spatterdash, Front Street, near the Drawbridge, Aloxander Rutherford, shoemaker ; Blue Hand, Race Street, between Front and Secund, Ever- ard Boulton, dyer; Architect, Chestunt, between Second and Third, James Lamb, carpenter; Hand-in-Hand, west siile of Second, between Rice and Vine, Daniel Mause, hosier; Bine Tea Canister, Second, above Arch, Theodore Meminger ; Teakettle, Still, and Showboard, Second, below Black Horse Alley, James Haldane, coppersmith ; Breeches and Broadaxe, Front Street, near Poole's Hill, Anthony Woodcock, deerskin breeches and gloves; Unicorn and Mortar, Market, between Front and Second, John Sparhawk, druggist; Lamb and Star, Alexander Smith, tailor, Front, oppusite Pewter Platter Alley ; Gilt SickIe, Second, above the church, Sumnel Wheeler, cutler; Grindstone, Front, above Race, William Rusk, Iron-monger ; Hand and Watch, Front, below Spruce, Samuel May and Richard Clarke, watchmakers ; Three Wise Men of the East, Market, between Sixth and Seventh; Bible and Ciown, Chest- nut Street, Willmim Woodhouse, books; Swift's Head, Front, between Chestunt and Walnut, John Dean, books; Hand and Box Iron, Spruce Street, near the new chapel, Alice Williams, late from London, does np and clear starches; Rambow and Dove, Walnut Street, Thomas Little- wood, silk scourer; Hadley's Quadrant, Front, betworn Chestnut and Walunt, Benjamin Condey, mathematical instruments; Seven Stars, White Horse Alley, Abel Gibbon, breeches-maker, washes and mends breeches ; Lime-Tree, Front, opposito Coombs' Alley, Abraham Smith, fruiterer; Naked Boy, Second, between Market and Chestnut, George Bartram, broadcloth ; Snuff Bottle, Water Street, between Market and Arch, Kearney & Gilbert; Gentleman and Lady, Norris Alley, Levi Marks, tailor and habit-maker; Circulating Library, Second, between Rave und Vine, Lowis Nicola ; Carpenters' Arms, Third, above the jail,

Peter Turner, a merchant, advertised, in 1738, that he had for sale " broadcloth, kerseys, grograms, taffe- tas, harabines, sooloots, grassetts, poplins, chinus (chintz), fox curtains, belladine silks, fine sleeve-but- tons, set in silver, and English periwigs." Other merchants advertised cotton romals, penascas, double and single sleetas, broad and narrow cadis, damask Florells, wove worsted patterns før breeches, women's and children's stays, garlix, watered barrogans, striped ducapes, mantnas, cherryderries, silk dunnadars, shaggyareen, seletius, chex, bunts, chelloes, satin- quilted petticoats.

Alexander Miller advertised, in 1739, that at his store, the sign of the Wig, in Second Street, were to be sold " A choice parcel of cawls, ribbons, roses, and fans, after the newest fashion, and likewise a large parcel of the best hard silk, where all gentlemen and others may be supplied with all sorts of periwigs after the best fashion now used in England, and at reason- able prices."

In 1745, Mary Cahill, who lived in Front Street, below Chestnut, advertised that she had for sale gen- tlemen's velvet and leather caps, and ladies' and children's caps, mantlets, pilareens, black bags, roses for gentlemen's wigs, and turbans for negroes.

Matthews & Charlton advertised, in 1744, that they sold "tyes, bobs, majors, spencers, fox-tails or twists, and perrukes of English hair." In the same year there was for sale, at the house of John Sanders, sign of "The Huntsman," in the Northern Liberties, "men's New Market stiff crown black velvet jockey- caps, with or without capes."

There was not any material change in the style of

Samnel Caruthers, hardware; Dog and Golden Kettle, Arch Street; Green Frying-Pan, Market Street, opposite the shambles, Dave Deshler, hardware; Chinese Balcony, Front, near Chestnut, Philip Wilson ; Golden Slipper, Strawberry Alley, William Ross, from Scotland, shoe- store ; Boerhave's Head, Second, near Walnut, Dr. Samuel Orm, drug- gist ; Gold Laced Hst in Hand, Front Street, Richard Swann ; Bell and Looking-Glass, Walnot, near Third, John Elliott; Biblo and Heart, William Evett, Second, between Market and Arch ; Crown and Shoe, Fourth, uhove Market, Richard Dickinson, silk and stuff shoomaker ; Scythe, Sickle, and Branding Iron, Second, above Market, Samuel Wheeler ; Golden Eagle, Chestnut, Ben. Randolph, carving, cabinet- ware, and wooden Imttoos; Blue Bonnet, Chestnut, between Front and Second, Henry Marks, starch-maker ; Boerhaave's Head, Second and Wal- nut, Duffield & Delany, druggists; Trowel and Hammer, Second, bolow Walnut, Ah'm Wayne, dry-goods; Golden Lion, corner Second and Chestnut, John Caruan, jeweler ; Golden Fleece's Hend, Secund, below Carter's Alley, George Bartram, woolen draper ; Three Wise Men, Mar- ket, above Sixth, Tobins Rudolph ; Crown and Tassel, Front, below Arch, Geurge Ritchie, upholsterer ; Golden Cup aud Crown, Front, above the Drawbridge, Thomas Shields; West's Head, Second, near Walnut, Robt. Kennedy, pictures and mints ; Golden Ball, Second, between Chestnut and Walnut, Thomas Douglas, dry-goods; Green Lamp, Chestnut, near Second, Elenuor Fitzgerald & Co., milliners.

1772 .- Rising Son, Second, below Market, William Smith, apothecary ; German Flute and Hautboy, Second, above Vine, Jacob Anthony, turner ; Highland Man and Bent, Second Street.

1773,-Lock. Jack, and Bell, Second, between Walnut and Cbestout, Alex. White Smith; Bell and Dragon, North Market, between Second and Third, Speakman & Carter ; Golden Rose, Ludwick Kuhn, Arch Street ; Golden Pelican, Second, above Arch, a distillery and a patent medicine store, Theodore Meminger; Ilog, corner Secondi and Cbestunt, John Hinna.

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furniture in use at the beginning of the century. Yet it became more complete, as with increased prosperity there naturally came a desire to increase the comforts of home. Even without facts to support it, the infer- ence drawn must be correct. Home, and especially an American home, is the dominion of woman, there she reigns supreme. It is her taste which adorns it and makes it pleasant to behold, it is her love and her cheerful spirit which make it a haven of rest for ever-busy, plodding, tired man. Can we admit that those merchants and tradesmen whose fortunes rose with the growing prosperity of Philadelphia were content to hoard their money or add to their lands without giving their wives and daughters the enjoy- ments of those elegancies and comforts which must add to the happiness of the family circle? Granted that the tastes of the people were simple, that they were not inclined to show or extravagance, when with an increased trade the importation of manufac- tured wares obtained larger proportions, and that was easily procured in the city stores which had been hitherto rare and difficult to obtain, the ladies were not deprived of their rights, and, while the younger and unmarried might be eager to price " grograms and taffetas," or even look at " cherryderries, shaggy- areen, and chelloes," the worthy matron insisted upon having a good sofa for her parlor, and a large sideboard on which to display her newly-acquired glassware and her solid service of plate,-a present from the good husband on the anniversary of their marriage day,-or in which to secure the china or delf- ware,-the pewter having been exiled to the kitchen regions. Paper "for the lining of rooms" was adver- tised by Charles Hargrave in 1745. Paper-hangings and papier-maché work was manufactured in Phila- delphia in 1769 (as we have had occasion to remark) ; it is likely that between 1750 and 1760 there were a large number of houses where wall paper had taken the place of the primitive whitewash. Carpets, in- troduced in 1750, did not come so speedily in gen- eral use ; but then they were expensive articles, and not very common in English households. Curtains of richer material, mantel-glasses and candelabra made their appearance in the parlor. Low bedsteads, of solid, carved mahogany, found their way to the chamber, although they did not supersede, to any ex- tent, the popular beds long in use.

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History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 6

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co. Number of Pages: 992

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992