History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 191

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992

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As many of the students are so busily engaged in stores as to have but a limited amount of time for study, partial examinations are allowed, which give them the opportunity to pass on two or more studies, leaving the rest for examination at some other time.

Several prizes have been offered to encourage students to diligence in their work at the college. The "Procter prize," founded by Professor William Procter, Jr., deceased, and consisting of a gold medal and certificate, is awarded annually to the most meri- torious graduate in pharmacy, provided such a reward is, in accordance with the terms laid down by the founder, thought to be deserved. A prize of one hundred dollars is awarded to the student preparing the best thesis upon graduating, if deserved. An "alumni gold medal," established, as its name im- plies, by the alumni in 1871, is awarded to the student passing the best examination for the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy. A prize of one hundred dollars has been awarded since 1880 for the best thesis presented by a member of the graduating class, if worthy. A number of other prizes of more or less value have also been offered to the completion of ambitious students. There are two scholarships, known as the Peter Williamson and Robert Bridges scholarships.

A candidate for graduation must be at least twenty- one years of age, have attended two courses of each

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of the lectures delivered in the college, or one course in the college and one other in some other respec- table school of pharmacy, the last of which, however, must be in the college. He shall have served out an apprenticeship of at least four years with a person engaged in, and qualified to conduct, the drug busi- ness. The time actually spent in attendance upon lectures and practical class instruction in pharmacy, and practical class instruction in chemistry in the college will be considered part of the time of appren- ticeship required for graduation, it being understood that but two courses in the college shall be counted in nine and a half months. The student must also produce in his own handwriting an original disserta- tion on some subject in materia medica, pharmacy, chemistry, or one of the related brances of science. He must also be recommended by the committee on examinations and the professors jointly, and if his application be finally approved of by the board of trustees, he shall be entitled to receive the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy (Ph.G.). The degree of Master of Pharmacy is conferred on candidates who are graduates of the college of not less than five years' standing, who have been engaged in the prac- tice of pharmacy for the period named since gradua. tion, and who are of good moral character and pro- fessional repute. An original dissertation of a satisfactory character must also be presented to the dean of the faculty by the candidate upon some sub- jeet connected with the branches taught in the college, together with suitable specimens of the results of his investigations. The qualifications of the candidate are then passed on, in the same manner as in the ease of a student seeking to graduate.

The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery was an outgrowth of the Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery, an institution which was chartered in May, 1850, and had its headquarters in a room at the cor- ner of Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, which is now (1884) occupied by S. S. White's dental depot. This college commenced operations in 1852, and completed four sessions, during which time there were sixty-three graduates. A rupture having occurred between the faculty and the trustees, because the latter had con- ferred honorary degrees on three students who, the fac- ulty thought, were undeserving of the distinction, the faculty resigned and the college ceased to exist. The charter for the Pennsylvania College of Dental Sur- gery was then obtained, April 3, 1856, mainly through the efforts of the gentlemen composing the old faculty. The first board of corporators contained the follow- ing gentlemen : Henry (. Carey (president), Wil- liam Elder, Washington L. Atlee, Elisha Townsend, George Truman, Benjamin Malone, Alfred Stille, Daniel Neall, Thomas Wood, William W. Fouché, John R. Mcl'urdy, and T. S. Arthur. At the first meeting of the corporators, held at the house of Elisha Townsend, on the 6th of April, 1856, the following faculty was elected :

Elisha Townsend, D.D.S., M.D., professor of Operative Dental Surgery and Special Dental Pathology ; Robert Arthur, D.D.S., M.D., professor of the Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery ; J. F. B. Flagg, D.D.S., M. D., professor of Anatomy and Physiology ; Ely Parry, D.D.S., M.D., professor of Chemistry, Materia Medica, and Special Therapeutics ; Thomas L. Buckingham, D.D.S., M.D., professor of Mechanical Den- Listry.

The first location of the college was at 528 Arch Street. In 1863 it was removed to the southeast corner of Tenth and Arch Streets, and about 1868 was established in its present location, at the corner of Twelfth and Filbert Streets. Its career has been prosperous but uneventful. From the time of its commencement to 1883, it has graduated one thou- sand and thirty-four students. The number of students in attendance annually averages between fifty and sixty. Owing to the development of the dental science, higher educational standards have been adopted from time to time, and many radical changes in the curriculum of the school have been made in the past five years.

The regular session of the college, at first four months in duration, has been lengthened to five months; preparatory spring and fall sessions, four months in all, have been instituted, with daily lec- tures by the professors of the several branches taught.

The winter session commences about the 1st of Oc- tober, and continues until the 1st of March. Twenty lectures are delivered during each week, embracing the following branches : chemistry and metallurgy, mechanical dentistry, materia medica and thera- peutics, dental physiology, dental pathology and op- erative dentistry, physiology and general pathology, and anatomy and surgery.

The fall course commences about the 1st of Sep- tember, and continues until October. It is free of charge to students entering for the regular or winter session. The spring course, which is also free to matriculates, commences on the third Monday in March, and continues until the 1st of June. Prac- tical lectures are given daily in both these courses, and students are enabled to acquire knowledge and skill in the clinic rooms and mechanical and chemical laboratories.

Seven hours are daily spent by the student in ac- tual practice, under the supervision of the professors and demonstrators.

At all times there is a large excess of patients pre- senting themselves for treatment at the clinics, so that each student has ample opportunity of acquiring practical knowledge and skill in manipulation. The clinics of the college are open and in netive opera- tion ten months in the year.

The present large, commodious, and centrally lo- cated college building affords more space than any building in the world, perhaps, devoted to the pur- poses of a dental college.

In addition to the anatomical room and chemical laboratory, it contains a large, light, airy, and fully- equipped dental laboratory and two commodious and

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brilliantly-lighted operating-rooms, fitted up with comfortable operating-chairs and all necessary appli- ances, and also two large, well-lighted, and well- ventilated lecture-rooms.

In order to graduate, the candidate must be twenty- one years of age. He must have studied under a pri- vate preceptor at least two years, including his course of instruction at the college. Attendance on two full courses of lectures at the regular, or winter, sessions in this institution is required, but satisfactory evi- dence of having attended one full course in any re- spectable dental or medical school is considered equivalent to the first course of lectures in this col- lege. Also, satisfactory evidence of having been in the study and practice of dentistry for five years pre- vious to entering is considered equivalent to the first course of lectures.

The candidate for graduation must prepare a thesis upon some subject connected with the theory or prac- tice of dentistry. This thesis, accompanied by the graduation fee, must be handed to the dean, with his application for the degree, on or before the first day of February. He must treat thoroughly some patient requiring all the usual dental operations, and bring such patient before the professor of Operative Den- tistry. He must also take up at least one artificial case, and after it is completed, bring his patient be- fore the professor of Mechanical Dentistry. He must also prepare a specimen case, to be deposited in the the college collection. He must also undergo an examination by the faculty, when, if found qualified, he is recommended to the board of trustees, and, if approved by them, receives the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery.

The fees are: matriculation, $5; for the course (demonstrators' ticket included), $100 ; diploma, $30. For the spring and fall courses $50 are charged, which is deducted from the fee for the following regular session.

The present faculty is as follows : Henry Leffman, M.D., professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy ; J. Ewing Mears, A.M., M.D., professor of Anatomy and Surgery ; C. N. Pierce, D.D.S., professor of Dental Physiology, Dental Pathology, and Operative Den- tistry ; Henry C. Chapman, M.D., professor of Phy- siology and General Pathology; Wilbur F. Litch, M.D., D.D.S., professor of Mechanical Dentistry, Materia Medica, and Therapeutics; J. N. Farrar, M.D., D.D.S., lecturer on Operative Dentistry ; Eben M. Flagg, D.D.S., lecturer on Mechanical Dentistry.

There is, besides, a large corps of demonstrators and assistant demonstrators, and fifteen clinical instruc- tors. Prof. Samuel D. Gross, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., is the president of the college.

The Philadelphia Dental College and School of Oral Surgery .- During the winter of 1862 the sub- ject of establishing a dental college in addition to the the one already existing was earnestly and carefully considered by a number of dentists and gentlemen

outside of the profession, and it was determined to petition the next Legislature for a charter for such an institution. Accordingly, a bill having this end in view was introduced into the Legislature in the early part of 1863, and, notwithstanding the fact that petitions were brought against its passage by those who feared that such a result might be detrimental to the college then in existence, it passed both houses, and, in April, 1863, received Governor Curtin's sig- nature.

The first session of the new institution began on the first Monday of November following, and con- tinned until the close of the ensuing year. The original location was at 108 North Tenth Street, the same which is occupied at present. The first faculty consisted of the following gentlemen, all of whom, with the exception of the last, were well-known den- tists of the city : C. A. Kingsbury, M.D., D.D.S., pro- fessor of Dental Physiology and Operative Dentistry ; Thomas Wardle, D.D.S., professor of Mechanical Dentistry and Metallurgy ; J. H. McQuillen, M.D., D.D.S., dean of the faculty and professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene ; J. Foster Flagg, D.D.S., pro- fessor of the Institutes of Dentistry ; and Henry Mor- ton, A.M., professor of Chemistry. George W. Ellis, D. D.S., was demonstrator of Operative Dentistry, and William Gorges demonstrator of Mechanical Den- tistry. The first board of trustees was composed of the following gentlemen, who had been active in pro- moting the establishment of the college: Rev. Rich- ard Newton, D.D., president ; R. Shelton Mackenzie, D.C.L., secretary ; and Peter F. Rothermel, William Dulty, George J. Ziegler, M.D., George Williams, Robert L. McClellan, D.D.S., Oliver Lund, Colson Heiskell, S. Fisher Corlies, James L. Claghorn, Lewis D. Harlow, M.D., Charles S. Beck, M.D., and Henry Crumsley.

The college was organized without any endowment, and had to rely on the fees received from tuition for its maintenance. During the first session the faculty were compelled to pay seven hundred dollars each for the privilege of delivering a course of lectures to a class of eleven students. This money was cash advanced, and did not include the cost of appliances, valuable specimens, and apparatus belonging to the individual members of the faculty, nor the loss of time from their practice. In the second term they fared better, the assessment being only fifty dollars apiece. Subsequently the college was self-sustaining. From various sources it acquired in each succeeding year specimens and apparatus, and, in anticipation of the eighth session, the faculty made additions and improvements to the institution which cost four thou- sand dollars. They lectured that year without com- pensation. A move has lately been made by mem- bers of the Alumni Association looking toward the establishment of an endowment fund, which has met with some success.

The number of graduates in 1864, at the end of the

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first session, was six ; in 1865, fifteen ; in 1866, fifteen ; in 1867, thirty ; and in 1883, fifty-five. The num- ber of students during the session of 1882-83 was one hundred and seventy-nine.

Of the original faculty, only one member, Pro- fessor J. Foster Flagg, holds a chair in the college at present. For several years after the school was started changes in the faculty were numerous; but as the institution became fixed on a more solid basis their frequency diminished. On Dr. McQuillen's death, in the spring of 1879, the faculty was reor- ganized. The corps of demonstrators has been in- creased from time to time as the college increased in ability to provide for them. The present faculty is as follows :

Henry Morton, A.MI., Ph.D., emeritus professor of Chemistry ; ('. A. Kingsbury, M.D., D.D.S., emeritus professor of Dental Histology and Operative Dentistry ; S. JI. Guilford, A.M., D.D.S., professor of Opera- tive and Prosthetic Dentistry ; J. Foster Flagg, D.D.S., professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics ; Henry I. Dorr, M.D., D.D.S. profes- sor of ('linical Dentistry ; S. B. Howell, M.D., D. D.S., professor of Chemin- try and Materia Medica ; Thomas ( . Stellwagen, M.D., D.D.S., professor of Physiology ; Jnmes E. Garretson, M.D., I. D.S., professor of Anatomy and Surgery, surgeon to the Oral Clinic ; M HI. Cryer, M. D., D.D.S., anatomist, demonstrator of Oral Operations ; S. Eldred Gilbert, D.D.S, demonstrator of Clinical Dentistry ; Clarenco Archer, D.D.S., demon- strator of Clinical Dentistry ; John B. Roberts, M.D., demonstrator of Anatomy ; S. Parker Cottrell, M.D., D. D.S., assistant surgeon and phy- Bician to the Oral Clinic and Dispensary Service ; Claude Browning, M.D., second assistant physician to Dispensary Service ; L. Greenbaum, D.D.S., demonstrator of Chemistry and Materia Modicn.

The manner of instruction in the college is by means of a laboratory and clinical teaching joined with lectures. The laboratory of the college is a great workshop, seventy feet in length, fully equipped with lathes, furnaces, forge, rolling-mill, vulcanizers, celluloid apparatus, and other articles of necessity or convenience in dental work. In the laboratory the student commences his career, and receives instruc- tion and demonstration in every process of value known to mechanical dentistry. The clinical de- partment consists of two large operating-rooms, fur- nished with forty comfortable chairs, which can be connected, when desired, with batteries for the use of the electro-magnetic engine or mallet. There is also a separate room for the administration of auxesthetics and the extraction of teeth.

In order to obtain a degree, a student must have had two years' private tuition and have attended two winter courses of lectures in a reputable dental or medical college, the last of which shall have been passed in the institution itself. The college provides spring and fall courses of study, which are regarded as equivalent to private tuition. The regular course commences on the 1st of October of each year, and lasts until the end of February of the next. The fees for the spring, fall, and winter courses, including the demonstrations, is one hundred dollars, and for the spring and fall courses alone, fifty dollars. The matriculation fee is five dollars, and a diploma thirty dollars.

A hospital of oral surgery was established in con-

nection with the college three years ago, of which Dr. James E. Garretson became surgeon in charge. It was established with a view to founding a pure specialty in the field of medicine, having as its field the study and treatment of all surgical conditions of the mouth, jaws, face, throat, and associate parts, in- clusive of dental diseases. Students who desire to obtain a certificate of graduation in this department are required to attend a three years' course of study and take degrees both in medicine and dentistry. A dispensary service, which is medical and surgical at large, is held in the north lecture-room of the college every day at noon.

HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES.

Quarantine Hospitals .- Philadelphia being a place which could only grow up in its earlier years by immigration, the natural increase of the settled population being limited, it was found necessary at an early period to regulate the reception of persons who came in ships. The accommodations for passen- gers were small. The necessities of storing cargoes were more important than the accommodation for persons brought over. Long voyages, poor ventila- tion, and improper food produced among the persons closely crowded into the cabins of small vessels fevers and other dangerous sicknesses. The evil made itself appear at a very early period, so that in 1700 the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania passed " An act to prevent siekly vessels coming into this government." By this act, among other things, it was directed that unhealthy or sickly vessels or vessels coming from unhealthy or sickly places should not come nearer than one mile to any town or port of this province or territories without bills of health, and that they should not land goods or passengers without license. Under this law no place was pro- vided to which sickly persons could be removed from vessels arriving near the port of l'hiladelphia. The object seemed to be to quarantine them on board the vessels, and to keep there the healthy, although they were in constant danger of infection from the sick. Therefore there was great temptation to remove sick persons secretly to the shore in order that their fellow- passengers who were well might gain their liberty. Under this practice dangerous diseases were taken into the settled portions of the city and county, and epidemics were assisted. Some provision was made before 1726 for the establishment of a hospital. George Warner, who arrived in 1726, came on board of a vessel in which the smallpox was raging on the arrival at Philadelphia. He says that the people on shore assembled aud ordered the vessel off. The ship retired to the legal one mile distance, and the pas- sengers were landed near the Swedes' Church, Gloria Dei. One Barnes, who received them, led them by a circuitous route through swamps and forests and high streets, to the Blue House Tavern, South Street. This was upon the property, at Tenth Street, after-

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ward occupied by the Emlens as a country-seat, and called Lebanon, which became the Lebanon Tavern. Here the passengers were kept until they had re- covered from the smallpox. Then they were con- ducted to the Blue Anchor Tavern, afterward the Boatswain and Call, at the corner of Front Street and the Drawbridge. This refuge at the Blue House was temporary, and fell into disuse.

In 1742, Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas sent a message to the Assembly in which he said the most substantial German inhabitants of the province had joined in a petition to him, in which they set forth "that for want of a convenient house for the recep- tion of such of their countrymen as on their arrival here labored under diseases contracted in a long voy- age, they were obliged to continue on board the ships which brought them, where they could get neither attendance nor conveniences suitable to their condi- tion, from whence many have lost their lives." The Governor recommended the erecting of a proper building at the public expense, " not only to accom- modate such as shall arrive hereafter under the same circumstances, but to prevent the future importation of diseases into this city, which has more than once felt the bad effects of them." Upon this the Assem- bly resolved that a committee should be appointed to procure a piece of ground suitable for a pest-house. They purchased Fisher's Island, containing three hundred and forty-two acres, with some buildings. Some negroes who belonged to the plantation were also purchased as appurtenant to the tract npon it, costing altogether seventeen hundred dollars. So, probably this was the first occasion upon which the province of Pennsylvania became the owner of slaves. John Fisher was the owner of the island which was originally composed of the Sayamensing and Schuyl- kill Islands, but which had in effect become one by the dwindling away of the stream which divided them. The purchase was made by Joseph Harvey, Thomas Tatnal, Joseph Trotter, James Morris, and Oswald Peel. They were directed, by a subsequent act of Assembly passed in 1743, to hold the ground in trust for the use of the province of Pennsylvania, and forthwith the name of the island was changed to Province Island.

Some of the buildings already upon the island, and six acres of ground nearest the Delaware, were re- served for immediate use, and for a site for a new hospital or pest-house. The rest of the land was au- thorized to be leased. Under this act authority was given to the Lieutenant-Governor or any two justices of the peace to order all sick and infectious persons imported into the province to be transported to the island for nursing, physic, maintenance, etc. The cost of such attendance was assessed upon the im- porter, master, or owner of the vessel in which the sick persons were brought. This was an easy method of collecting the hospital dues from persons of respon- sibility. The owners or persons paying the charges

were granted authority to collect the hospital charges from the effects of the passengers, if they had any. The temporary arrangement by which buildings ou Province Island were occupied for hospital purposes were soon found to be insufficient. In 1750 the trus- tees were ordered to, as soon as conveniently they could, " build pest-houses on that island to the value of one thousand pounds." In 1774 a new act of Assem- bly " to prevent infectious diseases being brought into this province" was passed. Under this statute pro- vision was made for the appointment of the keeper of the hospital erected on Province Island, whose duty it was also to take care of the sick inmates. Vessels bound to Philadelphia which brought more than forty passengers, or which had on board sick persons, or which came from some infected port, were prohibited from coming nearer to the city than Little Mnd Island until after examination and permit by a proper officer. Vessels were to be inspected by this officer and a skillful physician or physicians. There were also pro- visions as to the number of passengers allowed to a vessel, the space they should occupy, the character of the food that should be supplied them, and other mat- ters of importance, as well as to the health of passen- gers as in preventing the spread of infectious diseases which they might bring with them. To Province Island, in 1763, were sent the Indians who had fled from the fury of the Paxton "boys." Fears were entertained that they were in danger there, and the Council in the latter part of December ordered that " three flats and three small boats should be sent without delay to the Province Island for the use of the Indians that they might, on any intelligence of the approach of the rioters, make their escape, till more effectual measures should be fallen upon for their protection."

In November, 1775, Dr. Duffield and Dr. Rush made an arrangement on behalf of the crews of the Pennsylvania armed boats, by which it was agreed that the overseer would attend to the sick and wounded, and " furnish them with provisions, drink, and wash for them, at the rate of ten shillings per week for each man, and two shillings for firewood." The two physicians attended at the pest-house every other day. In February, 1777, Fergus Purdou was appointed steward of the Province Island Hospital, upon an allowance of twenty-six dollars per month. After the Declaration of Independence Province Island began to be called State Island. An act was passed March 25, 1780, to authorize the striking of one hun- dred thousand pounds in bills of credit, for the support of the army, and authority was given to the President of the State and the Council to sell State Island, and to appropriate the money realized toward the redemp- tion of the loan. The sale took place, and the ground was divided into lots.1 The sales were made out of

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History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 191

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co. Number of Pages: 992

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992