USA > Pennsylvania > Philadelphia County > Philadelphia > History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 > Part 188
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The winter term, as has been shown above, now lasts about six months. The branches upon which lectures are given are indicated in the list of members of the faculty appended at the close of this article.
Clinical instruction has always been an important feature of the college course, in which, indeed, syste- matic clinical methods were first inangurated in this country. While the amphitheatre of the hospital is one of the most commodious in this country, the material of the clinic is most abundant, and repre- sents almost every possible condi- tion of disease or injury. Besides the college clinics, students can at- tend at the various hospitals and dispensaries, the lectures being so arranged as to afford them the op- portunity to do so.
Special instruction is given in clinical medicine, examples being obtained from the abundant mate- rial of the daily clinic. A number of hours are devoted also to clinical conferences. During these the ad- vanced student has a case assigned him, which he is required, with the aid of the chief clinical assistant, to examine beforehand, and which, then, with remarks on the diag- nosis, prognosis, and treatment, he presents to the class.
All the courses of practical and laboratory instruc- tion are designed for, and obligatory upon, all candi- dates for the degree who have not taken these courses in other schools, and are free of charge to them, ex- cept in the case of practical anatomy, in which the fee for the "dissecting ticket," which is good for the whole scholastic year, is ten dollars.
In the laboratory of practical chemistry the course is made especially one of medical chemistry and toxi- cology, and includes manipulation, in which students perform for themselves the various experiments set forth in the winter lectures of the professor of Chem- istry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, so far as relates to the wants of the medical practitioner, and the examination of normal and abnormal prodnets of the human body.
The laboratory of materia medica and therapeutics contains a complete cabinet of materia medica, prep- arations, and active principles, for study by each pupil, as the articles are taken up by the professor during the regular term. The room has been also equipped for pharmaceutical instruction, and a sys- tematic course in pharmacy is given.
In the laboratory of histology and physiology demonstrations are given to members of the grad- uating class, arranged in sections. The course in histology includes the demonstration of the minute anatomy of the alimentary canal and its appendages, the circulatory, respiratory, and excretory apparatus, the general nervous system and special senses, the manner of using the microscope, and the injecting and preparing of tissues.
The physiological teaching embraces the demon- stration of the essential phenomena of digestion, ab-
HE'SDEAKP
JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE.
sorption, circulation, respiration, excretion, the func- tions of the nervous system, including the special senses, the reproductive apparatus, and the develop- ment of the embryo.
There is also a large room especially designed for the study of practical surgery, in which all the operations are performed by the student upon the cadaver, under the supervision of a demonstrator and his assistants.
The faculty, desirous of affording every facility for promoting higher medical education, and of con- forming to the existing demand for instruction of graduates in medical and surgical specialties, have organized a post-graduate course. This is intended to afford to practitioners of medicine an opportunity to familiarize themselves with microscopical, chem- ical, pharmaceutical, gynæcological, physiological, laryngological, ophthalmological, electrical, and other
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HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.
kinds of manipulations. The classes formed for these courses are entirely separate, and at different hours from those of the undergraduates, but are so arranged that the gentlemen who desire to do so can attend any of the lectures of the regular course.
The post-graduate course of instruction includes five terms of seven weeks each. All the courses are demonstrative, the tees in each branch ranging from ten to twenty dollars.
The candidate for the degree of M.D. must be of good moral character, and at least twenty-one years of age. He must have attended at least two full winter sessions of lectures, of which the last shall have been in this college, and the previous one or more either here or in some regular college (the word regular being used in the sense commonly understood by the medical profession ) authorized to confer the degree of M.D., and in which anatomy, chemistry, materia medica and therapeutics, physiology, sur- gery, practice of medicine, and obstetrics are em- braced in the curriculum. He must have studied medicine for not less than three years, including private tuition under a regular graduate of medi- eine or some regular institution, and have attended at least one course of clinical instruction and of prac- tieal anatomy. Candidates for graduation will be required to take the dissecting ticket of this college for at least oue session. This rule does not apply to those who are already graduates of other recognized schools.
Students who have attended one complete course in a recognized medical school, where attendance on two complete courses is necessary for a degree, and where the same branches are taught as in this, are permitted to become candidates by au attendauce here on one full course, the rules of graduation being in other respects observed. They are also exempted from the payment of fees upon attending a second term.
The expenses of instruction are as follows: During the first session, matriculation, paid but once, five dollars; full course of lectures, one hundred and forty dollars; dissection ticket, ten dollars. During the second session, full course of lectures, including laboratory courses, one hundred aud forty dollars; graduation fee, thirty dollars,-a total of three hun- dred and twenty-five dollars for the two years.
A number of prizes are offered to graduates at the annual commencement, those offered for 1884 being as follows :
1 Ajrizo of anin hundred dollars, hy Ilonry C. Len's Son & Co., for the beat theain foundod upon original experiments, clinical observation, Ur muprior excellence In scholarship
A gol me lal, by R J. Levin, M.D., one of the surgeons to the Penn- : vania Hospital, for the best report of hin surgical clinie by a student of the Jefferson Medical College.
A gold melal by Thomas Gi. Morton, M.D., one of the surgeons to in l'e inny leavin Hospital, for the best report of his surgical clinic by a volant of the Jefferson Medical t'illege.
The faculty also offer prizes as follows :
. A plan of a gol ni hil or a case if instruments for the best essay a subject pertaining to pubetetrica, ote , or for a specimen well de-
6. The maine for the best essay on a eulyect pertaining to practice of medicine.
7. The same for the best anatomical preparation,
8. The sumne for the best original research in the chemical laboratory.
9. The same for the best original research in the materia medica laboratory.
10. The same for the best essay on a subject pertaining to physiology.
II. The same for the best essay on a subject pertaining to eurgery.
12. The same for the beat pathological essay or preparation.
All preparations offered to belong to the college museum.
Graduates cannot compete for prizes, and no stu- dent can compete for more than one prize.
The faculty is at present constituted as follows :
Professors .- Samuel D. Gross, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. ('antab., Institutes and Practice of Surgery (emeritus) ; Ellerslie Wallace, M.D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children (emeritus) ; J. M. Da Costa, M. D., Practice of Medicine; William H. Pancoast, M.D., Gen- eral, Descriptive, and Surgical Anatomy ; Robert E. Rogers, M.D., LL.D., Medicul Chemistry and Toxicology; Roberts Bartholow, M.D., LL.D., dean, Materia Medica and General Therapeutics; Henry C. Chapman, M.D., Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence; Sanmel W. Gross, A.M., M.D., Principles of Surgery and Clinical Surgery ; John H. Brinton, M.D., Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery ; Theophilus Parvin, M.D., LL.D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children ; William Thompson, M.D., Honorary Professor of Ophthalmology; J. Solis Cohen, M.D., Honorary Professor of Laryngology.
Demonstrators .- William S. Forbes, demonstrator of Anatomy; J. Ewing Mears, M.D)., demonstrator of Surgery ; G. Mason Ward, M.D., demonstrator of Chemistry ; Morris Longstreth, M.D., demonstrator of Pathological Anatomy and curator of the museum; Cochran McClel- land, M. D., demonstrator of Obstetrics, etc. ; Daniel E. Hughes, M.D., demonstrator of Clinical Medicino; S. Mason McCollin, M.D., demon- strator of Pharmacy and Materia Medica; A. P. Brubaker, M.D., dem- onetrator of Physiology and Histology.
William S. Leffman, janitor.
The board of trustees at present is as follows :
President, E. B. Gardette, M.D .; Secretary, George W. Fairman ; Gen. Charles M. Prevost, llon. Henry M. Phillips, Hun. James R. Ludlow, Hon. James Campbell, Joseph Patterson, Hon. Joseph Allison, LL.D., llon. Furman Sheppard, B. H Comegye, Ellwood Wilson, M. D., Heury C. Gibson, Josoph B. Townsend, Daniel B. Cummins.
Hospital Staff .- Surgeons, R. J. Levia, MI.D., O. HI. Allie, M.D., Joseph Hear n, M.D., J. M. Barton, M.D. ; physicians, James C. Wilson, M.D., Ollver P. Rex, MI D., J. T. Eskridge, M.D., J. S. Neff, M.D. ; ophthalmic au rgeon, Professor William Thomson, M.D .; gynecologists, F. H. Get- chell, M.D., J. Ewing Mears, M.D .: aural surgeon, 1 .. Turnbull, M.D .; pathologist, Morris Longstreth, M.D.
The Alumni Association of the college has the fol- lowing officers :
President, S. D. Gross, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab .; Vice-Presidente, Ellwood Wilson, MI.D., Addinell Hewson, M.D., R. J. Levis, M.D., W. W. Keen, M.D. ; Treasurer, Nathan Hatfield, M.D .; Recording Secretary, Thomas II. Andrewe, M.D. : Corresponding Secre- tary, Richard J. Dunglison, M.D .; Executive Committee, Drs. W. B. Atkinson, F. II. Gross, L. K. Baldwin, Oscar II. Allis, James Graham, Theo dore Gruel, J. M. Barton, Frank Woodbury, John B. Roberte, T. H. Bradford, E. E. Montgomery, J. T. Eskridge, R. S. Wharton, William S. Little, H. Augustus Wilson, Addinell Hewson, Jr., L. P. Stone, A. F. Kempton, F. P. De Grandchamp, Charles M. Wilson, W. H. Warder, Henry Leaman, O. l'. Rex, Orville Horwitz, John Klemnet.
The Pennsylvania Medical College .- In the year 1839, by reason of some disagreement in the admin- istration, all the professorships in the Jeffersou Med- ical College were vacated, and in the reorganization Dr. George MeClellan, who had been one of its founders, was assigned no part. In his teeming brain was then conceived the project of forming another medical school. His biographer, Dr. S. G. Morton,
1651
MEDICAL PROFESSION.
says, "With characteristic buoyancy of spirit and determination of purpose, he went in person, accom- panied by a single friend, to solicit a charter from the State Legislature. Corporate privileges were, in consequence, granted to an institution en- titled 'The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg.'" The following were elected professors : S. G. Morton, Anatomy and Physiology ; George Mcclellan, Principles and Practice of Sur- gery ; S. Colhoun, Materia Medica and Pharmacy ; William Rush, Theory and Practice of Physic; Sam- uel MeClellan, Obstetrics; Walter R. Johnson, Chem- istry. The lectures were delivered in the building on Filbert Street, above Eleventh, now occupied by the Hahnemann College. In 1841, Dr. Robert M. Bird took the chair of Dr. Colhoun, deceased. In 1843 the original faculty was dissolved, and the new one was as follows: William Darrach, Theory and Prac- tice of Medicine and Surgery ; H. S. Patterson, Mate- ria Medica and Therapeutics; W. R. Grant, Anatomy and Physiology and Chemistry; John Wiltbank, Obstetrics. In 1844, Dr. Washington L. Atlee was elected professor of Chemistry, and in 1845, Dr. David Gilbert was elected professor of Surgery. In 1849 the college was removed to the building, at Locust and Ninth Streets, that had been erected for its occupancy. In 1852, Professor Atlee was suc- ceeded by Dr. John J. Reese ; Dr. J. M. Allen was elected professor of Anatomy, and Dr. F. G. Smith professor of Institutes of Medicine. Dr. Patterson died the next year, and Dr. J. B. Biddle took the vacant chair. By the partial reorganization in 1854, Dr. Gilbert was transferred to the chair of Obstetrics, Dr. John Neill was elected professor of Surgery, and Dr. Alfred Stille professor of Practice. In 1856, Pre- fessor Allen resigned on account of ill health, and his place was filled by Dr. T. G. Richardson, who was suc- ceeded in 1858 by Dr. John H. B. McClellan. In 1859 all the professors resigned in favor of the faculty of the Philadelphia College of Medicine, and the two institutions were merged into the Pennsylvania Med- ical College. In 1861, on account of the confused state of the country, and the desire of many of the professors to enter the medical staff of the army, the college was closed, and has never been reopened.
The Philadelphia College of Medicine, located at the northwest corner of Fifth and Adelphi Streets, was organized about 1846, and at its first commence- ment, in 1847, graduated eighteen students. The fac- ulty were Jesse R. Burden, president; James McClin- tock, dean and professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery ; Rush Van Dyke, Materia Medica and General Therapeutics; Thomas D. Mitchell, Theory and Practice of Medicine; James Bryan, Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence; Ezra S. Carr, Medical Chemistry ; James McClintock, Gen- eral, Special, and Surgical Anatomy; Frederick A. Fickardt, Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. In 1853, Dr. Bryan was transferred to the
chair of Surgery ; Dr. Thomas Spencer was elected professor of Materia Medica and l'athology, vice Dr. Van Dyke, transferred to the chair of Practice of Medicine; and Dr. Henry Geiger was elected profes- sor of Obstetrics. From 1847 te 1854 about four hun- dred students were graduated. In the latter year the college was reorganized, and adopted the code of ethics of the American Medical Association. The following were the officers and faculty under the new régime : Hon. Ellis Lewis, M.D., LL.D., president ; J. R. Tyson, LL.D., secretary ; Dr. George Hewston, professor of Anatomy; Dr. B. Howard Rand, dean and professor of Chemistry ; Dr. Henry Hartshorne, professor of the Institutes of Medicine; Dr. Isaac A. Pennypacker, professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; Dr. James L. Tyson, professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics; Dr. Joseph Par- rish, professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; Dr. Edwin M. Tilden, professor of Surgery. In 1855, Dr. Lewis D. Harlow succeeded Dr. Parrish as professor of Obstetrics. In 1856, Dr. Alfred T. King was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine, vice Dr. Pennypacker, de- ceased, and Dr. George Dock to the chair of Surgery. In 1857, Dr. King was elected emeritus professor, and his chair was taken by Dr. Hartshorne; Dr. Wil- liam S. Halsey was elected professor of Surgery, Dr. William H. Taggart, professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Dr. James Aitken Meigs, pro- fessor of the Institutes of Medicine. In 1858, Dr. William H. Gobrecht was elected professor of Anat- omy. In 1859 the college united with the medical department of Pennsylvania College, and the faculty of the Philadelphia College of Medicine became the faculty of the Pennsylvania Medical College, with Dr. Lewis D. Harlow as dean.
The Medico-Chirurgical College was organized as a medical society in the latter part of 1849, at a meeting held at the house of James Bryan, A.M., M.D., at the northeast corner of Tenth and Arch Streets. The society was chartered on the 12th of April, 1850. Its object was stated in its charter to be " the dissemination of medical knowledge, the defense of the rights, and the preservation of the repute and dignity of the medical profession." The number of members at one time aggregated over one hundred. Meetings were discontinued during the late civil war, but on its conclusion were resumed. In accordance with a resolution adopted at the annual meeting of the society in January, 1867, measures were taken to obtain from the Legislature the privilege of appoint- ing or electing professors to lecture on the different branches of medicine, with power to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. By an act approved by Governor Geary on the 10th of April, 1877, the charter of the society was amended to grant the privi- leges asked for. A meeting was held at the house of Dr. George P. Oliver, No. 1430 North Twelfth Street, on the first Saturday in May following, at which the
1652
HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.
following faculty for the new college was elected : George P. Oliver, M.D., professor of Surgery ; J. Aitken Meigs, M.D., professor of the Institutes of Medicine; J. Solis Cohen, M.D., professor of the Practice of Medicine; Edward Donnelly, M.D., pro- fessor of Chemistry ; David D. Richardson, professor of Materia Medica; D. D. Clark, M.D., professor of Anatomy ; and Samuel Walsh, M.D., professor of Obstetrics. Owing to difficulty in obtaining a suit- able building, the college was not opened until the 4th of April, 1881, and in the mean time the faculty underwent great changes owing to withdrawals of some of the professors. The faculty at the opening stood as follows: George P. Oliver, A.M., M.D., president of the college, and professor of the Princi- ples and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery ; George E. Stubbs, A.M., M. D., professor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery ; Charles L. Mitchell, Ph.D., M.D., professor of Chemistry, Sanitary Science, and Medical Jurisprudence ; William F. Waugh, professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine ; Abraham S. Gerhard, A.M., M.D., profes- sor of Physiology, Pathology, and Clinical Medicine; William Stewart, dean, and professor of Obstetrics, Gynæcology, and Clinical Gynecology ; and Frank O. Nagle, M.D., professor of Materia Medica, Therapeu- tics, and Clinical Medicine. The faculty remained unchanged until the death of Professor Nagle, in the latter part of January, 1884. The number of stu- dents in attendance upon the first session was thirty- one ; upon the session of 1882-83, twenty-seven ; and upon the session of 1883-84, twenty-four. The col- lege has been located at the southwest corner of Broad and Market Streets ever since opening.
The course of instruction is graded, and extends over three years, known as the Freshman, Junior, and Senior years. Candidates for admission to the col- lege are required to pass a preliminary examination. Attendance of the students at the college is required six hours a day. Examinations are held at the end of each year in the subjects taught in that year, and no student is admitted to the advanced grade until he has passed the preceding one.
The collegiate year embraces a spring or auxiliary literary term of three months, a preliminary or autumn term of one month, and a winter session of six months, the whole comprising a period of ten months.
The auxiliary literary term begins on the first Monday in April, and continues three months, and is designed for those whose qualifications are not suffi- cient to enable them to rightly comprehend the lec- tures of the winter session. During this time in- struction is given in natural philosophy, botany, physical geography, mental philosophy, principles of English composition, elements of the Greek and Latin languages, mathematics, comparative anatomy and zoology, mineralogy, and geology.
The autumn terin begins on the first Monday in
September, and continues four weeks, the instruction being preliminary to that of the winter course. The regular winter session begins on the first Monday of October, and continues six months. During this time instruction will be given by didactic lectures on the seven fundamental branches of medicine, together with the various clinics, clinical lectures, and personal instructions. Clinical advantages are abundantly offered to the students, as in the best medical schools in the city. The faculty personally conduct daily examinations or "quizzes" of the class, on the subjects of the preceding lectures, thus fixing permanently in the minds of the students the in- struction previously given, and at the same time affording them an opportunity of obtaining explana- tions on any points not thoroughly comprehended. This is considered a very valuable adjunct in the instruction by the faculty.
As an encouragement to diligence, students are allowed to compete for the following prizes : a gold medal, known as the faculty prize, for the best thesis and final examination of all branches; a Beck's histological microscope, awarded by the professor of Chemistry, for the best thesis upon a subject in medi- cal chemistry showing original research ; and a gold medal, known as the Oliver Prize, awarded by the professor of Surgery, for the best thesis and final examination in surgery.
The expenses of attendance at the college are as follows : matriculation, paid but once, five dollars ; auxiliary literary term (deducted from the fees for the ensuing winter session when tickets for the latter are taken), thirty-five dollars; lecture tickets for the Freshman year, fifty dollars, and for the Junior and Senior years, seventy-five dollars each; tickets for practical pharmacy, in the laboratory, practical chemistry, practical anatomy, histology, pathological histology, and operative surgery (part only being taken cach year), each ten dollars.
In order to graduate, the candidate must have at- tained the age of twenty-one years and be of good moral character. He must have applied himself to the study of medicine for three years, and have attended three regular winter sessions of lectures, the last of which shall have been in this college. He must show the evidence of having taken the different laboratory courses in the college, and of having received practical clinical instruction. He must also show evidence of having dissected two terms, and at least three parts of the body, and of having received instruction in operative surgery and bandaging. Ile must present to the dean the re- quired evidence of literary proficiency, and of having passed the different examinations of the Freshman and Junior years. He must likewise present a satis- factory thesis on some medical subject, written on one side of thesis paper, and of his own composition and penmanship, and be prepared to defend the same before the faculty.
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MEDICAL PROFESSION.
The Academy of Surgery was organized at a meeting held at the house of Dr. Samuel D. Gross, on the 21st of April, 1879. In addition to Dr. Gross, there were present Dr. D. Hayes Agnew, Dr. Richard J. Levis, Dr. Addinell Hewson, Sr., Dr. T. G. Morton, Dr. William H. Pancoast, Dr. J. H. Brinton, Dr. J. H. Packard, Dr. S. W. Gross, and Dr. J. Ewing Mears. Dr. Hewson was chosen president, and Dr. Mears secretary. A constitution and by-laws, proposed by Dr. Samuel D. Gross, were referred to a committee, and at a subsequent meeting the report of the com- mittee was adopted. A charter was not obtained until the 17th of December, 1879, and permanent officers were not elected until Jan. 5, 1880, as follows :
President, Samnel D. Gross, M.D .; Vice-Presidents, D. Hayes Agnew, M.D., and Richard J. Levis, M.D. ; Secretary, J. Ewing Mears, M.D. ; Treasurer, William Hunt, M.D .; Recorder, J. B. Roberts, M.D .; Libra- riao, Oscar H. Allis, M.D .; Corresponding Secretary, Thomas G. Morton, M.D .; Pathological Histologist, Samnel W. Gross, M.D .; Council, John Ashhurst, Jr., M.D., and John H. Brinton, M.D. (with president, secre- tary, and treasurer as members ex officio), and Committee oo Publication, John H. Packard, M.D., W. W. Keen, M.D. with the recorder ex officio).
The same officers were re-elected in 1883, except that Dr. C. B. Nancrede beeame recorder in place of Dr. Roberts.
The objects of the academy are "the cultivation and improvement of the art of surgery, the elevation of the medical profession, the promotion of the public health, and such other matters as may come legiti- mately within its sphere." The society consists of resident, non-resident, corresponding, and honorary fellows. The number of the resident fellows is limited to thirty, of non-resident fellows to fifteen, of native honorary fellows to fifteen, and of correspondent and foreign honorary fellows to ten. Officers are elected by ballot every three years, and are eligible for a re- election. Stated meetings of the society are held on the first Monday of every month except July, August, and September. The council consists of five fellows, ineluding the president, seeretary, and treasurer, who report nominations for fellowship, and act as censors. The pathological histologist takes charge of sueh mor- bid specimens as may from time to time be presented to the academy, and makes sneh disposition of them as the academy may direct. An annual address is de- livered by a member appointed by the president, em- bodying an historical sketch of the more important discoveries and improvements in surgery during the previous year, or the subject may be one chosen by the lecturer. Resident fellows pay an initiation fee of ten dollars on admission to the society, and five dollars annual dues thereafter. The academy meets at the College of Physicians.
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