History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 190

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992

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M.D., professor of Surgery ; Pusey Wilson, M.D., pro- fessor of Anatomy ; Charles Heerman, M.D., professor of Physiology ; Lemuel Stephens, M. D., professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.

At the close of the session of 1866-67 a rupture occurred, which produced important results. The majority of the stock of the company had fallen into the control of one person, whose dictum was at times displeasing to members of the faculty. When a reso- lution was adopted to abolish the chair of Diagnosis and Special Pathology, Dr. Constantine Hering re- signed, and was followed in his course by several others of the professors. Another reorganization en- sued upon these withdrawals, and during the summer changes took place which again compelled a reor- under the management of the stock company was in 1868 and 1869, when the faculty stood as follows : Adolph Lippe, M.D., professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; A. R. Morgan, M.D., professor of Homœ- opathic Institutes, Special Pathology, and Practice of Medicine; Henry N. Guernsey, M.D., professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; William L. Arrowsmith, M.D., professor of Phys- iology and General Pathology; Malcolm Macfarlan, M.D., professor of Surgery and Surgical Pathology ; Robert J. McClatchey, M.D., professor of Anatomy ; and George G. Percival, A.M., M.D., professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. Thirty-one degrees were conferred at the conclusion of this last course.

Several reorganizations took place in the faculty, ganization. The last course of lectures delivered

In the mean time, in the summer of 1867, the seced- ers from the old institution had obtained the charter of the Washington Medical College of Philadelphia, chartered May 2, 1853, which had not been organized, and by the act of the Court of Quarter Sessions of Philadelphia, July 17, 1867, the name was altered to the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia. The new college organized with the following faculty : Constantine Hering, M.D., professor of Institutes and Materia Medica ; Charles G. Rane, M.D., professor of the Practice of Medicine, Special Pathology, and Diag- nosis; John C. Morgan, M.D., professor of Surgery ; Henry Noah Martin, M.D., professor of Midwifery, Diseases of Women and Children, and Lecturer on Clinical Medicine; Richard Koch, M.D., professor of Physiology, General l'athology, and Microscopic Anatomy ; A. R. Thomas, M.D., professor of Anatomy ; Lemuel Stephens, M.D., professor of Natural Philos- ophy, Chemistry, and Toxicology. During the session Dr. O. B. Gause succeeded Dr. Martin as professor of Midwifery, Dr. Martin becoming professor of Clinical Medicine only.

The board of corporation trustees were Jason L. Fennimore, president ; John A. Marshall, secretary ; John W. Sexton, treasurer ; Edward S. Lawrence, George W. Troutman, John T. Midnight, Augustus W. Koch, M.D., F. E. Bocricke, M.D., Howard Malcom, D.D., Byron Woodward, James B. Read, and T. Guilford Smith.

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HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.

The first location of the college was at 1307 Chestnut Street, where the second and third stories were specially fitted up for the purpose. In the spring of 1868 a removal was made to a building better suited for the requirements of a medical school at 18 North Tenth Street.

HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE.

In the spring of 1869 arrangement was made by the trustees of the Hlahnemann Medical College by which the charter and building of the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania were obtained, and by act of the Legislature on April 2, 1869, the two charters were merged and the colleges consolidated, the title of the younger college being retained as the title of the consolidated institutions. Since the time of union the college has been prosperous. In the present year (1884) arrangements have been made for the erection of a new college building on Broad Street above Race, west side, on a lot extending to Fifteenth Street, on which it is also intended to erect the Homoeopathic IIospital.

The college derives its support from the fees paid by students. During the twenty-one years of the existence of the old college six hundred and thirty- seven students gradnated. The largest class gradu- ated from the consolidated college was in 1881, and numbered eighty-three. No alumni association has yet been organized. Among the alumni of the college are some of the most eminent homeopathic practi- tioners of the country, and members of the faculty of homeopathic colleges in Cleveland, Chicago, Cincin- nati, and other cities.

The present faculty consists of the following gen- tlemen :

A. R. Thomas, M.D., dean, professor of Anatomy ; Lemuel Stephens, MI.D., professor of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, aud Toxicology ; O. B. Gnuse, M.D., registrar, professor of Obstetrics, Puerperal Diseases, and Diseases of Infants, F. A. Farrington, M. D., professor of Institutes and Materia Medica; D. F Butta, M.D., professor of Gynecology ; Pen- horton Dudley, M.D, professor of Physiology and Sanitary Science; &. 1 3. Chitehey , M.D., professor of Pathology and the Practice of Medi- ( hnrl # M Thomas, MD professor of Operative and ('linical surgeiy aud Ophthalmology , John E James, M. D., professor of Princi-

ples of Surgery and Clinical Surgery ; Cherles Malar, BI.D., lecturer on Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis ; B. B. Weaver, M.D., demon- strator of Anatomy and Lecturer on Surgical Anatomy ; J. N. Mitchell, M.D., detnoastrator of Obstetrics ; W. H Keim, M.D., demonstrator of Surgery ; W. C. Goodno, M.D., lecturer on Microscopy, Ilintolugy, and Morbid Anatomy ; W. S Roney, A.M., demonstrator of Chemistry and Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence; William H. Bigler, M.D., lecturer on Diseases of the Eye and Ear (Spring Course) ; E. MI. Howard, M.D., lecturer on Botany and Pharmacy ; W. B. Trites, M.D., lecturer on Venereal Diseases (Spring Course).

The Hahnemann Medical College gives instruction in all the lines of study tanght in the best medical institutions, but in the courses on the institutes of medicine, materia medica, and the practice of medi- cine the doctrines peculiar to homeopathy are taught.

The regular winter session opens about the Ist of October, and continues until the beginning of March. In order to become a student, the candidate must present to the dean a certificate signed by his private preceptor, as evidence of qualification for the study of medicine. Graduation is possible at the close of the second year, but the college in 1869 prepared a three years' graded course, which scholars are earn- estly recommended to adopt and which the majority of them do pursue. The Hahnemann College claims priority over other medical schools in the establish- ment of this course, though the Woman's Medical College was the first to make a three years' course obligatory. Students attending on the three years' course have the advantage of special lectures on mi- croscopy, pharmacy, histology, hygiene, physical di- agnosis, dermatology, neurology, morbid anatomy, and diseases of children during the winter term, and extended clinical instruction is also afforded. A sup- plementary course during the spring months embraces all the special lectures of the graded course alluded to above, and is especially recommended to students in the two years' course, as it enables them to com- plete the full round of studies as given in the three years' course. A post-graduate course has been estab- lished for the benefit of physicians of the old school who are anxious to compare the two systems of prac- tice.

Stated medical, gynæcological, surgical, and eye and ear clinics are held throughout the year, and the dispensary and hospital supply abundant material for the same.

The means and facilities for illustrating the lectures are well selected and abundant. The laboratory is well supplied with apparatus and material ; the mu- seum contains over 4200 specimens, including a large number of models in wood, wax, and papier maché, over 2000 mineralogical and botanical specimens, be- sides nearly 1000 plates and diagrams. The library comprises about 2000 volumes, and is open to the students, under proper regulations, free of charge. Suitable rooms are provided for the demonstration of anatomy, surgery, gynæcology, midwifery, chemistry, and microscopy.

Students may become candidates for graduation who have attended two full sessions of instruction in

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MEDICAL PROFESSION.

this institution ; or one full session only, in case they have attended one or more regular sessions in another accredited medical college. The candidate must be at least twenty-one years of age, of good moral char- acter, have applied himself to the study of medicine for three years, have been a private pupil for two years of a respectable practitioner of medicine, and must have attended at least one course each of prac- tical anatomy and practical surgery. When applying for examination, he must exhibit his tickets to the dean of the faculty, or give other satisfactory evi- dence of having complied with the regulations. He must, by the 1st of February, deliver to the dean of the faculty an essay or thesis on some medical sub- ject in his own handwriting, composed by himself, correctly written, and must be able to defend it dur- ing the examination. On the presentation of his thesis the graduation fee must be paid; if he is re- jected said fee will be refunded. A student who has attended one or more courses in a medical college in which homeopathy is not taught must attend one full session of instruction in this institution, and, in addition to the general average required for gradua- tion, he must obtain a two-thirds average in the fol- lowing departments : homeopathic institutes and ma- teria medica, practice of medicine, and clinical medi- cine.

The fees charged for instructions are as follows : matriculation, $5; one full session of lectures, two years' course, $100; one full session of lectures, three years' graded course, $70; one full session for gradu- ates of other accredited medical colleges, $50; prac- tical anatomy and surgery, each $10; practical ob- stetrics and chemistry (optional), each $10; spring course, $15; graduation, $30.

Pharmacy .- In the early days of this city every family had its medicine-chest, and if a case of illness was considered too serious for the remedies that it contained, the country doctor was called into service. Our ancestors dosed themselves liberally, and the manufacturers of quack nostrums drove a thriving trade. Physic and surgery were rough and rude, and, especially in the remoter regions, were strangely min- gled with superstitions and prejudices. All except the highly-educated people used charms for remedies,

and believed in witchcraft and "spells." If the treat- ment was not scientific, it was at least heroic. In fevers, the patient was sweated with tea of snake-root, purged with a decoction of walnut bark, and his blood purified with drenches of "Indian physic," or blood- root ; if a child had worms, he was given salt, cop- peras, or pewter filings; the croup, known as the " bold hives," and probably very fatal to young chil- dren so much exposed, was treated with " wall-ink" (probably " soot-tea") and the juice of roasted onions or garlic. The sufferer from itch was plastered with brimstone ointment. For the very common infliction of rheumatism, custom prescribed sleeping with feet to the fire, and anointing the affected parts with

unguents made of rattlesnake-oil or the fat of ground- hogs, raccoons, polecats, wolves, or bears. The ery- sipelas was supposed to be curable by the application of the blood of a black cat, and consumption released its victims if they took enough of the syrup of ele- campane and spikenard. The woodsmen were fre- quently bitten by snakes, but their lives could always be saved by cutting the snake into pieces and apply- ing the fragments to the wound ; a decoction of chest- nut leaves and bark must also be laid on, and an in- fusion of white plantain in milk taken internally. If there was swelling and inflammation the surgeon re- sorted to cupping and leeching, and if hunters were bitten in the woods they at once scarified the wound and filled the gashes with gunpowder.

The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was or- ganized in 1821 to correct abuses which bad crept into the drug trade, and which were in a large de- gree owing to the lack of proper knowledge among apothecaries. The immediate cause of action was the adoption by the University of Pennsylvania of a series of resolutions having in view the elevation of the trade, and providing for the conferring of the degree of Master of Pharmacy upon such druggists in the city and liberties of Philadelphia as were desirous and deserving of obtaining it. On certain conditions, apprentices who had served for three years under such druggists were also awarded the degree; but a further resolution required that future candidates should have attended at least two courses of lectures on chemistry, materia medica, and phar- macy at the University.

This attempt to regulate the drug business from the outside was naturally resented by members of the trade, and the hours at which the lectures above referred to were delivered being in the middle of the day rendered them very inconvenient for the attend- ance of apprentices. In the first or second month of the year 1821, in a conversation between Peter K. Lehman, a druggist doing business on the south side of Market Street, below Tenth, and Henry Troth, a thriving wholesale druggist, in business on Market Street, at what is now known as 630, Mr. Lehman expressed his dissatisfaction with the action of the University. Mr. Troth suggested, in reply, that a better plan for the needed improvement in the trade would be the establishment of an institution by the druggists themselves, where they could train their apprentices and themselves, and supervise the quali- fications of those seeking admission to the business. The suggestion struck Mr. Lehman favorably, and the friends resolved to agitate the subject among their brethren in the business. This conversation may be regarded as the first step which led to the foundation of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.

The project, when broached, met with a favorable reception among nearly all of the druggists of the city, and as a result a meeting of the trade was held in Carpenters' Hall on the 23d of February, 1821, at

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HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA.

which Stephen North presided, and a committee was appointed to draw up a plan of proceedings. The committee made their report at a meeting held March 13th, following, and recommended the formation of a college of apothecaries, where information of a char- acter beneficial to the trade should be obtained, and the qualities of articles brought into the drug market should be investigated. It was further proposed to start a school of pharmacy in connection, in which lectures should be delivered especially for the instrue- tion of those desiring to become druggists and apoth- ecaries. The report was adopted, and a constitution prepared by the committee was signed by the persons present. At the first stated meeting, held two weeks later, officers were elected, Charles Marshall being chosen president. Mr. Marshall was born in Phila- delphia in 1744, and had been engaged in the drug business on the south side of Chestnut Street, above Second Street. He had retired from business pre- vious to his elevation to the presidency of the new college.

On the 12th of December, 1823, he resigned his office on account of old age, and William Lehman was chosen his successor.

The charter for the college received the Governor's signature March 30, 1822, the name of the institution having previously been changed from the College of Apothecaries to the Philadelphia College of Phar- macy.

Instruction was begun in the school in the fall of 1821, the first professors being Gerard Troost, M.D., professor of Chemistry, and Samuel Jackson, pro- fessor of Materia Medica. The instructors up to the present time (1884) have been as follows, all those who held positions previous to the present occupants being now deceased :

Gerard Troust, M.D., professor of Chemistry from 1821 to 1x22; Sam- uel Jackson, MD, professor of Materia Methca from 1821 to 1827; Benjamin Ellis, MI.D., professor of Materia Medica from 1827 to 1831 ; George B. Wood, M.D., professor of Chemistry from 1822 to 1831, when he was elected to the chair of Materia Medica, made vacant by the death of Dr. Ellis, and continued till 18335 ; Franklin Bache, M.D., professor of Chemistry from 1831 to 1841 ; R. Eglesfeld Griffith, M.D., professor of Materia Medica from 1835 to 1836; William R. Fisher, professor of Chemistry from 1×41 to |>42 ; Joseph Carson, M.D., professor of Materia Medica from 1836 to 1851; William Procter, Jr., professor of Theory and Practre of Pharmacy from I>46 to 1866, and from IS;2 to 1874 ; Robert P. Thomas, M.D, professor of Materin Modica from 1850 to 1864; Ed- ward l'arrish, professor of Materia Medica from 1864 to 1866, and pro- fessor of Pharmacy from 1866 to 1872 ; Robert Bridges, M D., professor of Chemistry fi m 1842 to 1579, and pineritus professor of Chemistry from 1879 to 1882 Juhu M. Maisch, Ph G., professor of Materia Medica and Botany from 1>66 to the present time; Joseph P'. Remington, Ph.G., professor of the Theory and Practice of Pharmacy from 1874 to the present time, Samuel P. Saddler, Ph D., F. C.S., professor of Chem- latry mir ce 187 !.

In addition to the above-mentioned professorships, Frederick P. Power, Ph.G., Ph.D., was appointed professor of Analytical Chemistry several years ago, He was succeeded a short time since by Henry Trim ble, Ph.G.

The first location of the college was on Seventh

Street, where the gas-offices now stand. It remained there but a few years, when removal was made to a building on Filbert Street, west of Seventh, and ad- joining the east side of Lippincott's publishing- house. In 1867 this building was found inadequate to meet the wants of the college, and removal was again made to the present building, at 145 North Tenth Street, which had been erected for the pur- pose. In 1880 the properties in the rear of the building were purchased, and in 1881 an addition was put up, which nearly doubled the capacity of the college. The new building extends from Tenth Street on the front to Elwyn Street in the rear, and is four stories in height. The first floor contains the library, with over three thousand volumes, the mu- seum, the chemical laboratory, and a number of offices. The second floor is principally occupied by the pharmaceutical lecture-room and the pharma- ceutical laboratory, and the third by the materia medica and the chemical lecture-rooms. On the fourth floor the Alumni Association and the Zeta Phi and Zeta Phi Alpha societies have their quarters.

The American Journal of Pharmacy, published since 1825 under the direction of the college, has been one of the leading agencies in developing and improving the profession of pharmacy in the United States, and is regarded throughout the country by druggists as of the highest authority on the subjects on which it treats. Its offices are next door to the college building.

Previous to the year 1840 pharmacists were not recognized in the pharmacopcial conventions, but a resolution adopted in that year requested the co- operation of this college in the final work of revision and publication. In 1850 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and other kindred institutions in the country were invited to send delegates to the decen- nial convention, and in that revision and the revisions of 1860 and 1870 pharmacists were well represented. In the last convention (in 1880) fourteen out of the committee of twenty-five to whom was intrusted the work of revision were pharmacists. In producing this recognition of the claims of educated pharma- cists to be equal co-laborers in what may be regarded as among the highest legislative proceedings known to the medical profession, the zealous cultivation of the pharmaceutical science and art by the college has been a chief agent. A direct result of the " Phar- macopia" has been the "United States Dispen- satory," emanating from Drs. Wood and Bache, formerly professors in the college, aided in the pharmaceutical department by a former president, Daniel B. Smith, and, in later editions, in the chem- ical by a former professor of Pharmacy, Dr. Robert Bridges, and in the pharmaceutical articles by the late Professor William Procter, Jr. The present pharmaceutical and chemical editors of the work are the professors of Pharmacy and Chemistry in the college.

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MEDICAL PROFESSION.

The record which the college has made for itself is one of which it is deservedly proud, and it has be- come famous as an instructor in its special branches wherever pharmacy is practiced. From the estab- lishment of the college to the close of the term of 1882-83 seven thousand one hundred and nine students had matriculated, and two thousand and forty-nine had received the degree of Graduate in Pharmacy (Ph.G.). Its students are drawn from every State in the Union, and from Canada, Cuba, and various parts of Europe. An alumni association was organized in 1864, the secretary of which has his headquarters in the college building.

The object of the college, as set forth by the charter, is the "cultivating, improving, and making known a knowledge of pharmacy, its collateral branches of science, and the best modes of preparing medicines and their compounds, and the giving of instruction in the same by public lectures."

The officers of the college are a president, two vice-presidents, a corresponding secretary, a record- ing secretary, and a treasurer, elected annually, who, with sixteen trustees, eight of whom are elected each half-year,'constitute a board to control the affairs of the college. The college is maintained by the initiation fees, amounting to five dollars in each case, and the annual dues from members, which are also five dollars each. Members are active, honorary, and correspond- ing, the last two having the same rights and privileges as the first, except that they are not allowed to vote or hold office. Honorary members are chosen for their superior knowledge of materia medica, pharmacy, and the collateral branches of science. The school of pharmacy in connection with the college is main- tained by the fees paid by students.

The course of instruction to students in the school of pharmacy occupies two years. In place of a repe- tition of the same lectures to the same class, a radical change was begun in 1879, the course being divided into a more elementary first course, called the junior, and a more advanced, called the senior. The fees to be paid by students are : for matriculation, five dol- lars ; for each course of lectures, twelve dollars; and for final examination, fifteen dollars. The term be- gins with the 1st of October, and lasts until the end of February. The subjects treated of are materia medica and botany, at present under the charge of John M. Maisch, Ph.D., the dean of the faculty ; the Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, under Professor Joseph P. Remington, Ph.G .; and Chemistry, under Professor Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., F.C.S. A re- cently-introduced feature in the instruction is the re- views of the lectures, which are conducted by assist- ant professors appointed from the alumni, one assist- ant being granted to each of the three professors. The fee for the review for junior students is two dol- lars, and for senior students three dollars, in each of the three branches. Practical instruction is given to the student in pharmaceutical manipulations in the

new pharmaceutical laboratory, which contains ac- commodations for over one hundred students, and is supplied with tables, each of which has a gas, water, and steam-bath attachment. Each student is as- signed one of these tables. Before proceeding to work a short lecture is delivered by the professor describing the operation to be attempted and the difficulties likely to be encountered, after which the student is expected to make a practical application of his knowledge upon the subject. In the senior year considerable attention is devoted to extemporaneous pharmacy. The fee for the junior course is fifteen dollars, and for the senior twenty dollars, and for special students taking both courses twenty-eight dollars.

Instruction in practical chemical annalysis has been inaugurated for the senior class, and in the more elementary principles of chemical manipulation for the junior, Professor Henry Trimble being in charge. The course for each class comprises twenty lessons, and the fee is twelve dollars for each course. A school of practical chemistry, also under Professor Trimble's direction, is held in the commodious and well-lighted laboratory on the first floor, and students are there given an opportunity to obtain a thorough knowl- edge of chemical analysis and pursue more advanced scientific research. The fee for daily practice is fifteen dollars for the first month and ten dollars for every month thereafter, and practice during portions of the week is charged at reduced figures, according to the time employed.

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History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Part 190

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co. Number of Pages: 992

Author: Scharf, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1843-1898. cn; Westcott, Thompson, 1820-1888, joint author
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Philadelphia, Pa. : L. H. Everts & Co.
Number of Pages: 992