History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II, Part 16

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 724

USA > Alabama > History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II > Part 16

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"It is believed that the gray ores will ulti- mately come into market on a much larger scale than at present, but it will not be until the supply of soft red ore and of brown ore is materially diminished."

History .- The history of the iron industry in Alabama began with the arrival of a com- pany of blacksmiths, sent to the Creek country at the suggestion of Benjamin Hawkins (q. v.), United States Indian Agent, during the seventeen-nineties. These men, with a num- ber of blacksmiths, machinists, and wagon makers mustered out of Andrew Jackson's army at the close of the War of 1812, were the pioneer coal diggers and iron makers of the State, as well as the first explorers of several of the mineral fields. "By the year 1819, when Alabama was admitted to the Union," says Miss Armes, "there was not a community in the State without its black- smith shop and its hardy frontier man-of- work." The red rock, or "dyestone," of Red Mountain is thought to have been known to the Indians, and used by them as war paint and for dyeing, for years before white set- tlers came into the territory. When the blacksmiths reached the locality the "red rock" was found to be iron ore, and was used by them in making tools, pots, cranes, uten- sils, farm implements, etc.

The first blast furnace in the State was con- structed in 1818, in Franklin County, by Joseph Heslip, who also built a Catalan forge, a foundry, and a crude rolling mill on the banks of Cedar Creek, from which the furnace took its name. A unique feature of this forge was the hammer, weighing 500 pounds, which was raised by water power obtained from the creek, and let fall upon the iron to be forged, thus utilizing two forms of natural energy to perform the work now done by rolling mills. Heslip obtained his ore from the neighboring hills. It was all surface ore, probably limonite of the Lafayette formation, which often occurs as loose bowlders scat- tered over the surface. Charcoal was the fuel. as was the case with all the furnaces in the State for many years. After many vicissi-

tudes this furnace was abandoned, having been operated intermittently during a period of about twenty years, and it had fallen into ruins long before the War. The brown ore beds in northwestern Alabama were not again worked until 1888.

In 1830 Daniel Hillman erected a forge in Roups Valley, which he called the Roups Val- ley Iron Works. It was known later as "Old Tannehill," and is now included in the hold- ings of the Republic Iron & Steel Co. From these and other pioneer enterprises, which cannot be discussed here, have grown the gigantic industrial plants which manufacture and ship iron and steel to all parts of the world.

Steel .- The first steel made in Alabama was produced on March 8, 1888, in an experi- mental furnace erected by the Henderson Steel & Manufacturing Co. The furnace was of 15 tons capacity and made 200 heats before it was closed down. The steel ingots were sold to the Bessemer Rolling Mill Co. and manufactured into boiler plate. The Jeffer- son Steel Co. succeeded to the property in 1892, remodeled the furnace, and resumed operations, which were continued until the summer of 1893. In 1897 the Birmingham Rolling Mill Co. erected two open-hearth steel furnaces of 35 tons capacity each, but the plant was in operation only until November 12, 1898. About this time the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. (q. v.) began con- struction of a 10-furnace plant, which was put into operation November 30, 1899. These furnaces were of 50 tons capacity. They were abandoned in 1908 and a new plant, with four 100-ton furnaces, installed, which has since been enlarged by the construction of four more similar furnaces, giving an aggre- gate capacity of from 70,000 to 75,000 tons per month. During 1903-4 five open-hearth furnaces were built at Gadsden by the Ala- bama Steel & Wire Co., which sold out in December, 1905, to the Southern Steel Co., which in turn disposed of the plant in July, 1909, to the Southern Iron & Steel Co. (q. v.). The old furnaces were rebuilt by the latter, and a new one of 50 tons capacity erected and put in service in April, 1910.

Production .- The production of iron ore and pig iron in the State, from 1870 to 1914, is shown in the following table:

Year

Iron Ore Tons of 2,240 lbs. 11,350

Coke

Pig Iron Tons of 2,240 lbs. Charcoal

Total

1870

1871

22.000

11,171

1873

39,000

19.895

1874

58,000

29.342

29,342

44,000

22,418

22.418

1876

44,000

1,262

20,818

22.080

1879

90,000

15,937

28,563

44,500

1880

171.139

35,2.32

33,693

68,925

1881

220.000

48,107

39.483

87.590

1882

250,000

51,093

49,590

100,683

1883

385.000

102,750

51,237

153,987

1884

420,000

116,264

53,078

169,342

1885

505,000

133,808

69,261

203,069

1886

650.000

180.133

73.312

253.445

1887

675,000

176,374

85,020

261.394

1888

1,000,000

317,289

84,041

401,330

1889

1,570,000

608,034

98,595

706,6:9

1875

70,000

14.643

22,180

36,823

1878

75,000

15,615

21.422

37,037

1877

1872

...

797

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

1890

718,383

98.528

816,911

1591

1.897,815 1,986.830

717.687

77,985

795.672

1892

2,312.071

835.840

79.456

915.296

1893

1,742,410

659,725

67.163

726.888

1×94

1.493,086

556.314

36.078

592,392

1895

2.199,390

835,851

18.816

854,667

1896

2.041,793

892.383

29.787

922.170

1897

2,050,014

932,918

14,913

947.831

1899

2.627.000

1.172.202

53,010

1,225,212

1902

3,574.474

1,411.677

60.534

1,472,211

1903

3.684,960

1,423,021

30.492 25,548

1.604,062

1906

3,995.098

1,674,848

1907

4,039,453

1,686,674

1908

3.734.438

1,397,014

1909

4.358,902

1.763,617

1910

6,083,722

1,679,654

32,557

1.712.211

1912

4.563,603

1.828,648

34,033

1.862.681

1913

5.215,740

2,025,461

32,450

2.057.911

1914

4,838,959

1.826,929

1915

5,309,354

For data concerning the different com- panies engaged in the iron and steel business in the State, see the following titles: Ala- bama Coal, Iron & Railway Co .; Alabama Fuel & Iron Co .; American Pipe & Foundry Co .; Central Iron & Coal Co .; Gulf States Steel Co .; Northern Alabama Coal, Iron & Railway Co .; Sheffield Coal & Iron Co .; Shelby Iron Co .; Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co .; Southern Wheel Co .; Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co .; Woodward Iron Co.

REFERENCES .- For details of the character, extent, and distribution of the ores, and an outline of the genesis of the mineral industry in the State, the principal authority is Phillips, Iron making in Alabama, 3d ed. (Geol. Survey of Ala., Monograph 7, 1912.) The development and history of the mineral industry have been comprehensively and sympathetically portrayed in Miss Armes' Story of coal and iron in Ala- bama (1910), which is critically noticed in the title COAL. Swank, History of the manufacture of iron in all ages (Phila., 1892), treats the whole subject exhaustively. See also Smith and McCalley, Inder to mineral resources of Ala- bama (Geol. Survey of Ala., Bulletin 9, 1904), pp. 9-18; Geol. Survey of Ala., Statistics of min- eral production of Alabama. 1914 (Bulletin 16), pp. 41-48; E. A. Smith, "The iron ores of Ala- bama in their geological relations" (in U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. resources of U. S., 1883, pp. 149-161); U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral resources of United States. 1885, pp. 85-92, 1891, pp. 18-19; Swank, "Iron and steel at close of nineteenth century" (in U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. resources of U. S., 1900, pp. 69-104); C. W. Hayes, "Iron ores of the United States," in Papers on con- servation of natural resources (U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, Bulletin 394, 1909), pp. 70-113; Burchard and Butts, Iron ores. fuels, and flures of Bir- mingham district, Alabama (Ibid, Bulletin 400, 1910); Berney, Handbook (1892), pp. 456-470; Dept. of Agriculture and Industries, Alabama (Bulletin 27, 1907), pp. 282-286.

IRONATON. Post office, incorporated town and mining center, on the Atlanta Birming- ham & Atlantic Railroad, in the eastern part of Talladega County, sec. 33, T. 18, R. 6 E.,

on the western slopes of Talladega Mountains, 8 miles east of Talladega, and 10 miles south of Jenifer. Altitude: 650 feet. Population: 1890-562; 1900-735; 1910-982. It was incorporated February 17, 1885. It has a city hall, a jail, privately owned electric light plant and waterworks, a volunteer fire department, and 4 miles of graveled streets and sidewalks. It has no bonded indebted- ness. Its industries are 2 blast furnaces, sev- eral iron ore mines, a gristmill, a sawmill, a machine shop, a blacksmith shop, a wood- working shop, and the public utilities men- tioned above.

This point was developed in 1871, by Stephen N. Noble, and Samuel Noble. Its name is derived from the character of its principal industry, the mining of iron ore.

REFERENCES .- Acts. 1884-85, pp. 741-750; Armes, Story of coal and iron in Alabama (1910); Northern Alabama (1888), p. 167; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 438; Ala- bama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

ISTAPOGA. An Upper Creek settlement, in Talladega County. It was doubtless lo- cated near the mouth of Estaboga Creek, which flows into Choccolocco Creek about 10 miles above its influx with the Coosa. Indian remains are found in the vicinity. The word signifies "Where people reside," that is, Isti, "people," apokita, "to reside."

REFERENCES .- Gatschet, in Alabama History Commission, Report (1901), vol. 1, p. 399; Hand- book of American Indians (1907), vol. 1, p. 624.

ISTUDSHILAIKI. A branch village of the Hillabi, situated on the left side of Hillabi Creek, 4 miles south of the mother town. It is probably opposite the influx of the present Town and Sandy Creeks. The Hillabi branch village of Uktahasasi lies across the Hillabi near the mouth of Sandy Creek. Hawkins spells the word E-cushe-is-li-gau, and states that it means "where a young thing was found. A young child was found there, and that circumstance gives it the name." See Hillabi.

REFERENCES .- Gatschet, in Alabama History Commission Report (1901), vol. 1, p. 399; Hand- book of American Indians (1907), vol. 1, p. 624; Hawkins, Sketch of the Creek Country (1848), p. 43.

IVY COAL & IRON CO. See Pratt Con- solidated Coal Co.

JACKSON. Post office and incorporated town, in the western part of Clarke County, on the eastern bank of the Tombigbee River, just north of the mouth of Bassetts Creek, in secs. 4, 5, 8, and 9, T. 6, R. 2 E. and sec. 32, T. 7, R. 2 E. It is on the Southern Railway, 20 miles southwest of Grove Hill and 110 miles north of Mobile. Population: 1870-1,360; 1880-1,012; 1900-1,039;

1910-1,379; 1915-2,500. It was incor- porated by the Mississippi Territorial Legisla- ture, November 27, 1816, but is now operated under the municipal code of 1907. It has a city hall, a brick jail, privately owned electric

1898

2,202.158

1.026.459

1,083,903

1900

3.095,406

1,155,583

1901

2,881.593

1.561.398

1904

3.699,881

1.453.513

1905

3.782.831

1,578,514

1.939,147

1911

3,955,582

798

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

light plant, graveled streets and sidewalks and a few concrete sidewalks put in by in- dividuals. Its tax rate is 5 mills, and its bonded indebtedness $10,000 in school bonds, maturing in 20 years, with interest at 5 per cent. The Jackson Bank & Trust Co. (State) is its only bank. The South Ala- bamian, a Democratic weekly established in 1889, is published there. Its industries are 2 veneer plants, a stave mill, 2 sawmills, a ginnery, a cotton warehouse, a gristmill, pot- tery works, a brick kiln, ochre mines, and an electric light plant. It is the location of the First District Agricultural School.

The settlement was first called Republic- ville, and as early as 1813 had attained con- siderable importance. In 1816 its name was changed to Pine Level, and later to the pres- ent name, in honor of Gen. Jackson. In 1813 Gen. Claiborne's army camped at the town while enroute to the scene of the Battle of the Holy Ground. Capt. Sam Dale, with a scouting party, scoured the swamps of Bas- setts Creek, clearing out the lurking Indians, and thus securing safety for the settlers. Frank Stringer was the first settler. John Chapman came in 1810. William Walker set up a mill on Bassetts Creek in 1811, and David Taylor built a flouring mill in 1812. Reuben Saffold arrived in 1813, and took part in the Burnt Corn expedition. A large tannery was early established, and supplied saddles, harness, shoes, and other leather articles needed by the pioneers. Sailing ves- sels frequently came from Mobile, and as many as 20 were sometimes at anchor in the river.

REFERENCES .- Ball, Clarke County (1882) ; Ala. Hist. Soc., Transactions, 1898-9, vol. 3, pp. 123-124; Brewer, Alabama (18/2), pp. 173-181; Polk's Alabama gazetteer, 1888-9, p. 439; Ala- bama Official and Statistical Register, 1915.

JACKSON, FORT. An American canton- ment located on the site of old Fort Toulouse (q. v.), on the Coosa River. At the close of the Creek War of 1813-14, after the decisive battle of Horseshoe Bend, March 27, 1814, Gen. Andrew Jackson withdrew his men to Fort Williams, but almost imme- diately started for the Hickory Ground, just above the site of Fort Toulouse. On the way he moved against Hoithlewale and Foos- hatchie, but the Indians fled on his approach. He then marched to the site of the old fort, now fast crumbling to ruins, cleaned the trenches, built a stockade and blockhouses and established a cantonment, which was named Fort Jackson.

Here the defeated Indian chiefs came to Gen. Jackson and submitted to the terms of surrender. The "Red Eagle," Wm. Weath- erford, who was intensely hated by the soldiers for his part in the Fort Mims Mas- sacre, rode boldly up to the camp, and made an eloquent plea for the Indian women and children who were starving. Many of the soldiers were so incensed against Weather- ford that they would have killed him at once, but Gen. Jackson was so impressed with his

courage and the manliness of his request that he protected him from injury. Upon the resignation of Generals Hamilton and Harri- son, Gen. Jackson was promoted to the rank of major-general, July 10, 1814, and imme- diately assumed command of the Southwest. After much opposition from some of the principal chiefs, Gen. Jackson concluded the treaty with the Creeks at Fort Jackson, August 9, 1814. This was an event of great importance, as it threw open to settlement almost half of the area of the present State of Alabama.

The fort continued to be a garrisoned post for some time. The rich and fertile country of which it was the centre soon became the objective for large numbers of settlers coming into the territory. It was designated as the temporary place for holding the courts of the newly created county of Montgomery. A post office was established with Wm. R. Ross of Virginia, as postmaster. Sessions of court were held here until May, 1818. Just above the fort a town was laid off and called Jack- son, but the tides of population flowed by it, and in a short time the influence of Fort Jack- son waned, although for many years it was the center of a thriving farming territory.

See Toulouse, Fort.

REFERENCES .- Pickett, History of Alabama (Owen's ed., 1900), pp. 194, 195, 230, 293, 599; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile (1910), pp. 424, 425, footnote; Brewer, Alabama (1872), pp. 33-35; Robertson, Early settlers of Montgomery County (1892) ; West, History of Methodism in Alabama (1893), pp. 172-174; Trans. Ala. Hist. Soclety, 1897-98, v. 2, p. 132, footnote; Eaton, Life of Jackson (1824) pp. 168, 175; Colyar, Life and times of Jackson (1904), v. 1, pp. 173, 184; Parton, Life of Jackson (1861), v. 1, pp. 527, 537; Buell, History of Jackson (1904), p. 330.

JACKSON COUNTY. Created by an act of the legislature December 13, 1819. Its territory was formed from that tract of coun- try which had been recently acquired from the Cherokees, lying on the north side of the Tennessee River, south of the Tennessee State line, and east of the Madison County line and of Flint River, after it has left Madi- son County. The western half of the county was formed into Decatur County, by an act of the legislature of December 21, 1821. Woodville was selected by the commissioners of Decatur County, as its seat of justice. De- catur County was abolished in 1824, and its territory divided between Jackson and Madi- son Counties. In 1836 a part of the abol- ished county that belonged to Jackson was given to form Marshall. It contains 1,136 square miles, or 727,040 acres.

The County was named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, later President of the United States, who was visiting in Huntsville at the time the legislature was in session there.

Location and Physical Description .- It is located in the northeast corner of the state. It is bounded on the north by the Tennessee line, on the east by the Georgia state line and

799

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

De Kalb County, south by Marshall and west by Madison County.

The county comprises three distinct regions, namely, the spurs of the Cumberland Moun- - tains in the northwestern part, the Sequa- hatchie Valley, extending across the county from northeast to southwest, and Sand Moun- tain, which occupies the eastern and south- eastern section. The topography and geologi- cal structures of these regions are quite dif- ferent. The first is the largest division, and is characterized by narrow, level to gently rolling plateaus, with intervening coves and valleys. Its maximum elevation exceeds 1,600 feet. The escarpments of the plateaus are steep and rough. The plateaus are capped with sandstone. The intervening coves and valleys, from northeast to south- west and from northwest to southeast are narrow and usually of rolling topography. The Sequahatchie Valley is three to five miles wide, and consists of low hills and ridges.

There are two lines of hills in the region, one on the southeast side of the valley, fol- lowing the course of the Tennessee River, known as the "River Hills." The Sand Mountain region is a broad plateau having an elevation of thirteen to seventeen hundred feet above sea level. The topography is level to gently rolling. The edge of this plateau which faces the valley of the Ten- nessee River is a bold escarpment 600 to 800 feet in height. Practically the entire drainage of the county is into the Tennessee River, which flows from the northeast in a southwesterly direction. The smaller streams are Paint Rock River, Big Coon Creek, Big Crow Creek, Raccoon Creek, Long Island Creek, and Santa Creek. These streams are not navigable with the possible exception of Long Island Creek and Paint Rock River.

Nineteen different geological formations occur in the county, extending from the Cambrian, through the Silurian, Devonian, sub-Carboniferous and Carboniferous to the occasional gravel remnants of the Tertiary. One writer says: "These formations of rocks consist of consolidated material deposited in the ancient seas that once existed here at different periods. There was considerable variation in these deposits, as is evidenced in the rocks, which range from the pure limestone of the valleys to the standstone capping the mountains." Nineteen soil types, including Rough stony land and Meadow, are represented. These are included in three large soil provinces as developed in the coun- ty: (1) the Appalachian (2) the Limestone Valleys, and (3) the River Flood Plains. All of the soils are derived through the decay of the underlying rocks under the influence of weathering, except the stream bottom lands and the occasional colluvial fans or colluvial slopes. These various soils are reasonably productive.

The mountainous region of the county still retains much of its original growth, con- sisting of shortleaf pine, oak and hickory. The oak, hickory and poplar, native timher growth of the valleys has practically all been Vol. II-6

removed. Many fine cedar trees are scat- tered along the sides of the mountains as well as on the plateaus. The mean annual temperature is 59.8º F. The coldest months average about 41.1º F., while the summer temperature averages 77.1º F., with a maxi- mum of 100° F. The average annual rainfall is 59.62 inches. Details of the extent and character of production are noted in the sta- tistics below.

Aboriginal History .- Cherokee traditional history holds that their people were the first settlers in the Tennessee valley, with villages extending as far west as Big Bear Creek. Prior to 1650 they withdrew, for some reason, to the east of the Cumberland and Sand Mountains, using the Tennessee valley as a hunting ground. The Shawnees took pos- session of this abandoned territory in 1660. This act was resented by the Cherokees and in time brought on a war between the Shaw- nees and the Cherokees, the latter being aided by the Chickasaws, which lasted "nearly five hundred moons." The allied tribes suc- ceeded in expelling the Shawnees about 1721, driving them across the Ohio River, with the exception of some bands that found a home with the Creeks. About 1760 the Cherokees began again the formation of a set- tlement in the Tennessee valley.

Located in the southern part of the Chero- kee Country and traversed by the Tennessee River, evidences of the early settlement are frequently met with. Coosada, a small mixed town was situated on South bank of the Ten- nessee River at what is now called Larkins Landing. Crowtown one of the "five lower towns on the Tennessee," was situated on Crow Creek a half mile from its confluence with the Tennessee Long Island town, the only other of the "Five lower towns," situ- ated in Alabama, was on Long Island in the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. Santa was situated on North Santa Creek, about five miles from Scottsboro. Here it is said Sequo- yah first made known his invention of the Cherokee alphabet. The western part of Jackson County became an American pos- session by the treaty of February 21, 1819, the eastern part by the treaty of New Echota, December 29, 1835. Mounds in this county are located: on west bank of Tennessee River, one mile above Bridgeport; three small mounds on west bank of the Tennessee River three miles below Bridgeport; two mounds just above Widow's Creek; four mounds near Williams or Lone Oak landing on property of Judge J. J. Williams containing many huri- als; burial mound on property of J. H. Cam- eron about ten miles below Bridgeport Island; two mounds on Rudder place opposite and just above the former; two mounds at Snod- grass landing; cemeteries and dwelling sites near Garland's ferry, in which have been found many burials. These burials, like many others along the Tennessee River, are enclosed in stone slabs and show character- istics alike to the "stone-graves" further north in Tennessee.

The act of December 13, 1819, establishing

800

HISTORY OF ALABAMA

the county, designated Santa Cave as the temporary seat of justice. Bellefonte was selected as the place for the courthouse, by the Commissioners who were appointed by an act of December 13, 1821. It remained at this place until 1859, when it was voted to remove it to Scottsboro. The federal troops hurned the building at Bellefonte and after the War of Secession the new court- house was built at Scottsboro.

Agricultural Statistics .- From U. S. Census 1910:

Farms and Farmers.

Number of all farms, 4,860. Color and nativity of farmers: Native white, 4,466. Foreign-born white, - Negro and other nonwhite, 394. Number of farms, classified by size: Under 3 acres,

3 to 9 acres, 108.

10 to 19 acres, 516.

20 to 49 acres, 1,849.

50 to 99 acres, 1,063.

100 to 174 acres, 749.

175 to 259 acres, 275.

260 to 499 acres, 213.

500 to :99 acres, 73.

1.000 acres and over, 14.

Land and Farm Area.

Approximate land area, 729,600 acres. Land in farms, 443,289 acres. Improved land in farms, 169,890 acres. Woodland in farms, 260,043 acres. Other unimproved land in farms, 13,356 acres.

Value of Farm Property.

All farm property:

Land, $4,338,138.

Buildings, $1,154,630.

Implements and machinery, $271,875.

Domestic animals, poultry, and bees, $1,- 487,819. Average values: All property per farm, $1,492. Land and buildings per farm, $1,130. Land per acre, $9.79.

Domestic Animals (Farms and Ranges). Farms reporting domestic animals, 4,717. Domestic animals, value, $1,433,233.

Cattle: total, 18,249; value, $249,041. Dairy cows only, 7,171. Horses: total, 3,419; value, $329,307. Mules: total, 6,102; value, $736,421. Asses and burros: total, 88; value, $6,495. Swine: total, 29,429; value, $97,399.

Sheep: total, 6,169; value, $11,942. Goats: total, 2,168; value, $2,628.

Poultry and Bees. All poultry, 143,419; value, $48,112. Bee colonies, 3,482; value, $6,474.

Farms Operated by Owners. Number of Farms, 2,255. Per cent of all farms, 46.4.

Land in farms, 312,099 acres. Improved land in farms, 85,628 acres.

Land and buildings, $3,013,343.

Farms of owned land only, 1,756. Farms of owned and hired land, 499. Native white owners, 2,145.

Foreign-born white, -

Negro and other nonwhite, 110.

Farms Operated by Tenants. Number of farms, 2,591.

Per cent of all farms, 53.3.

Land in farms, 128,168 acres.

Improved land in farms, 83,751 acres.

Land and buildings, $2,442,500.

Share tenants, 2,354.

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History of Alabama and dictionary of Alabama biography, Volume II, Part 16

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869- Publication date: 1921 Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company Number of Pages: 724

Author: Owen, Thomas McAdory, 1866-1920; Owen, Marie (Bankhead) Mrs. 1869-
Publication date: 1921
Publisher: Chicago, The S. J. Clarke publishing company
Number of Pages: 724